Enlightenment Test Bank Voltaire, Diderot, d'Alembert, La Harpe, Condorcet, au café Le Procope. Scientific Revolution 1. Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by: A. making observations of planetary movements B. articulating theories of the scientific method. C. perfecting the metric system D. Conducting experiments about gravitational forces E. introducing logarithms 2. The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following: A. Galileo B. Harvey C. Aristotle D. Newton E. Vesalius. 5. Which of the following most accurately describes the new attitudes that developed toward reason and science in the seventeenth century? A. it led men to think more of God and the afterlife B. it encouraged religious intolerance and the persecution of minority groups C. it promoted the belief that there were laws underlying the universe which man's reason enabled him to understand D. it held that God could not exist since His existence could not be perceived or proved by the senses. 5. Which of the following most accurately describes the new attitudes that developed toward reason and science in the seventeenth century? A. it led men to think more of God and the afterlife B. it encouraged religious intolerance and the persecution of minority groups C. it promoted the belief that there were laws underlying the universe which man's reason enabled him to understand D. it held that God could not exist since His existence could not be perceived or proved by the senses. 9. The Royal Society for improving Natural knowledge was founded in the reign of: A. Charles II Stuart B. Elizabeth I Tutor C. Henry VII Tudor D. James I Stuart 9. The Royal Society for improving Natural knowledge was founded in the reign of: A. Charles II Stuart B. Elizabeth I Tutor C. Henry VII Tudor D. James I Stuart 12. The causes of the Scientific Revolution include all of the following EXCEPT the A. development of philosophy as an academic discipline in medieval universities. B. navigational problems of ship captains. C. Renaissance recovery of ancient Greek mathematical texts. D. extensive support and funding provided by European governments. 15. The synthesis of the Scientific Revolution was A. John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding. B. Bernard de Fontenelle's Conversation of the Plurality of Worlds. C. Isaac Newton's Principia. D. Nicolaus Copernicus's On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies. 17. Galileo was brought before the Inquisition and made to recant his views regarding the: A. Heliocentric theory B. Circulation of blood C. Law of gravitation D. None of the above 19. The great scientific discoveries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led European scholars to believe that: A. everything in nature and society operated in ways similar to those of a living organism B. the universe was orderly and operated according to fixed rules C. religious tradition formed the basis for all scientific truths and assumptions D. the experimental method was an unreliable vehicle for scientific inquiry E. only that which could be seen and examined was real Enlightenment 20. The two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and A. Johannes Kepler. B. Nicolaus Copernicus. C. John Locke. D. Rene Descartes. 20. The two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were Francis Bacon and A. Johannes Kepler. B. Nicolaus Copernicus. C. John Locke. D. Rene Descartes. 21 "Men being by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political power of another without his own consent, which is done by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living in a secure enjoyment of their properties." The quotation above is from a work by: A. B. C. D. E. Francis Bacon John Locke Edmund Burke Voltaire Adam Smith 22. "The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have a right to concur either personally or by their representatives in its formation. The law should be the same for all, whether it protects or whether it punishes." The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of: A. Frederick the Great B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau C. Adam Smith D. Condorcet E. Voltaire 27. "The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the society, at which dinner was usually served, cards usually played, but conversation led by the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having the ideal mixture of leading intellectuals, open-minded nobles, and clever, elegant women." The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the following: A. Geneva during the Reformation B. Florence during the Renaissance C. London during the Glorious Revolution D. Paris during the Enlightenment E. Berlin during the Kulturkampf 28. The philosophes were convinced that the "scientific method" would: A. enable them to raise the consciousness of the masses and effect rapid social change. B. free mankind from all religious beliefs C. enable them to devise an empirically based defense of traditional privileges D. lead to the development of a utopian society E. lead to the discovery of general laws applicable to contemporary human problems 28. The philosophes were convinced that the "scientific method" would: A. enable them to raise the consciousness of the masses and effect rapid social change. B. free mankind from all religious beliefs C. enable them to devise an empirically based defense of traditional privileges D. lead to the development of a utopian society E. lead to the discovery of general laws applicable to contemporary human problems 29. The Enlightenment beliefs that environment controls everything and that man is highly perfectible were inspired by A. Newton's law of universal gravity B. Descartes' principles of rationality C. Hume's skepticism D. Locke's theory of knowledge E. the ancient theory of innate ideas. 29. The Enlightenment beliefs that environment controls everything and that man is highly perfectible were inspired by A. Newton's law of universal gravity B. Descartes' principles of rationality C. Hume's skepticism D. Locke's theory of knowledge E. the ancient theory of innate ideas. 