CHAPTER 10
AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
1

1. Most immigrants came from which two European
countries

2. The Native American Party was nicknamed the
__________-_________ Party.

3. The ______ _______ connected a great lake to the
Hudson River.

4. Samuel Morse invented the ______________.
2
The Changing American Population
– Population Trends
 Rapid Population Growth
 White women avg. 6 kids!
 Slave population trends
 High death rate
 Burgeoning Immigration
3
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Immigration and Urban Growth
• Rapid Urbanization
• All parts of America, trade is a big reason
• “New” cities
• Pitt., Cincinnati, Louisville etc.
• Irish and German Immigrants
In some Midwest cities,
the foreign-born
outnumbered the Natives!
5
6
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Rise of Nativism

Why were people concerned with
immigration?

Native American Party
 The Know-Nothings
 This underscores the growing
divide between native born
Americans and immigrants…
10
11
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Transportations and Communications Revolutions
– The Canal Age
 What were the advantages?
VIDEO
 Erie Canal
 40 ft x 4 ft
 350 miles!
 Gave NY access to Chicago and other MW
cities…
 Increased Settlement in the Northwest
12
Chapter Ten:
America’s Economic Revolution
Canals in the Northeast, 1823-1860
13
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Triumph of the Rails

Baltimore and Ohio was first RR

Importance of Government Funding
 Money was needed from state, local and fed.
Govts.
 Railroads were extremely expensive

Economic Effects of the Railroad
 New markets
 FASTER transportation
 Represented progress and growth in America
14
America’s Economic Revolution
Railroad Growth, 1850-1860
15
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The Telegraph
 Samuel Morse
 Used bursts of electrical
current as a language
 Western Union Telegraph
Company
 Impact on
journalism/society?
Samuel Morse
(Portrait Gallery)
17
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America’s Economic Revolution

Commerce and Industry
– The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840
 Advantages of Corporations
– The Emergence of the Factory
 Dramatic Industrial Growth
20
America’s Economic Revolution

Commerce and Industry

Advances in Technology
 Machine Tools replaceable parts
 New Sources of Energy

Innovations in Corporate
Organization
 Rise of the Industrial
Ruling Class
21
Early Industrialism

“Putting-out” system

What was this?

After 1815, increased demand stimulated mass
production

Textile industry = development of factory
system

New England politicians support higher tariffs

Why?

Other industries adopted factory model
by 1840s and 1850s

U.S. not yet an industrial country, but
was evolving national market economy

Lowell Mills – Lowell, Massachusetts
• How did the dawn of the
Industrial Revolution change
wardrobes in America?
• What effect did this have on the
women who worked in the
Mills?
22
Men and Women at Work
– The Immigrant Workforce
 Cheap Immigrant Labor
– The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition
 De-skilling
24
Fighting for Control
 Commonwealth v. Hunt
 What did it say?
25
Patterns of Society
The Rich and the Poor
•
Highly Unequal
Distribution of Wealth
•
The Urban Poor
•
Harsh Life for Free
Blacks
26
The Cult of Domesticity

The Cult of True
Womanhood”



Placed women in the home
Glorified home as center of
all efforts to civilize and
“Christianize” society
Middle- and upper-class
women became
increasingly dedicated to
the home as mothers
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27
Leisure Activities
•
Vibrant Culture of
Public Leisure
•
P. T. Barnum
28
Life of Southern Blacks

Constant resistance of Southern ideology,
repression

Constant aspiration to freedom

90% of slaves lived on plantations or farms
 Most slaves on cotton plantations worked sun up to sun
down, 6 days a week

About 75% of slaves were field workers, about 5% worked
in industry

Urban slaves had more autonomy than rural
slaves
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29
Family and Religion

Normal family life difficult for slaves
 Fathers cannot always protect children
 Families vulnerable to breakup by
masters

Extended families provide nurture,
support amid horror of slavery

Slave culture a family culture that provided a sense
of community

Black Christianity the cornerstone of an emerging
African American culture

Slave religion kept secret from whites
 Reaffirmed the inherent joy of life
 Preached the inevitable day of liberation
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30
Resistance and Rebellion

1822: Denmark Vesey – Free black man
 Well-planned conspiracy for slaves to
seize armory and then take Charleston
slaves

1831: Nat Turner led bloodiest and most
terrifying slave revolt

Runaways often aided by the Underground
Railroad


Work-related:
 Work slowdowns
 Sabotage
 Poison masters
FREE BLACKS IN THE SOUTH:
• Southern free blacks severely
restricted
• Sense of solidarity with slaves
• Generally unable to help
• By 1860, some state
legislatures were proposing
laws to force free blacks to
emigrate or be enslaved
Stories, songs asserting equality
31
Slave Rebellions and Uprisings, 1800–1831
32
Southern Planters

Only a small percentage of slave owners lived in
aristocratic mansions

Less than 1% of the white population owned 50 or more
slaves

Planter wealth based on:

Commerce

Land speculation

Slave trading

Cotton planting

Planters prided themselves on paternalism
Better living standard for Southern slaves than others in
Western Hemisphere
Relatively decent treatment due in part to their increasing
economic value after 1808





Planters actually dealt little with slaves
Slaves managed by overseers
Violent coercion accepted by all planters
33
Small Slaveholders/Yeoman Farmers

Masters often worked alongside the slaves

Most slaves would have preferred the economic and
cultural stability of the plantation

Small farmers resented large planters

Many saw slavery as guaranteeing their own liberty and
independence
 Slavery viewed as a system for keeping blacks
“in their place”
34
A Closed Mind and a Closed Society

Planters feared growth of abolitionism

Planters encouraged closing of ranks

Slavery defended as a positive good
 “The Blessings of Slavery” and “The Stability of the
Union”
 Africans depicted as inferior
 Slavery defended with Bible
 Slavery a humane asylum to improve Africans
 Slavery superior to Northern wage labor

Contrary points of view suppressed
35
Slave Concentration, 1820
36
“King Cotton”

“Short-staple” cotton drove cotton boom

Cotton gin made seed extraction easy – Eli
Whitney

Year-round requirements suited to slave labor

Cotton in Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, east Texas

Large planters dominated cotton production

1850: South produced 75% of world’s cotton,
cotton the most important U.S. business

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
Harriet Tubman
37
Slave Concentration, 1860
38
Worlds in Conflict

Slavery not profitable for South as a whole

Slave system resulted in waste of human resources, Southern
underdevelopment

Separate Southern worlds
 Planters
 Slaves
 Less affluent whites
 Free blacks

Held together by plantation economy, web of customary relationships
39
The Second Great Awakening
The Frontier



North
Camp meetings contributed to
frontier life
 Provided emotional
religion
 Offered opportunity for
social life
Camp meeting revivals
conveyed intensely
personal religious message

Charles G. Finney



“Rochester Revival”
Departed radically from
Calvinist doctrine
Appeal based in
emotion, not reason

Lyman Beecher and
others were disturbed
by the emotionalism of
Finney’s methods

Revivals led to
organization of more
churches
Camp meetings rarely led to
social reform
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40
From Revivalism to Reform

Northern revivals stimulated reform

Middle-class participants adapted
evangelical religion to preserve traditional
values

“The benevolent empire” of evangelical
reform movements altered American life

For example, temperance movement cut alcohol
consumption by more than 50%
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41
The Extension of Education

Public schools expanded rapidly from 1820 to 1850

Means of advancement for working class

Means of inculcating values of hard work,
responsibility to middle-class reformers

Horace Mann argued that schools saved
immigrants, poor children from parents’ bad
influence

Many parents believed public schools alienated
children from their parents
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42
Divisions in the Benevolent Empire

Radical perfectionists impatient by 1830s, split from
moderate reform
 Temperance movement
 Peace movement
 Antislavery movement

FULL CITIZENSHIP
American Colonization Society

Radicals like William Lloyd Garrison demanded
immediate emancipation
 Constitution is a “pact with the devil”
 1831: Garrison founded The Liberator
 1833: American Anti-Slavery Society
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43
Black Abolitionists

Former slaves related the horrible
realities of bondage
 Prominent figures included Frederick
Douglass, Sojourner Truth and
David Walker

Black newspapers, books, and pamphlets
publicized abolitionism to a wider
audience

Blacks were also active in the
Underground Railroad
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44
Women’s Rights

Second Great Awakening leads to
increased roles in society

Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
 Organized by Lucretia Mott,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Prompted by experience of inequality
in abolition movement
 Began movement for women’s rights
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45
Utopian Communities

Utopian socialism




Inspired by Robert Owen,
Charles Fourier
New Harmony, Indiana—
Owenite
Fourierite phalanxes
Religious utopianism


Shakers
Oneida Community
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46
Transcendentalism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Margaret Fuller

George Ripley
 Founded cooperative community at Brook Farm

Henry David Thoreau and Walden

COUNTERPOINT:
Reform encountered perceptive critics
 Nathaniel Hawthorne allegorically refuted perfectionist movements,
suggesting the world was inherently an imperfect place
Reform prompted necessary changes in American life


