COSMETOLOGY:
THE HISTORY AND
OPPORTUNITIES
What is a Cosmetologist?
In your group, list all of the qualities
and skills that you believe are
required of a cosmetologist.
DID YOUR GROUP GUESS…
Advise giver
Professional expert in practical skills areas
Artistic
Designer
Creator
Trustworthy
Businessperson
Self-promoter
Poised and well groomed
Effective communicator
Being current with trends and
technologies
Good listener
In your group, list on flip chart paper all
of the occupations you believe are
included in the Cosmetology profession.
For some, you will need to think
“outside of the box”
Add:
I am responsible for my own
education
Cosmetology includes:
* hairstyling
* nail technology
* esthetics
Curly-hairstyles.blogspot.com
Caofb.com/esthetics
Coolnaolsart.com/bubbles
Cosmetology:
Greek word: kosmetikos
Means: skilled in the use of cosmetics
Barber:
Latin word: barba
Means: the beard or the hair of
the beard.
Review
1. What services can a cosmetologist
perform?
2. List four qualities a cosmetologist should
have.
3. Explain the origin of the word
cosmetology . (Include detail)
Archeological studies:
Reveal that haircutting and hairstyling were
practiced as early as the glacial age
Implements Used:
1. Sharpened flints
2. Oyster shells
3. Bone
4. Animal sinew
5. Strips of hide
Color matter made from:
Berries
Bark of trees
Minerals
Insects
Nuts
Leaves
Herbs
And other materials
Danielmeissler.com
Takegreatpictures.com
Ancient Egyptians:
•The first to cultivate beauty in an
extravagant fashion
***Barbers serviced the
nobility and the
priesthood over 6,000 years ago
Charismaallover.wordpress.com
Sheniquemag.blogspot.com
• first to use:
* cosmetics as part of their
personal beautification habits
* in religious ceremonies
* preparing the deceased for
burial
3000 B.C.
* minerals, insects, and berries to
create makeup
* henna to stain the hair and nails
* first to use
essential oils
Mnsu.edu
Womensnet.com/about hair history
Americanaromatherapy.com
• created kohl makeup
*mixture of ground galena (a black
mineral)
* sulfur
* animal fat
Makeupweb.guide.com
* used to heavily line the eyes
* alleviate eye inflammations
* protect the eyes from the glare
of the sun
•In ancient Egypt and Rome, military
commanders stained their nails
and lips in matching colors
before important battles
Chinese
•1600 B.C. aristocrats
* rubbed tinted mixtures onto their nails
* turned crimson or ebony
•1100 B.C.
* gold and silver were royal colors
* commoners caught wearing a royal nail
color faced a punishment of death
***Egyptian and Roman women temporarily
waved their hair by applying a mixture of
soil and water (mud) to the hair and
wrapping it around crudely made wooden
rollers to bake in the sun
***In Africa, hair was groomed with
intricately carved combs and
adorned with beads, clay and colored
bands
FYI:
**Prior to 3000 B.C. nail care is recorded in
Egypt and China
• color of a persons nails was a sign of rank:
*high social rank: red-orange henna
*kings and queens: deep red
*people of lower rank: pale colors
• in China, nails were painted red or black
The Greeks
(500 B.C.)
• hairstyling-highly developed art
• used perfumes and cosmetics in religious
rites, in grooming, and for medicinal
purposes
• developed excellent method
of dressing the hair and
caring for the skin and nails
Karenswhimsy.com
mangatutorials.com
Stcatherinesprimary.co.uk
Karenswhimsy.com
• used white lead on faces, kohl on eyes and
vermillion on cheeks and lips
Margretshort.typepad.com
• vermillion
•bright red pigment by grinding
cinnabar
~ a mineral that is the chief source of
mercury
•The fine powder was mixed with ointment or dusted on
the skin in the same way as cosmetics are applied
today
Romans (296 B.C.)
