Ch. 9 Test Review
Answers
Tariffs
• taxes on imported goods
Cabinet
• The President’s appointed group of
experts. Used to help him/her make
decisions. George Washington created
the first cabinet, which set a precedent.
Federalists
• Political party that believe in a strong
national government.
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Loose interpretation of the constitution.
Early leaders were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
Had a fear of mob rule
Favored a national bank
Wanted an economy based on manufacturing and
shipping
• Supported by lawyers, merchants, manufacturers, and
clergy (members of the church)
Democratic-Republicans
• Political party that believe in a limited
national government.
• Strict interpretation of the constitution.
• Early leaders were Thomas Jefferson and James
Madison.
• Fear of rule by one person or a powerful few
• Opposed the national bank
• Wanted an economy based on farming
• Supported by farmers and trades people
Excessive
• Going beyond what is necessary.
Precedent
• A precedent is a decision someone
makes on how to handle an issue that
then becomes a “rule” on how others
will follow later in dealing with similar
situations.
Whiskey Rebellion
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1791 Congress applied a tax on whiskey.
Farmers refused to pay the tax
They needed whiskey to trade for goods
Grain was MUCH harder to transport than
whiskey was
• Washington called out the state militia to put
down the rebellion which they did with no
problem.
• The Whiskey Rebellion was important
because it confirmed the authority of the
federal government over the people of the US
Washington’s Farewell Address
• Washington wanted the US to follow a
foreign policy based on the principle of noninvolvement in European affairs (avoid
entangling alliances).
• Trade was fine, but he wanted us to not get
involved with anything happening across the
ocean or we might get pulled into their
problems.
• Warned against creating political parties.
• Warned against taxing the American people
too heavily.
The Elastic Clause
• Also called the ‘Necessary & Proper’ Clause.
• “To make all laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the forgoing
powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States,
or in any department or officer thereof.”
• Listed in Article I section 18 of the Constitution
(where the powers of Congress are specifically
listed)
• This is what gave Federalists the idea that
government had more powers than just those listed
in the Constitution.
Federal Judiciary Act of 1789
• Signed into law by Washington
• Act set up the Supreme Court to have 6
members, 5 Justices and 1 Chief
Justice (this would later be changed to
9 total).
• Also gave the Supreme Court the right
to issue certain rulings outside of their
jurisdiction which will later be declared
unconstitutional.
Jay Treaty
• Britain agreed to leave forts near the
Great Lakes.
• Revolutionary debts were forgiven.
• Britain’s colonies in the West Indies
were NOT opened to trade with
America.
National Bank
• Hamilton wanted to create an official bank of the United States.
• He believed that having a bank to issue currency and make
loans to businesses would strengthen the United States.
• Other people, including Thomas Jefferson and James Madison,
opposed the bank because they feared the national
government would gain too much power.
• They also didn’t believe that the government had the power to
create a bank at all.
• Washington heard both sides but eventually decided to go with
Hamilton and allow the creation on the bank.
• Disagreements over Alexander Hamilton’s financial program
and wanting to create a national bank split Congress into
factions.
George Washington
• Our Nation’s first president.
– Elected and Inaugurated in 1789 after the
Constitution was ratified and went into effect.
– The only president to ever get 100% of the
electoral vote (and he did it twice!)
– Refused, at first, to let Congress pay him because
he was wealthy and saw himself as a servant of
the people so he shouldn’t be paid!
Alexander Hamilton
• A member of the Continental Congress & Constitutional
Convention.
• Co-Authored the Federalist papers, wanted a strong federal
government.
• Thought the way to pay for our Revolutionary War debts was to
raise money through Tariffs (taxes on imported goods).
– Tariffs would raise money for the government, encourage
American industry, & encourage Americans to buy more Americanmade goods!
• Thought the US should be urban (full of cities and
manufacturing).
• Hamilton’s financial plan for the United States had 3 parts:
– 1) create the national bank
– 2) paying off war debts (by using revenue from tariffs)
– 3) raising money for the government!
Andrew Jackson
• Thomas Jefferson = 1st Secretary of State
– Wanted the expansion of state’s rights (fought for
the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution).
– Liked the idea that the federal government would
be weak compared to the states.
– Wanted the US to be more rural and full of
farmers.
– Would become part of the Democratic-Republican
Party.