Kingdom Comparison Chart (add as much detail as possible)
Kingdom
Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Fungi
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Or
Eukaryote
Multi
Or
Unicellular
Auto
Or
Heterotroph
Method
of
reproduction
Cell
wall?
Other important Info and Notes
ASA notes for review
Content Standard Four: Describe organisms in the six-kingdom classification system by their characteristics.
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There used to be only 5 kingdoms:
1. Monera (now divided into 2 separate kingdoms: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria)
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
Now 6 kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Anamalia.
Archaebacteria are Proykaryotic
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, & Animalia are Eukayotic
“Archea” is a prefix meaning Ancient. Archaebacteria are considered primitive because they probably resemble the first forms of life on earth.
o can live in very harsh environments; where no other organisms can survive.
 Acidic hot springs
 Near undersea volcanic vents
 Highly salty water
Eubacteria are what most people are talking about when they say bacteria.
o Live in more neutral environments.
o All are unicellular
o All are microscopic
o Some can make their own food (autotrophs) and some must rely on others for food (heterotrophs)
Protista includes a wide range of microbes including slime molds, protozoa, and primitive algae.
o They can be animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like
o Some are beneficial
o Some cause disease
o Three methods of locomotion: Pseudopod (false foot); flagella/Cillia; Contractile Vacuole
o Can be herterotrophic or autotrophic
Fungi include some of the most important organisms.
o Break down dead organic material…they continually cycle nutrients through the ecosystems
o All are eukayotes
o They can be unicellular or multicellular
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o All have a cell wall
o Can be helpful and delicious
o Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi
Plants are multicellular autotrophs that have a cell wall.
Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs that lack a cell wall and are capable of movement at some point in their lives.
o Divided into vertebrates and invertebrates
o Eats its food
o Reproduces primarily by sexual means
o Organs are much more developed than in other kingdoms
Features that distinguish plants from animals:
o Plants have chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for photosynthesis
o Plants have a cell wall made of a sturdy material called cellulose
o Plants are fixed in one place; do not move
Kingdom
Phlyum
Class
order
family
genus
species
Kingdom Comparison Chart (add as much detail as possible)
Kingdom
Multi
Or
Unicellular
Multi
Auto
Or
Heterotroph
Heterotroph
Method
of
reproduction
Sexual
Cell
wall?
Animalia
Prokaryote
Or
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Plantae
Eukaryote
Multi
Heterotroph
Sexual or
Asexual
yes
Protista
Eukaryote
Uni- or
multicellular
Heterotrophic
or autotrophic
Asexual or
sexual
Yes and
no
Fungi
Eukaryote
Multi
Heterotrophic
or autotrophic
Asexual and
sexual
yes
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotrophic
asexual
Yes
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Heterotrophic
or autotrophic
asexual
Yes
no
Other important Info and Notes
ASA notes for review
Content Standard Three: Relate major tissues and organs of the skeletal, circulatory, reproductive, muscular, respiratory, nervous, and digestive
systems to their functions.
Organization of complex organisms: organellescellstissueorgansorgan systemsorganism
 Skeletal System: Functions: (1) Protection of the organs of the body (example: the brain is protected by the skull, the lungs, heart, etc… are
protected by the ribs) (2) Storage of minerals that help your nerves and muscles function properly. Long bone also stores fat that can be used for
energy, (3) Movement occurs because skeletal muscles pull on the bones, (4) Blood Cell formation, (5) Gives your body shape
o Three components of the Skeletal System.– bones, cartilage, and joints
 Joints : a place where two or more bones meet – four types:
 Hinge (example: elbow/knee)
 Gliding Joints (example: hand)
 Ball and Socket Joints (example: hip/shoulder)
 Ligaments – strong elastic bands of connective tissue that hold joints together (connect bone to bone)
 Cartilage – softer, rubbery material that makes up the skeletal system of infants and cushions the joints where the bones meet.
 Bones: two kinds of bone tissue:
 Compact bone: rigid and dense…tiny canals within the compact bone contain small blood vessels.
 Spongy bone: Bone tissue that has many open spaces. Spongy bone provides most of the strength and support for a
bone.
 Bone also contains a soft material called bone marrow. There are two types of marrow:
o Red bone marrow: provides both red and white blood cells.
o Yellow bone marrow: found in the central cavity of long bone stores fat.
 Circulatory System: Pumps Blood through the body taking oxygen and nutrients to body cells picks up needed materials from the lungs and the
digestive system and carries them to the body. Carries waste products to where they can be eliminated, and helps to fight disease and injury by
carrying the substances that will help heal you. (The Respiratory System carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, and nutrients throughout the
body.
o Components of the Circulatory System:
 Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen to the cells and carbon dioxide away from the cells.
 White Blood Cells: Protect the body from invading organisms
 Blood Plasma: The liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended.
 Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
 Veins: carry blood towards the heart
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 Capillaries: the smallest blood vessels; where gas exchange between blood and body cells takes place here.
 Platelets: Clotting agents in the blood
o Two types of circulation:
 Pulmonary Circulation – Circulation of blood between the heat and lungs. (blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs where it
picks up oxygen, and the oxygen-rich blood is then pumped back to the heart)
 Systemic Circulation – Circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body. (oxygen-rich blood leaves the heart and
travels to the body cells where the oxygen is used for cellular respiration; the waste product of CR is carbon dioxide which is
returned to the heart where it is pushed to the lungs to exchange the carbon dioxide for more oxygen).
o Four chambers of the heart:
 Right ventricle – pumps oxygen poor blood into the arteries so it can return to the lungs.
 Left ventricle – pumps oxygen – rich blood into arteries and then into capillaries.
 Right atrium – Oxygen poor blood returning from the body cells is pumped into the right atrium
 Left Atrium – Oxygen rich blood from the lungs travels through veins back to the left atrium.
