Human Excretory System
composed of
kidney-functional unit of a
kidney- nephron)
lungs (alveoli)
skin (sweat glands)
liver
types of metabolic wastes
Waste
Produced from
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Salts
Nitrogenous wastes
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Metabolic activities
Breakdown of excess
Amino Acids & Proteins
types of nitrogenous wastes
Ammonia (NH3)
Urea
Uric Acid Crystals
toxicity
Highly Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Minimally Toxic
human excretory system
waste and what its removed by
–
–
–
–
–
carbon dioxide- lungs
water - skin, kidney, lungs
salts - skin, kidney
ammonia - liver
urea - kidney
primary organs of excretion
blood and
urine flow
blood enters the
kidneys via renal
arteries, and leaves
the kidneys via the
renal veins
wastes removed from
the blood leave the
kidneys by the
ureter
kidney
Learn the parts
Functions of the kidneys
1. excrete toxins and
nitrogenous wastes
2. regulate chemical
levels in blood
3. maintain water
balance
4. helps regulate blood
pressure (renin)
label the parts
on a model
label the parts
on a model
1. Renal Vein
2. Renal Artery
3. Renal Calyx
4. Medullary Pyramid
5. Renal Cortex
12. Renal Column
13. Renal Papillae
14. Renal Pelvis
15. Ureter
cross section of human
kidney
structures
formation of urine
occurs by a series of three processes
that take place in successive parts of the
nephron
• filtration
• reabsorption
• secretion
formation of urine
wastes - urine
The remaining wastes, now called
urine are transported out through
the collecting tubule to an area
known as the renal pelvis (a
collecting area) where the urine
then passes into the ureter
urinalysis
color
•pale yellow (straw)
•light yellow
•yellow
•green-yellow (olive)
•red-yellow
•red
•red-brown
•brown-black
•black
•milky
physical, chemical, microscopic
examination of urine
turbidity
(cloudiness)
Normally, freshly voided
urine is clear and
transparent. It may be cloudy
due to crystals and cells will
centrifuge out; bacteria will
not.
urinalysis
physical, chemical, microscopic
examination of urine
odor
Strong odors of urine need to be
identified because many can give
clues to the origin of diseases.
specific gravity
(density)
The refractometer measures
the refractive index of the total
soluble solids. When a beam of
light passes through one substance
into another, the beam is
refracted so that it travels in
another direction. The extent to
which the beam is refracted
depends on the concentration of
the total soluble solids.
urinalysis - urine odor
• Ammoniacal-Occurs especially during decomposition or urine on
standing ("alkaline fermentation") or retention within urinary
bladder; may be related to some bacterial infections.
• Effects of drugs and diet-Many ingested substances will give the
urine a distinct odor as ingested asparagus giving urine its
characteristic odor.
• Fecal-Due to contamination with feces or E. coli; often related to
bladder-GI tract fistula.
• Fetid or Putrid-May be caused by diseases of the GU tract.
Decomposition of urine containing cystine or pus will have the odor of
rotten eggs (H2S).
• Fruity or Sweetish-Usually due to acetone in diabetic acidosis,
starvation or dieting.
• Urinoid or Faintly Aromatic; Normal Attributed to volatile organic
acids most marked in "concentrated" urine specimens.
control of nephron
Nephron control is hormonal, with water
reabsorption controlled by ADH from the
posterior pituitary and sodium chloride
reabsorption controlled by aldosterone from
the adrenal medulla. Sodium chloride
transport is monitored by the juxtaglomerular
complex. The arteriolar cells secrete renin,
which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secret
aldosterone.
Aldosterone increases the absorption of
sodium chloride and the excretion of
potassium.
a few disorders of the
excretory system
Obstructive disorders
kidney stones
kidney cancer
Renal failure - (kidney failure)
UTIs - urinary tract infections, often caused
by gram-negative bacteria
cystitis-bladder infections
urethritis-inflammation of the urethra
pyelonephritis- inflammation of the
kidneys
kidney stones
• Cause - metabolic disorder involving calcium,
proteins and uric acid the build up of these
substances into a large deposit (stone)
• Symptoms - irritation of the urinary tract,
bleeding in the urinary tract, in cases with
large stones there can be extreme pain as
the stone(s) try to pass through the tract
• Treatments - removal by surgical means,
breakdown of stones by either physical
(ultrasound) or chemical means, dietary
changes to reduce chances of stones
renal (kidney) failure
• Causes - infections, trauma, diabetes,
tumors
• Symptoms - build up of toxins in the
blood stream (urea), jaundice, fatigue
• Treatments - dialysis, drug therapy,
transplants
Chronic Renal Failure Treatment
Dialysis
bladder infections
• Causes - infection of the urinary tract
• Symptoms - burning sensation in the
flanks that can move down from the
middle of the back towards the front of
the groin, burning sensation while
urinating
• treatments - antibiotics
Lungs and Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2
Respiration
H2O + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis
The
Respiratory
System
• Pulmonary ventilation
– Air moves in and out of lungs
– Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
• External respiration
– Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
– O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood
– CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
• Transport of respiratory gases
– Between the lungs and the cells of the body
– Performed by the cardiovascular system
– Blood is the transporting fluid
• Internal respiration
– Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
– O2 in blood diffuses into tissues
– CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood
Alveoli surrounded by fine elastic fibers
Alveoli interconnect via alveolar pores
Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”
Note type I and type II cells and joint membrane
• Breathing = “pulmonary ventilation”
– Pulmonary means related to the lungs
• Two phases
– Inspiration (inhalation) – air in
– Expiration (exhalation) – air out
• Mechanical forces cause the movement of air
– Gases always flow from higher pressure to lower
– For air to enter the thorax, the pressure of the air in it has to
be lower than atmospheric pressure
• Making the volume of the thorax larger means the air inside it is
under less pressure
(the air has more space for as many gas particles, therefore it is
under less pressure)
• The diaphragm and intercostal muscles accomplish this
Gas Laws
P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1
T2
36
Liver Function
• Weighs 3 pounds
• filters the blood
from the digestive
tract
• detoxifies
chemicals and
metabolizes drugs.
• makes proteins for
blood clotting
cirrhosis of the liver
• Causes - excessive
intake of alcohol or
other disease such as
hepatitis
• Symptoms - elevated
temp., weight loss,
indigestion
• Treatments - drug
therapy, blood
transfusion,
transplants