I.
Chapter 4
4.
Goals and purposes
A.
Concept of group
5.
Social statuses and roles
1.
6.
Means for controlling member’s
A group is composed of two or more
persons interacting with each other,
behavior
guided by a set of norms
2.
7.
According to Fichter
A group is a specified number of
a.
Identifiable
individuals where each recognizes
b.
Has a social structure
members as distinct from non-
c.
There are individual roles in the
members; each has a sense of what
group
others do and think as well as what the
d.
purpose of the association or group is.
3.
among the members of the group
SOCIAL GROUP- two or more people
e.
who interact recurrently in a patterned
f.
constitute a distinct social unit; have a
g.
may not be similar to those of the
h.
E.
Common Bases for Groups
1.
Common ancestry – blood groups
common presence (2) minimum
2.
Territorial proximity
awareness of each other; 3 elements (1)
3.
Bodily characteristics
common association (2)awareness of
4.
Shares a common interest
of social group)
F.
Basic classifications of social groups
1.
According to Cooley (which was
Sociologist – people interact;
characterized by fichter)
anthropologists- association, culture is
a.
formed
B.
Relative permanence
category); 2 conditions of group life (1)
others (3) socially shared goals (essence
6.
Group activities – must be directed
towards some social goal or goals
larger society
5.
Have certain common interests
and values
set of values and norms that may or
Similar characteristics (social
Norms of behavior that influence
the way in which roles are enacted
way and who recognize that they
4.
Contact and communication
play group and neighbourhood)
There are guidelines
Social aggregates- people who happen to be
Primary (3 basic: family, children’s
b.
2.
Secondary
William Graham sumner
in the same place but share little else; do
a.
In-group
not interact with one another; do not share
b.
Out-group
a.
Formal
b.
Informal
a common purpose.
3.
C. Statistical group – people classified together
because they share certain characteristics;
sometimes, they are not aware that they
have similarities
D. Characteristics of groups
1.
Permanence
2.
Means for identifying members
3.
Mechanisms for recruiting members
4.
Ferdinand tennis
a.
Gemeinschaft
b.
Gesselschaft
c.
Verbindungsnetzchaft
G. Influence on the individual
1.
Social facilitation – an individual is
6.
stimulated by the presence of others
2.
spheres
Social inhibition- presence of others
L.
blocks or retards one’s performance
Today
1.
Group pressure
disconnectedness that is supposed to be
4.
Group discussion
present among workers in capitalistic
1.
societies
Norms develop and conformity occurs
2.
Ritualism
because individuals seek others with
3.
Incompetence
similar characteristics
a.
Reward or compensation
incompetence; bureaucracy
3.
Social acceptance
rewards good work with
Linkages in groups
advancement employees keep
1.
Sociometry- study the mix feelings that
rising up through the pyramid of
persons have about one another
authority until they finally reach a
Sociogram- graph in which these
job for which they are not
social choices or ties are diagrammed
qualified
3.
Social networks
Dimensions of groups
1.
Size
2.
Structure (a) formal (b)informal;
II.
Chapter 5
A.
Social interaction
1.
Refers to the process by which people
act and react in relation to others
bureaucracy- formal, rationally
2.
Herbert Blumer- “human beings
organized and highly organized social
interpret or define each other’s actions.
structure with clearly defined patterns
This means that our response to
of activity in which, ideally, every
someone’s behavior is based on the
series of actions is fundamentally
meaning we attach to the other’s
related to the organization’s purpose
actions. Reality is shaped by our
3.
Nature of goals
perceptions, evaluation and definition
4.
Identifiability of members
of such reality.
5.
Cohesiveness – degree to which
6.
K.
Peter Principle – level of
2.
2.
J.
Alienation – sense of loss and
3.
H. Why do people conform?
I.
Distinction between public and private
3.
Process whereby people accomplish
members of a group cooperate
some aim and is always directed
Leadership styles
toward specific other.
Weber’s model of bureaucracy
B.
Frameworks used in interaction
1.
Clear-cut division of labor
2.
Hierarchical delegation of power and
which people interpret and evaluate
responsibility
the social context to select appropriate
3.
Rules and regulation
attitudes and behavior
4.
Impartiality
2.
Presentation of the self
5.
Employment based on technical
3.
Negotiated order – refers to a social
qualifications
1.
Defining the situation – process by
structure that derives its existence from
the social interactions through which
1.
Objective existence
people define and redefine its character
2.
Society is also affecting the behavior of
C. Types
many creative people