30. In his The Spirit of Laws, Montesquieu revealed a decided preference for: A. separate and balanced powers as embodied in the English political system B. the theory of the divine right of kings C. the supreme sovereignty of the legislative branch of government typical of republics D. absolutism under the rule of law E. a Calvinistic theory 33. He advanced the view that in matters of religion all persons must have absolute freedom of conscience: A. Edmund Spencer B. Baruch Spinoza C. Jan de Witt D. William Gilbert 33. He advanced the view that in matters of religion all persons must have absolute freedom of conscience: A. Edmund Spencer B. Baruch Spinoza C. Jan de Witt D. William Gilbert 35. The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia was: A. to improve the education of the masses B. to improve vocabulary and style of writing C. to correct the misunderstanding and misinformation that had been handed down from the past D. to change the general way of thinking 36. Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau would have agreed that: A. the ideal state should have no form of organized religion B. democracy was the best form of government C. enlightened despotism was the best form of government D. the aristocracy should be abolished as a class 36. Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau would have agreed that: A. the ideal state should have no form of organized religion B. democracy was the best form of government C. enlightened despotism was the best form of government D. the aristocracy should be abolished as a class 39. The optimistic outlook of the philosophes regarding the perfectibility of man and society was expressed most clearly by: A. Voltaire B. the Marquis de Condorcet C. David Hume D. the Baron d'Holbach 39. The optimistic outlook of the philosophes regarding the perfectibility of man and society was expressed most clearly by: A. Voltaire B. the Marquis de Condorcet C. David Hume D. the Baron d'Holbach 40. Which of the following is NOT a major key phrase for the eighteenth century? A. reason B. religious faith C. natural law D. progress 41. The editor of the Encyclopedie was: A. Choiseul B. Carl von Linne C. Denis Diderot D. the Marques de Pombal 42. Which of the following concepts would NOT have been approved by Francois Quesnay and the Physiocrats? A. "natural laws" exist which govern the economic sphere B. the mercantilist concept of the accumulation of wealth is wrong C. rigid state regulation is necessary for its economy to thrive D. true wealth is derived from agriculture 44. Calling for reforms in his Essay on Crimes and Punishments, he held punishments should be clear, swift, and certain: A. David Hume B. Cesare Beccaria C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau D. Christopher Gluck 47. He saw the concept of checks and balances and separation of powers as a key to the superior structure of the British political system: A. Thomas Hobbes B. Montesquieu C. David Hume D. Adam Smith 48. Which of the following views would Rousseau have rejected? A. individual self-interest may not oppose the "general will" B. democracy is the form of government all nations should seek C. the "general will" represents what is best for the whole community D. the "social contract" involved all people in society 48. Which of the following views would Rousseau have rejected? A. individual self-interest may not oppose the "general will" B. democracy is the form of government all nations should seek C. the "general will" represents what is best for the whole community D. the "social contract" involved all people in society 49. The influence of which of the following is NOT to be seen in the American Constitution? A. Montesquieu B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau C. John Locke D. the English Bill of Rights 49. The influence of which of the following is NOT to be seen in the American Constitution? A. Montesquieu B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau C. John Locke D. the English Bill of Rights 50. While accepting many doctrines of the Enlightenment, he still explicitly emphasized a moral law in the conscience implanted by God: A. David Hume B. Daniel Defoe C. Immanual Kant D. Henry Fielding 50. While accepting many doctrines of the Enlightenment, he still explicitly emphasized a moral law in the conscience implanted by God: A. David Hume B. Daniel Defoe C. Immanual Kant D. Henry Fielding 51. A bitter, satirical attack on the optimism of the philosophes was seen in Jonathan Swift's: A. Emile B. Moll Flanders C. Candide D. Gulliver's Travels 52. All of the following were political consequences of the Enlightenment EXCEPT A. a weakening of absolutism in France. B. the idea that government was a science. C. attempts to reform from above. D. a growing respect among monarchs for individual rights. 54. The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons EXCEPT A. French was the international language of the educated classes. B. French scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the Scientific Revolution. C. the level of censorship and repression was somewhat less than that in most of Europe. D. French philosophes asked fundamental questions and sought actively to influence the educated public. 54. The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all the following reasons EXCEPT A. French was the international language of the educated classes. B. French scientists and universities were the most preeminent in the Scientific Revolution. C. the level of censorship and repression was somewhat less than that in most of Europe. D. French philosophes asked fundamental questions and sought actively to influence the educated public. 56. All of the following are later Enlightenment philosophes EXCEPT A. Baron Paul d'Holbach. B. Madame du Chatelet. C. David Hume. D. Marquis de Condorcet. 59. According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to A. popularize the Scientific Revolution. B. improve the material life of Europeans. C. change the general way of thinking. D. undermine French absolutism. 