• facials of milk, bread and fine wine were
popular
• mixture of chalk and lead used for facial
cosmetic
• hairstyling services introduced; women used
hair color to indicate class in society as
follows:
- noblewomen: red hair
- middle-class women: blonde
- poor women: black
Julius Caesar 101-44 BC
• had his face tweezed everyday
• this started a trend among
the men of that time
www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/descent/p...
Explore-italian-culture.com
Roman-colosseum.info
Crystallyn.vox.vom
Digonsite.com
Eternallycool.net
Middle ages
• included towering headdresses, intricate
hairstyles, and cosmetics
• around 1000 A.D. an alchemist refined the
process of steam distillation which is still
used to create essentials oils today
***Vocabulary word:
Alchemy-pre-scientific chemistry, usually with
fluids, juices and the elixir of longevity.
Usiweb.usi.edu
Edarlein.deviantart.com
Herstoria.com
Renaissance
• transition from medieval to modern history
• shaved eyebrows and hairline-thought to
give the women a look of greater
intelligence
• highly colored cosmetics were
discouraged.
Wholesale.garison.com
Press.princeton.edu
Abeautyglorious.blogspot.com
2.ivcc.rdu
Barbering and Medicine
The Barber Pole-symbol of the barber-surgeon,
has its roots from the bloodletting procedure
that was once thought to strengthen the immune
system
1. Pole = the staff; patients held a staff tightly
in order for the veins in the arm to stand
out.
2. Bottom = basin; basin was the vessel that
caught the blood.
Hillsdalebarnantiques.com
Azbarberboard.us
3. White bandages stop blood; the bandages used
to stop the bleeding were hung on the staff to
dry.
The stained bandages would twist around the
pole forming the red/white candy-cane
pattern.
Another interpretation is that the red
represented the blood, blue the veins, and
white the bandages.
Barbers still use the symbol today.
Victorian Age
FYI: many changes in hair care
Add: Marcel Grateau invented the
marcel iron
•1875; Frenchman, Marcel Grateau, developed
hot irons for waving and curling the hair.
Known today as marcel waving
Purespadirect.com
Jiunlimites.com
•1892; Frenchman, Alexander F.
Godefroy, invented a
hot-blast hair dryer
Probeautykit.com
•1890; First hairdressing academy
opening in Chicago by Frenchman,
Bribois and Federmeyer.
• to preserve the health and beauty of the
skin, women used beauty masks
made from natural ingredients
• pinched their cheeks and bit their lips
to colorize rather than use
cosmetics
The Twentieth Century
• shift in American attitudes caused by the
movie industry
• viewers wanted the flawless complexions,
beautiful hairstyles, manicured nails,
changing the standards of feminine
beauty
• beauty began to follow trends
Vivien Leigh 1940’s
Jean Harlow 1930’s
Elizabeth Taylor 1950’s
Newhotstuff.net
1901-1910
•Max Factor began making and selling
makeup to movie stars that would not
cake or crack, even under the hot
studio lights
Rubylane.com
Onlineauction.com
History of Permanent Waving
•1905, Charles Nessler invented heavily wired
machine that supplied electrical current to
metal rods around which hair strands were
wrapped
• units were heated
• kept away from the scalp by counterbalancing
weights suspended from an overhead
chandelier mounted to a stand
Internet source:
Two methods were used to wind hair strands
around the metal units:
1. Spiral wrap: long hair was wound from
scalp to ends
2. Croquignole wrap: for short hair, wound
from ends to scalp.
Success story of the cosmetology industry
Madam C.J. Walker
• daughter of a former slave
• born Sarah Breedlove in 1867
• during the 1890’s she suffered from a scalp
condition and began to lose her hair.
