Biology:
Feb 28, 2013
Bell Ringer: What is the overall goal of all
organisms?
Write this on the top of your notes sheet!
Objectives:
Notes on the History of Evolution
Assignment: Lamarck vs. Darwin
Interpreting Graphics
Study for Vocab Quiz
VOCAB QUIZ TOMORROW
*Starred Words*
Grab the notes
sheet from side lab
table and get out
your vocab words!!
EVOLUTION
CHANGE OVER
TIME
What is a theory?
A) Just an educated guess
B) A tentative answer to a specific question
C) An explanation supported by evidence
that tries to make sense of many
observations made in nature
D) Someone’s opinion
BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
A PROCESS TYPICALLY
SPREAD OVER MANY
GENERATIONS THAT
RESULTS IN HERITABLE
CHANGES IN A POPULATION.
Heritable = Able to be inherited
What is the purpose of
evolution theory?
A) To explain how life first began on Earth
B) To explain how the universe was created
C) To explain the diversity of life found on
earth and the similarities seen
between organisms
D) To create confusion and controversy
PURPOSE OF
EVOLUTION THEORY
It scientifically explains the
diversity of life found on earth
and the similarities seen between
organisms
• During the 1800’s
Darwin discovered
that the diversity of
living species was far
greater than anyone
had previously
known!!
• These observations
led him to develop the
theory of evolution
through natural
selection!!
THE HISTORY OF
EVOLUTION THEORY
Who first came up with
the idea of evolution?
A) The Ancient Greeks
B) Medieval Scientists
C) Charles Darwin
D) Satoshi Tajiri (creator of Pokemon)
Who first came up with
the idea of evolution?
The Ancient Greeks!!
But they weren’t alone.
The concept that species
change over time also
has roots in the ideas of
the Chinese
the Romans
and in
medieval Islamic science.
and animal
the plant,
first
animals
lived
Environmental
species
were
born
out
life are
not
perfect
inFactors
water
and
animals
that... to
life
forms
have
an
And
the
struggle
ofbut
the created
Earth, formed
by theof
in
a
state
live
on
land
were
generated
innate
ability
or power
Survive
Causes
the
chance
combination
ofto
from
them.
transform
andOfadapt
to
transformation
species
potentiality
elements.
their surroundings
over time.
including humans!
300 BC
Chuang Tzu
Augustine
Titus Lucretius
of Hippo
Carus
(354-430
(99-55
AD)
B.C.)
Othman
Amr
al-Jahiz
815
AD
Anaximander (600 BC)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Anaximander.jpg
Meanwhile….
in the Western World
• Organisms appeared on earth at
the same time.
• Organisms were fixed and did not
change.
• The earth was less than 10,000
years old and changed very little
over time
• These ideas were widely
accepted by scientists and
nonscientists for a very long time.
Until………..
LINNAEUS
• He grouped organisms
together according to
similar features.
• This caused
many scientists
Why do these guys look alike?
to wonder…..
1700’S
LINNAEUS
• Scientists noticed
similarities between
animals and began to
look for relationships
between them.
• These observations led to questions that
could not be satisfactorily answered by
the creation idea
How are these 2 species
the same?
How are they different?
As scientists began to
notice these things, they
began to ask questions.
Eurasian
Tree Sparrow
•Is there a relationship there?
•Do they share a common
European
ancestor?
House Sparrow
EXAMPLE QUESTIONS
• WHY DO SOME SNAKES
HAVE THE RUDIMENTS
OF TINY LEGS?
• WHY DO MANATEES
HAVE FINGERNAILS?
• WHY DOES A WHALE
HAVE FINGERBONES?
• WHY DO CAVEFISH HAVE REMNANTS
OF EYES?
• WHY ARE SOME GROUPS OF SIMILAR
SPECIES FOUND ONLY IN CERTAIN
PLACES ON EARTH?
Ex. 23 species of Honeycreepers found
only on the Hawaiian islands.
Think, Pair, Share
• What is a theory?
• What did Linnaeus observe?
• LATE 1700’S
• First To Publish
A Theory Of Biological
Evolution
• Said Evolution Was
A Process Of Adaptation
Through the
LAMARCK
“Inheritance Of Acquired Traits”
(organisms acquired traits
they needed to survive
and then passed these
traits on to their offspring)
Lamarck:
Theory of acquired
characteristics