60. Madame du Chatelet A. believed women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education. B. was the first woman admitted into the Royal Academy of Sciences. C. was the powerful mistress of Louis XV. D. inspired Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas on education and emotion. 61. Rousseau's concept of the "general will" asserts that A. enlightened monarchs protect the interests of the entire society and should be relied upon for reform. B. only by direct democracy can the people's political wishes be conveyed. C. authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a farseeing minority. D. sovereignty resides in the people. 61. Rousseau's concept of the "general will" asserts that A. enlightened monarchs protect the interests of the entire society and should be relied upon for reform. B. only by direct democracy can the people's political wishes be conveyed. C. authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a farseeing minority. D. sovereignty resides in the people. 62. A striking feature of the salons was that A. women participated as equals. B. philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled. C. they were often sponsored by the government. D. members of the working classes often attended. 63. Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that: A. a monarch has absolute power B. the state is based on a social contract C. the state of nature is peaceful and harmonious D. political authority should be shared by the monarch and representatives of the people E. citizens have a right to revolt 68. Which of the following is most characteristic of Voltaire’s ideas? A. B. C. D. E. Empiricism and religious toleration are to be celebrated. The branches of government should be balanced. Future progress is inevitable and limitless Future progress is inevitable and limitless. Sensory experience can never be verified. Enlightenment Absolute Monarchy 72 .The Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century would most likely have favored which of the following? A. the Society of Jesus B. written constitutions C. the abolition of organized religion D. the codification of laws E. royal succession based on ability instead of birth 72. The Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century would most likely have favored which of the following? A. the Society of Jesus B. written constitutions C. the abolition of organized religion D. the codification of laws E. royal succession based on ability instead of birth 74. The acquisition of which of the following territories during the 18th century helped to establish Prussia as a great power? A. Bohemia B. Bavaria C. Brandenburg D. Silesia E. Saxony 75. Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789)? A. standing armies pursuing limited strategic goals B. citizen armies fighting for their native lands C. feudal armies fighting for their lords D. mass armies pursing global strategies E. highly mobile armies unhampered by traditional defenses 77. Which of the following was the most revolutionary aspect of the Diplomatic Revolution? A. the enmity between Prussia and Austria B. the enmity between England and France C. the enmity between Prussia and France D. the alliance between Austria and France E. the alliance between Prussia and England 80. Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments A. had the support of the nobles. B. was opposed by both nobles and peasants. C. transformed a barter economy into a monetized one. D. was the basis for the future evolution of Austrian society. 82. As it grew weaker, the European territories of the so-called "sick man of Europe" became a center of conflict between: A. Prussia and France B. Russia and Austria C. Poland and Hungary D. France and England 83. The liberum veto greatly weakened the power of its monarchs to govern effectively: A. Holland B. Denmark C. Poland D. Prussia 85. In the Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great expanded his territories at the expense of: A. Louis XV of France B. Maria Theresa of Austria C. Leopold of Belgium D. George I, Elector of Hanover 86. The battle between Generals Montcalm and Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham determined: A. Prussia's status as a great European power B. the fate of France's American empire C. the outcome of the War of the Austrian Succession D. that the Stuart dynasty would never again rule England 89. The "miracle of the House of Brandenburg" occurred when: A. Peter III of Russia withdrew from the Seven Years' War B. Great Britain signed an alliance with Prussia C. the king, Frederick II, defeated Austria at Rossbach in 1757 D. Frederick II was able to retain Silesia 94. During the Seven Years' War, which of the following nations switched sides? A. England B. Russia C. France D. Spain 94. During the Seven Years' War, which of the following nations switched sides? A. England B. Russia C. France D. Spain 95. All of the following monarch's were "enlightened" EXCEPT: A. Frederick the Great B. George III C. Catherine the Great D. Joseph II 97. Frederick II the Great of Prussia sought to achieve all but one of the following: which was NOT one of his goals? A. expansion of Prussia's agricultural and industrial production B. extending religious toleration to all but Jews C. breaking down the social barriers of Prussian society D. improvement of the state's legal system 97. Frederick II the Great of Prussia sought to achieve all but one of the following: which was NOT one of his goals? A. expansion of Prussia's agricultural and industrial production B. extending religious toleration to all but Jews C. breaking down the social barriers of Prussian society D. improvement of the state's legal system 98. "He [the prince] is only the first servant of the state, so obligated to act with fairness, wisdom, and unselfishness." So wrote: A. Alexander I of Russia B. Frederick the Great of Prussia C. Louis XV of France D. George III of England 101. The activities of Yemelyan Pugachev of Russia: A. led to the extension of Russian