• she experimented with store-bought
products and home-made remedies
Inventors.about.com
• invented hair grower scalp conditioner
• devised sophisticated sales and
marketing strategies and traveled
extensively giving product
demonstrations
• built a factory, hair salon and training
school
1929
•by developing more products her
empire grew
www.scott.k12.va.us/rita/51757_2.JPG
• gave time and money to organizations like
NAACP and the YMCA
• organized the first national meetings for
businesswomen
• pioneer of the modern black hair care and
cosmetic industry
Scribalterror.blogs.com
Urbanstages.org
1920’s
• cosmetic industry grew rapidly
• ad’s expenditures in radio alone went
from $390,000.00 to $3.2 million by
the end of the decade
Digitalhistory.uh.edu
Vintagepowderroom.com
•1931, preheat method was
introduced-hair was wrapped in
the croquinole method
• clamps heated by a separate electrical
machine were place over the wound
curls
Dehaarsite.nl
•1932, a method that used external heat
generated by chemical reaction was
introduced
• small flexible pads containing a chemical
mixture were wound around hair
strands
• pads moistened with water released a
chemical heat creating long-lasting curls
• machineless permanent wave was born
1932
•Revlon marketed the first nail polish
(not stain) using formulas
borrowed from the car paint
industry
• dramatic shift in nail cosmetics
• array of nail lacquer colors available
• early screen stars started the trend of
wearing these colors on their
fingers and toes
Quirkyfinds.com
•1932-Clairol created permanent haircolor
Library.duke.edu
Ebay.com
•1938 the cold wave was invented that
used no machine or heat
• considered to be the precursor to the
modern perm
•1941, scientists developed waving lotion
that did not require heat
*called cold wave
Modernlab.com
• today, the term “texture service” is used to
describe the variety of permanent wave
services and straightening services available
for different hair types and conditions
Just-hairstyles.com
Hairstyles-pictures.com
1951-2000
• introduction of tube mascara,
improved hair care,
and nail products
Southportbeautysalon.com
Nailsupplywebsite.com
•boom and death of the
weekly salon
Flickr.com
appointment
•1960’s-Vidal Sassoon’s revolutionary
geometric haircuts
Discoveringhair.wordpress.com
Ladybear.gaia.com
Campuscircle.net
•1970’s highlighting techniques of
“hair weaving” using aluminum
foil
Tpcs-auction.org
Zebrahairandbeauty.com
•1980’s heavy use of eye make-up and
blush…and really BIG HAIR, just
ask Mrs. Kucas
***physical fitness, nutrition, day spas
Images.mix.com
Moviedearest.blogspot.com
•1990’s haircolor became gentler,
allowing everyone to be able to color
their hair without breakage
Hairsandiego.com
Pitchengine.com
Hairstyle-blog.com
1998-Creative Nail Design introduced
the first spa pedicure
***nail art also entered the seen by the
1990’s
Yelp.com
Looklocally.com
Nailartgallery.com
Breakforfunzarke.net
Kaskus.us
21st Century
• gentle-no fade hair colors
• estheticians rejuvenate the face and keep
sunspots, and mild acne under control
• specialization became popular-hair
colorist, hair cutting specialist, nail
technician, etc, providing a full array
of services
***haircoloring in the twentieth century has
become a multibillion-dollar industry of
professional products!!!!!!!