1.
Cooperation
3.
2.
Conflict
3.
Competition
4.
Negotiation
of everyday, common-sense
5.
Coercion
understandings that people have of the
shape reality through social interaction
4.
D. Elements
1.
2.
5.
Networks – web of relationships that
a.
Ascribed
connects an individual to many other
b.
Inscribed
people; set of interdependent links or
c.
Master
ties among individuals that constitutes
Roles
the web of family, neighbourhood,
a.
Role strain- people find it difficult
circles of friends and acquaintances
to perform the role expected of
with whom they interact in the course
them
of their lives.
Role conflict – occurs when the
G. What influences social interaction?
carrying out of one role
1.
Goals and motivations
automatically results in the
2.
Situation or context
violation of another
3.
Norms
c.
Role exit- letting go
H. Types
d.
Role ambiguity- unclear
1.
Non verbal behavior
expectations associated with
2.
Unfocused
particular social positions
3.
Focused
Symbolic interaction
4.
Group
1.
Meaning
5.
Social organization refers to the
2.
Observing (through social interaction)
relatively stable patterns of social
3.
Mead stressed that human interaction
relationships among individuals and
is ruled by cultural meaning and many
groups in society.
cultural meanings are symbolic
4.
5.
Human interaction is a process of
Chapter 6
A.
The long and complicated process of social
interaction through which the child learns
symbols
the intellectual, physical and social skills
Dramaturgical approach- people think
needed to function as a member of society
performers
6.
III.
acting on the basis of meaningful
how they become active role
F.
Enthometodology- refers to the study
world around them
Status
b.
E.
Process by which individuals creatively
Impression management- they way
B.
A process of mutual influence between a
person and his fellowmen
C. Two points
where one tries to control what others
1.
Objective
think about them
2.
Subjective
Social construction of reality
3. Looking glass self
D. Process which goes on in the individual
E.
F.
while he is adapting to the people around
4.
Conflict theory and socialization
him.
5.
Social and biological conflict
Importance
L.
Agencies
1.
Vital to culture
1.
Family
2.
Vital t personality
2.
Peer groups
3.
Vital to sex role differentiation
3.
Media
Social frame of reference – fichter social
4.
School
experience is (1) common to all human
5.
Workplace
beings (2) unique to each person and (3)
6.
Desocialization – strip away the self-
specific to a particular culture and society
images and perspectives that are the
G. Social learning
1.
Response – interaction between the
learner and the thing learned
results of previous socialization
M. Stages
1.
H. Subprocesses of social learning
J.
Infancy
Imitation
b.
Early childhood
2.
Suggestion
c.
Play stage
3.
Competition
d.
School age
4.
Essential prerequisites – contact and
e.
Adolescence
communication
f.
Young adulthood
Symbol- anything that is used to
g.
Middle adulthood
represent something
h.
Old age
Components
2.
Sigmund freud
1.
Goals and motivations
a.
Oral
2.
Contexts
b.
Anal
3.
Norms
c.
Phallic
Types
d.
Latency
1. Focused
e.
Genital
2. Unfocused
K.
a.
1.
5.
I.
Erik erikson
3.
Jean piaget
3.
Exchange
a.
4.
Cooperation
sensorimotor (2) language
a.
Spontaneous
acquisition (3) concrete operations
b.
Traditional
(4) abstract thinking
c.
Directed
d.
Contractual
4.
Cognitive development stages (1)
George Mead - symbolic interaction ;
early in life children appear to be
5.
Conflict
unable to understand anyone else’s
6.
Coercion
perspective except their own
7.
Competition
Dynamincs
5.
Lawrence Kohlberg
a.
If doing something leads to
1.
Functional
punishment, then it should not be
2.
Symbolic
done
b.
Rewards
b.
c.
Judge the morality of an act
behavior is genetically determined
according to how much it
to the extent that biology defines
conforms to the standards of other
human learning potential
individuals
IV.
c.
Law and order
development of specific behavior
e.
Adhere to social rules
over the course of many
f.
Internalizes
generations
d.
Generally defined as an act that violates a
6.
Any action that is perceived as violating
7.
of a society or group culture
throughout life, deviances is usually
compliance with the law
understood to be the result of
D. Biological and psychological theories
“unsuccessful” socialization; childhood
Cesare Lombroso (Italian father of
8.
criminology) criminals posses “low
9.
highly developed frontal sinuses, tufted
Behavioural theory- deviance is
learned
hair, large ears and relative
10. Containment theory – moral formation
insensibility to pain; criminals occupy
2.
Psychoanalytic theory –id, ego,
superego
cranial capacity, retreating forehead,
evolutionary ladder
Psychological since a personality is
shaped by social experiences
C. Criminal and non-criminal – non-
the lowest rung on the human