territory into the Caucasus B. led Catherine the Great to tighten controls on the serfs C. reflected the influence of the American Revolution in Russia D. forced Catherine to abandon her policy of religious toleration 101. The activities of Yemelyan Pugachev of Russia: A. led to the extension of Russian territory into the Caucasus B. led Catherine the Great to tighten controls on the serfs C. reflected the influence of the American Revolution in Russia D. forced Catherine to abandon her policy of religious toleration 102. Catherine the Great sought to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT A. codify laws based on the ideas of the Enlightenment B. reorganize local government C. free the serfs D. rule as an Enlightened despot 103. Under Catherine the Great, Russia gained extensive and important territories at the expense of: A. China B. the Ottoman Empire C. Austria D. Sweden 104. Catherine II's greatest territorial triumph was the A conquest of the Caucasus. B. partition of Poland. C. annexation of Siberia. D seizure of Silesia. 104. Catherine II's greatest territorial triumph was the A conquest of the Caucasus. B. partition of Poland. C. annexation of Siberia. D seizure of Silesia. 105. All of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism EXCEPT the A. political resurgence of the nobility. B. inattentiveness of Louis XV. C. rise of the middle class. D. growth of judicial power in the parlements. 105. All of the following played a role in the erosion of French absolutism EXCEPT the A. political resurgence of the nobility. B. inattentiveness of Louis XV. C. rise of the middle class. D. growth of judicial power in the parlements. 106. The accomplishments of Frederick II included all of the following EXCEPT A. territorial expansion. B. judicial and bureaucratic reform. C. economic improvements. D. restructuring the Prussian social system. 107. Absolute monarchs like Catherine II and Frederick II pursued reform primarily A. because they believed in the Enlightenment. B. to compete in the fierce international system of the European states. C. to improve the lives of their subjects. D. to lessen the power of their nobles. 107. Absolute monarchs like Catherine II and Frederick II pursued reform primarily A. because they believed in the Enlightenment. B. to compete in the fierce international system of the European states. C. to improve the lives of their subjects. D. to lessen the power of their nobles. 108. After the Seven Years' War, Frederick II set out to A. punish the states that had attacked him. B. partition Poland with the Russians. C. restructure the Prussian social system. D. rebuild the Prussian economy and improve the lives of his subjects. 108. After the Seven Years' War, Frederick II set out to A. punish the states that had attacked him. B. partition Poland with the Russians. C. restructure the Prussian social system. D. rebuild the Prussian economy and improve the lives of his subjects. 109. Enlightenment thinkers relied on the reforming efforts of monarchs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. so that individual philosophes could claim credit for such efforts. B. that absolute monarchy was a fact of political existence. C. the monarchs seemed to be listening to the philosophes. D. the belief that the common people were like children in need of firm guidance. 110. The least realized of Catherine II's chief goals was A. domestic reform. B. the spread of Western culture in Russia. C. suppression of the Russian nobility. D. territorial expansion. 110. The least realized of Catherine II's chief goals was A. domestic reform. B. the spread of Western culture in Russia. C. suppression of the Russian nobility. D. territorial expansion. 112. After the death of Louis XIV, the French parlements A. typically supported the reform efforts of the monarchy. B. were undermined by the appointment of conservative nobles. C. effectively challenged royal absolutism. D. attempted to quash the Enlightenment. 114. The conflict between Louis XV and the Parlement of Paris centered on the issue of A. B. C. D. taxation. serfdom. political sovereignty. judicial independence. 117. “Since my accession to the throne, I have ever been anxious to conquer prejudices and to gain the confidence of my people. I granted toleration, and removed the yoke which had oppressed Protestants for centuries. Tolerance is a convincing proof of the improvement of the human mind” The author of this quotation above was most likely a: A. B. C. D. E. German ruler who had declared for Lutheranism Monarch devoted to the concept of absolutism Ruler influenced by Enlightenment precepts Sixteenth century Russian tsar Catholic ruler in the time of the Catholic Reformation 118. Which of the following is true regarding the salons of the 18th century? A. They were exclusively a French phenomenon. B. They excluded women C. They discussed social questions as well as literary works D. They were held exclusively at royal courts E. They were endorsed by traditional religious leaders 118. Which of the following is true regarding the salons of the 18th century? A. They were exclusively a French phenomenon. B. They excluded women C. They discussed social questions as well as literary works D. They were held exclusively at royal courts E. They were endorsed by traditional religious leaders 2009 120. According to Adam Smith, the “invisible hand” would A. Provide checks and balances among the branches of government B. Convince devout men and women of the value of religious toleration C. Reconcile selfish individual interests with general economic benefits D. Guide absolute monarchs to embrace liberal reforms E. Cause populations to exceed available food supplies 120. According to Adam Smith, the “invisible hand” would A. Provide checks and balances among the branches of government B. Convince devout men and women of the value of religious toleration C. Reconcile selfish individual interests with general economic benefits D. Guide absolute monarchs to embrace liberal reforms E. Cause populations to exceed available food supplies