***the huge growth in day spas has also been a
significant development
*** the domain of cosmetology has changed
dramatically . All the new services and
skills have transformed and expanded the
role of cosmetologists, requiring them to
know more than ever and to make
continuing education a necessity
• men’s-only specialty shops and barber
spas have gained popularity,
providing new opportunities for
men’s nail care specialists
Luxury-insider.com
Psfk.com
Reviewjournal.com
Career Opportunities
•Haircolor specialist-perform color
services. Work for a product
manufacturer
Beautyschools.edu
Beautifulhairsandiego.com
Texture specialist
~ perming
~ straightening
~ training others
~ work for manufacturer
Ehow.com
Stylekandy.com
Easy-hairstyles.com
Cutting specialist-learning various cutting
styles and techniques
•Perfect your own skills
•Develop your own method of
cutting hair
(everyone develops their own way of cutting
hair)
Plumstudiossalon.com
Guidespot.com
Salon trainer- train others
•management and interpersonal
relationship training
•large organizations ( not limited to)
Distributor sales consultant-salon
•new products, new trends, and new
techniques
•excellent opportunity
•
Cosmetology instructor
Add: terms only-not definitions
***Salon stylist- performs all services
offered in a salon. Could be asked
to handle any number of tasks and
duties in the salon
***Wig or extensions specialist-change the
length , texture and color by adding
extensions, through braiding, weaving,
bonding, gluing, or sewing. Wigs,
especially for people who experience
hair loss. Or a men’s hair
replacement specialist
Cambridge.gumtree.com
Jamaica-newyork.olx.com
***Retail specialist
• handling merchandise and inventory
Thedressingroomsalon.com
divasalonspa,.com
***Skin Care Specialist/Esthetician-
•offers treatments
•makeup
•work with Dermatologists
Many will own their own business
Instituteofaesthetics.org
Designingbeautyacademy.com
Dominelli.com
***Makeup artist•able to blend, shade, and create any image
• work with a private clientele
•makeup director for a department store
•represent a line of cosmetics
• work in TV or film, fashion magazines,
theater, independent freelancer
Centennialcollege.ca
Flickr.com
***Nail technician-provide clients with
manicures and pedicures, nail art, artificial
nail services
***Day Spa stylist or technician-all salon
services plus treatments like body
massage, body wraps, hydrotherapy.
A day spa may be the ideal
professional environment for you
Beautynewsnyc.com
Funandsun.com
***Salon manager• helps team members achieve their goals
• Job includes purchasing, personnel
development, advertising, sales, budgeting,
and people skills
***Salon owner-
•responsibilities and challenges
•Sets the standard for the quality of service
in the workplace
• make the decisions of products and
services
•handle the business end, paying bills,
payroll, taxes, etc.
***Product educator
•Travel is a must
•Speak to groups of people
Lastheplace.com
***Cosmetic chemist•cosmetic manufacturers
•consultant for several companies
• be on a panel that studies products
•Further education may be required
Lsct.com
***Session stylist-stylist for models
being photographed for magazines
or books
Rheeviews.com
Hji.co.uk
Ftape.com
***Hairstylist for TV, movies, or theater
work with celebrities.
Mastionne.com
Epicartistry.com
***Styles director/artistic director-works
with videographers, fashion
magazines, publishing companies
***Design team member-creates
presentations for fashion shows,
runway work, hair shows, etc. On
the cutting edge of fashion and design
***Platform artist-on stage, performing for
people, sharing knowledge and
traveling. Demonstrates current
trends and techniques. Salon
experience is a must
Arrojostudio.com
***Competition Champion- “the best” display
their individual talents and techniques.
Often establishes their own salon, works
as trainers, and sets a high standard for
pricing
***Educator-work as an educational
consultant for a product manufacturer,
educator in the private or technical
sector, school director.
***Writer-for articles, books, brochures,
produce videos. Work for a publishing
company
***State board member-take a proactive role in
the regulatory issues affecting the
cosmetology industry. You could also
become a state board examiner or a state
board inspector
***Salon industry grosses about $50 billion
a year in revenue
• no limit to your possibilities
•develop your skills
•most creative and unique career
Salon Management
• management opportunities are diverse
* inventory manager
* department head
* special events manager
* assistant manager
* general manager
Salon owner
* enroll in business classes to
learn about managing:
~ products
~ departments
~ people
Reflectionssaloninc.com
Identity-uk.com
You must decide whether you want to work in:
•Specialty salon
•Full-service salon (hair, skin, and nail services)
•Day spa (skin, body, nail, and hair services that
emphasize beauty and wellness
•focus on your studies
• subscribe and read professional publications
• become a member in trade associations
•continue your education by attending
workshops outside of school
•your personal dedication and passion will
fuel your career
• be excited, you are on your way!!