Neurophysical differences – hormonal
imbalance, vitamin deficiency etc.
some widely shared moral values or norms
1.
Genetic differences- behavior
influenced by hereditary factors
social norm or cultural norm
B.
Evolutionary processes- long term
d.
Chapter 11: Deviance
A.
He assumes that human social
during the young age
E.
Sociological theories
1.
Functionalist theory emile Durkheim
Somototypes (body types) William H.
a.
Affirms cultural values and norms
Sheldon.
b.
Clarifies moral boundary
a.
Endomorph- fat, soft, round and
c.
Promotes social unity
short tapering limbs; relaxed, out-
d.
Encourages social change
going, happy-go-lucky
e.
Anomie
Ectomorph – thin, delicate and
f.
Can wreck interpersonal relations
bony. Small facem sharp nose and
g.
Undermine trust
b.
fine hair; drama
c.
2.
Strain theory Robert Merton- society
Mesomorph – big-nosed, muscular
pushes individuals toward deviance by
with large trunk, heavy chests and
overemphasizing the importance of
large wrists and hands; most likely
monetary success while failing to
to be delinquent.
emphasize the importance of legitimate
3.
Genetics – extra y chromosome
means to achieve it
4.
Pathology
a.
Types that emerge: conformity
5.
Socio-biological theories
b.
Innovation
a.
c.
Ritualism
Edward O. Wilson
3.
d.
Retreatism
resulting oppressive life conditions
e.
Rebellion
virtually force the powerless to
Deviant subcultures – Richard cloward
commit what those in power have
and Lloyd ohlin
defined as crimes
a.
4.
Criminal deviance results when
d.
there is limited legitimate
spread and reinforce the popular
opportunity to achieve success
view that the subordinate class is
plus available illegitimate
dangerous in order to justify its
opportunity
concerns with making and
Control theory traavis hirshi
a.
enforcing the law
Family, school and other social
3.
institutions can greatly contribute
to social order by controlling
b.
c.
G. Symbolic interactionist perspective
deviant tendencies in every
1.
Edward Sutherland
individual
2.
Individuals are likely to become
Conformity is a direct result of
deviant if more of their primary group
control over the individual
interactions favour deviance rather
It is the absence of social control
than oppose it
3.
4 ways which individuals become
Society tends to react to a rule-
bonded to society (1) attachment to
breaking act by labelling it as
others (2) commitment (3)
deviant
b.
Tishler 3 factors (1) importance or
Shaming theory john Braithwaite
gravity of the violated norm (2)
a.
Disintegrating shaming-
social identity or status (3)nature
punishment
of the social; context of the
Reintegrative –making the
behavior in question
b.
wrongdoer feel guilty
F.
Labelling theory Edward lemert 1972
a.
involvement (4) belief
5.
Power theory- powerful people have
stronger deviant motivation
that causes deviance
d.
Uses these criminal actions to
H. Types
Conflict perspective- deviance and social
1.
Primary – original behavior that leads
inequality alex thio
to the individual’s being labelled
1.
deviant
Conflict theory – some laws are used to
protect and preserve the capitalist
2.
2.
Secondary- deviant behavior that
system
emerges as a result of having been
Dominant class
labelled deviant
a.
Defines cas criminal those
behavior like murder, robbery,
I.
Functions
1.
those that threaten them
b.
c.
Ronald w. Smith and Frederick w.
Preston
Hires law enforvers to apply those
2.
Outlet for diverse forms of expression
definitions and protect its interest
3.
Define the limits of acceptable
Exploits the subordinate class by
paying low wafes so that the
behavior
4.
Promote in-group solidarity
5.
Barometer of social strain
6.
By various
7.
Integral part of all healthy societies
8.
Help people reaffirm norms
9.
Reinforce existing norms or serve as
together and become more integrated;
catalyst for new ones
virtues of love and justice
10. Assistance than those exhibiting
E.
Social processes are largely standardized
and routinized
F.
Classification
1.
2.
behavior of conformity
injustices
of injustice and hatred
G. Conjunctive
1.
12. Identify values and beliefs of the
V.
Cooperation – collaborative; effort to
achieve a common goal; persons or
deviant
J.
Disjunctive – people are pushed farther
apart and become less solidaristic; vices
11. Method of ventilating collective
grievances and publicizing social
Conjunctive – persons are drawn
groups act jointly in the pursuit of a
Social control of deviance
common objective; mutual aid or
1.
Informal sanctions
alliance; conjoint rather than opposing
2.
Formal sanctions – official pressure
action; factors (a) conscious desire (b)
intended to convince potential deviants
loyalty (c) fear (d) structural need;
to conform to social norms
social solidarity in actions; integration,
Chapter 7
cohesion and solidarity
A.
a.
Relations with one another may be
Types
analyzed in various ways