The Reproductive System: allows for the production of offspring and the continuation of life. Reproduction is a characteristic of all living thing;
because no individual lives forever, reproduction is essential to the continuation of every species.
o Testes: Male reproductive organ that produce sperm.
o Ovaries: Female reproductive structures that develop eggs.
o Uterus: Supports the development of a fertilized egg.
o Know the male and female signs
The Muscular System: supports and enables the body to move, produces heat, and gives the body shape.
o Tendons are tough bands of connective tissue that connect the skeletal muscles to your bones (bone to muscle).
o Muscles always work in pairs…generally, one muscle of a pair bends a body part (flexor), and the other straightens it out (extensor).
o Three types of muscles:
 Cardiac Muscle – Only found in the heart.
 Skeletal Muscle – Attached to your bones, aids in movement and helps to protect your internal organs.
 Smooth Muscle – Found in the digestive tract and in the walls of blood vessels.
o Two types of muscle movement:
 Voluntary (muscle action that is under your control)
 Involuntary (muscle action that is not under your control)…example: cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary muscles; skeletal
muscles can be either voluntary or involuntary.
The Respiratory System: provides the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
o Lungs – the site for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
o Trachea – the airway that connects the nasal passages to the lungs.
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o
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Alveoli – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
Diaphragm – a muscle that assists in breathing by contracting and relaxing.
Nose helps clean air before it enters the lungs.
 Two defenses of the nasal passages: nose hair and mucus
***Study the following diagrams…you must know all components of the respiratory system.
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The Nervous System: gathers information; interprets information, and responds to information.
o Brain – the organ of the nervous system that controls body activity.
o Spinal Cord – a bundle of nerves running from the brain down the center of the backbone.
o Nerves – comprised of neurons (nerve cells) that conduct information…see the diagram below:
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Digestive System: breaks down food, either mechanically (physically) or chemically, processes it for use by the body, and excretes waste products.
o Mouth – where digestion begins (both chemically and mechanically)…remember amylase is the digestive enzyme in saliva and starches are
broken down into sugars
o Esophagus – the pathway for food from the mouth to the stomach.
o Stomach – where food is stored and partially digested (proteins broken down here)…remember that hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Pepsin
combine in the stomach to form the digestive juices…the inside of the stomach is lined by a protected mucus membrane, and a hole in
this membrane is an ulcer.
o Small Intestine – where most digestion occurs, and where most nutrients are absorbed.
o Large Intestine – excess water is reabsorbed and waste materials are compacted.
Content Standard Five: Identify major differences between plants and animals, including internal structures, external structures, methods of
locomotion, methods of reproduction, and stages of development.
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Look back at the diagrams of the plant cell and the animal cell
Plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells do not
Cell vacuoles in plant cells are a MAJOR feature, they are not in animal cells.
Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and not in animal cells
Animals are classified by their skeletal system (invertebrates have an external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton; Vertebrates have
an internal skeletal system that is hard and made of bone)
Plants are SESSILE (dispersed by seeds); animals are self-mobile
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Plants reproduce both sexually and asexually; animals reproduce sexually
Look at the following diagrams and be able to distinguish between plants and animals based on development:
ASA notes for review
Content Standard Six: Describe evidence of species variation due to climate, changing landforms, interspecies interaction, and genetic mutation.
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Examples of Species Variation:
o Species variation due to climate:
 The arctic fox goes through two color phases: white and grayish brown. During the winter the arctic fox is white and black at the
tip of its tail; it’s a grayish brown in the summer.
 The snowshoe hair…in winter – varying degrees of white; tips of ears are black…in summer, rust colored or dark brown with a
blackish mid-back line and grayish sides…Belly is whitish; face, legs, and throat are cinnamon; ears brown with black tips and are
edged in white; tail is black above and white below
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Species variation due to changing landforms:
 Two squirrel species exist on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. The canyon prevents gene flow between the two species. Small
populations may become isolated from their parent populations when they travel to a new location. For many centuries, two
populations of squirrels have been isolated by the Grand Canyon, one on the North rim, and one on the south rim…they have now
evolved into two separate species that can no longer interbreed.
Species variation due to Interspecies Interactions:
 Parasitism: A female mosquito blood feeding…mosquitos serve as intermediate hosts of other parasites such as the dog and cat
heartworm and Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans and birds. Flees are common parasites of dogs and cats…they bite
their hosts and feed on blood.
 Mutualism: an interaction between two or more species where both benefit.
 Commensalism: relationship between two living organisms in which o0ne species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor
helped. An example is the cattle egret…it forages in pastures and fields among livestock such as cows and horses, feeding on the
insects stirred up by the movement of the grazing animals. The Egret benefits from the relationship, but the livestock generally do
not.
Species variation due to genetic mutation
 Genetic mutation leads to diversity within a species…this diversity can lead to speciation (the evolutionary process by which new
biological species arise)
Content Strand Seven: Describe biotic and abiotic factors in the environment.
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Biotic factors - the living parts of an ecosystem. All of these organisms have an effect on the others. An organism must get food, shelter, water,
and other things in order to live, grow and reproduce from the area that it lives in. An organism depends on other biotic factors for food, shelter,
protection, and reproduction…Students must be able to list and recognize biotic factors in an environment.
Abiotic factors – nonliving things that we find in an ecosystem. The abiotic factors have an effect on the type of organisms living in an
ecosystem…Students must be able to list and recognize abiotic factors in an environment.
o Examples: soil, water, temperature, and sunlight
Be ready to identify or design a food chain and a food web…
ASA notes for review
Content Standard Eight: Describe the function of chromosomes.
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Chromosomes control cell processes and determine traits of an organism….they exist in duplicate pairs…see the following diagram(s):