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47
Expansion in Texas
FACTORS INVOLVED IN AMERICAN
SETTLEMENT IN TEXAS:
1.
2.
3.
Conflict with Native Americans deters
Mexicans from moving to Texas.
Mexico gains independence from Spain,
expands trade with US.
Mexico gives land grants to
empresarios, such as Stephen
Austin, to encourage Americans to
settle in Texas.
Why did the Mexicans have such a
difficult time controlling their
land?
Stephen Austin by Brand
Shown here with his trusty dog and gun, Stephen F.
Austin leans against a tree and considers the vast
domain granted to him by the Spanish government.
Austin was one of the leading landowners in Texas,
as well as a leader of the Texas Revolution.
(Archives Division, Texas State Library)
The Texas Revolution
•
1820s: Americans encouraged to move into
Texas
•
•
•
What issues did the Americans have with
local Mexican government?
1830: Mexico bans immigration from U.S. and
importing slaves
1835: Armed rebellion breaks out after Santa
Anna seems bent on using military to enforce
Mexican government policy
Republic of Texas
•
March, 1836: Texans declare independence
and the Alamo under siege
•
•
ALAMO VIDEO
April, 1836: Santa Anna defeated at San
Jacinto
•
“Remember the Alamo! Remember the
Goliad!”
•
May, 1836: Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes
Texas’ claim to territory (Mexico
repudiates)
•
Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers
•
Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson
•
Why?
Trails of Trade and Settlement
•
Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a result of
Mexico’s war with Texas
•
Oregon Trail conduit for heavy stream of settlers to
the Oregon country
•
Oregon settlers demand an end to joint U.S.-British
occupation
Joseph Smith and
the Mormons
•
•
•
•
Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, 1830
All American religion, created in U.S.
Mormons move from Ohio to Missouri & Illinois.
Polygamy unpopular
•
1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith
•
Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, 1846-1847, est. frontier
cooperative theocracy
Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens fighting, over polygamy
delays statehood to 1896
•
JOSEPH SMITH
“Affected by the great religious excitement taking place around
his home in Manchester, New York, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph
was determined to know which of the many religions he should join.
…Early one morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a secluded
woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by two "personages" who
identified themselves as God the Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not
to join any of the churches.
In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an angel named
Moroni, who told him of an ancient record containing God's dealings with
the former inhabitants of the American continent. In 1827, Joseph
retrieved this record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly
afterward began translating its words by the "gift of God."3 The resulting
manuscript, the Book of Mormon, was published in March 1830.
Joseph was persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along
with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27,
1844
.”
http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/joseph-smith.html
Brigham Young
“When Joseph Smith was murdered by an antiMormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young was on
the East Coast gathering converts and raising
money for the construction of an enormous
temple in Nauvoo. On his return, Young played
a critical role in keeping the savagely
persecuted church together by organizing the
exodus that would take the Mormons
westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska,
in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake
Valley, where Young and an advance party
arrived on July 24, 1847. Here Young hoped
the Mormons would at last find the freedom to
worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in
1847 his leadership was confirmed when he
was named president and prophet of the
church, inheriting the authority of Joseph
Smith.”
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mopi/images/fig32. jpg
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mopi/images/fig18.jpg
Western Trails
Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War

Widespread call for annexation of newly
settled lands

“Manifest Destiny” a slogan of those
believing the U.S. divinely ordained to
encompass Mexico and Canada
Tyler and Texas

1841: John Tyler assumes presidency
after William Henry Harrison’s death

Tyler breaks with Whigs

1844: Tyler negotiates annexation
with Texas for re-election campaign
issue

Senate refuses to ratify because of
expansion of slavery

Tyler loses Whig nomination to
Henry Clay

The Triumph of Polk and Annexation

Democrats nominate James K. Polk

Polk runs on expansionist platform



Annexation of Texas for Southern vote
U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote
“54’40 or Fight!”

James Birney and Liberty Party take
votes away from Clay over the expansion
of slavery

Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate
for expansion

Texas is annexed by joint resolution shortly
before Polk inaugurated
The Election of 1844

Why is it
important to
consider the
Liberty Party
votes?
The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny

“Manifest Destiny” first used in 1845 by John O’ Sullivan
 God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become
stronger
 Americans make new territories free and democratic
 Growing American population needs land

Limits to American expansion undefined
Polk and the Oregon Question

“54’ 40” or fight”

1846: Polk tells British that joint occupation
no longer acceptable

England prepares for war, proposes division
of the area

Senate approves division of Oregon along
49o north latitude, Treaty of 1846

U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound

Northern expansionists condemned
Polk for division
War with Mexico: Outbreak

Texan claim to area between
Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers not
recognized by Mexico

After Texas annexation, this causes
conflict between U.S. and Mexico

Polk orders General Zachary Taylor
into disputed area

April 24, 1846 Mexicans attack
Americans in disputed area

May 13, 1846: War on Mexico
declared
War with Mexico: Course

General Zachary Taylor
wins campaign in northern
Mexico

Colonel Stephen Kearney
captured New Mexico and
joined John C. Frémont in
taking California by early
1847

September, 1847: General
Winfield Scott occupies
Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

February, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo




Why the U.S. did not annex all of Mexico?



Merk Thesis: Racism and anti-colonial heritage
Graebner: U.S. only wanted west coast ports, no need for rest of
Mexico
Mexican War politically contentious




Rio Grande becomes southern border
New Mexico, California ceded to U.S.
U.S. pays Mexico $15 million
Whigs constantly criticized war effort
Northerners view war as aimed at increasing slavery and Southern power
Wilmot Proviso – what was this?
Manifest Destiny ultimately limited by racism and slavery
question