Informal (spontaneous)
1.

Formal (contractual,
Relation by status- linkage of social
positions; static concept
2.
directed
Relation by roles – functional

reciprocal interaction that occurs when
3.
B.
b.
Symbiotic (traditional)
functions
people pursue their social roles

creates social cohesion
together

social stability
Relation process

consensus and
Social process refers to patterned forms of
social interaction. They are forms of
interaction that are repeated.
C. According to George Simmel “it is possible
compromise
2.
accommodation – kind of minimum
working arrangement that enables
people to continue their activities even
to discover a number of relatively patterned
when they are not in complete
elements of conflict, cooperation and
agreement and harmony with each
competition in social relationships,
other; interact in order to prevent,
although the concrete manifestations of
reduce or eliminate conflict; adjust;
these elements would vary according to the
“give and take”; equilibrium between
peculiarities of each concrete social
individuals
solution”
a.
D. Includes behavior
forms

domination

truce
3.
4.

compromise
3.
Competition – social process in which

conciliation and
two or more persons or groups are
mediation
striving to attain the same objective;

arbitration
focus: objective/reward rather than the

toleration
opponent; form of opposition or
assimilation – two or more persons or
struggle for securing a reward or goal
groups accept and perform one
like a prize, a material object, a
another’s oattern of behavior
position, leadership, prestige or power
a.
a.
amalgamation is a form of this
acculturation – process by which
Functions

societies of different cultures are
modified through fairly close and long
system

continued contact, but do not blend
with one another; acquisition of new

Social division of labor
traits from another culture; facilitated

Encourages achievement
and leads to efficiency
H. Disjunctive

Conflict – antagonistic to each other;
an activity intended to hurt others
physically or mentally or to deprive
others of liberty or property and an
activity designed to prevent one from
being intentionally hurt or deprived by
others; focus is on the opponent;
violence!
a.
Basic functions

Help establish unity and
cohesion

Internal conflict becomes
a stabilizing and
integrating mechanism in
certain instances

Outlet for the expression
of suppressed emotions
and frustrations
2.
Creativity may be
encouraged
by contacts
1.
Assigns place in the social
Contravention – social process in
which the opposing persons or groups
try to prevent each other from
attaining an objective, whether or not
they want it for themselves; no violence
Contributes to social
change