Lamarck said
organisms acquired
traits by using their
bodies in new ways

These new
characteristics were
passed to offspring

Lamarck was totally
wrong!
Ex.—He believed that if you cropped a
dog’s tail that all of its offspring would
be born with cropped tails,…why is
this not true?
So Lamarck is out……..
1859
And Darwin is in
FOR PROPOSING A
THEORY FOR
EVOLUTION THAT IS
WIDELY ACCEPTED
BY THE SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNITY TODAY –
THE THEORY OF
EVOLUTION BY
NATURAL SELECTION
• 1859
• PROPOSED A
THEORY FOR
EVOLUTION THAT
IS WIDELY
ACCEPTED BY THE
SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNITY
TODAY – THE
THEORY OF
EVOLUTION BY
NATURAL
SELECTION
DARWIN
ALFRED
RUSSEL
WALLACE
• 1850’S
• TRAVELING
NATURALIST
• IN 1858,CAME TO
THE SAME
CONCLUSIONS AS
DARWIN.
• HIS WORK
PROMPTED A
RELUCTANT
DARWIN TO
FINALLY PUBLISH
HIS THEORY.
T,P,S
What did Lamarck propose?
Why was he wrong?
What did Darwin propose as a theory of
evolution?
What caused Darwin to publish his
information?
Assignment
Interpreting Graphics
You are going to look at the pictures and
read the information about Lamarck and
Darwin. Then you are going to answer
some questions that go with the figures.
STUDY FOR VOCAB!!
Bell Ringer!
Am I going to evolve during my lifetime?
Can I grow taller because I stretch to reach my top shelf
everyday?
Which scientist thought you can acquire traits during
your lifetime?
Biology
Mar 5, 2013
Bell Ringer:
Grab Notes Sheet, then…
Please get out your reading assignment.
Objectives:
Quiz Tomorrow: Reading and
Lamarck vs Darwin!
Go over homework
Natural Selection Notes
HW: Letter to Lamarck and Study for Quiz!
•How Does it Happen?
• NATURAL SELECTION
• MUTATION
• MIGRATION (GENE FLOW)
• GENETIC DRIFT
• SEXUAL SELECTION
• Theory proposed by Darwin in 1859
to explain how evolution could
happen
• Based on 5 years of observations
made during a trip around S. Amer.
• (1831 - 1836)
• AND over 20 years of study in
England (1836 – 1859)
Darwin’s Voyage on the Beagle
During his 5 years on the HMS BEAGLE :
1. He saw a great diversity of life.
2. He saw similarities between species
(especially between mainland species and
island species).
Marine Iguana
Land Iguana
Fllightless
Cormorant
Double
Crested
Cormorant
He also saw similar yet
different species from island
to island
 Each island
had its own
type of
tortoises
and birds
that were
clearly
different
from other
islands
Galapagos
Turtles
3. In Chile Darwin observed the results of an
earthquake: the land had been lifted by several
feet.
4. In the Andes he observed fossil shells of
marine organisms in rock beds at about 4,300 m.
He came to agree with Lyell (a young geologist)
that over millions of years of earthquakes and
other geologic processes could change the
geology of the land forming new habitats.
.
5. In Argentina, Darwin collected fossils of
gigantic armor-plated beasts, megatheres,
which were unlike anything else anywhere
in the world – nearly. Only the tank-like
armadillos, which Darwin had also seen in
South America, bore any resemblance to
them. Considering these extinct and living
forms together, Darwin theorized that
megatheres and armadillos might be
related.
Okay – so the things he saw on the 5 year
trip around South America greatly
influenced Darwin’s thinking.
What else influenced him?
BREEDING PROGRAMS OF FARMERS/BREEDERS
- He saw how farmers were able to create a wide
variety of types of plants and animals through
selective breeding programs (artificial selection).
Artificial Selection
 nature provides variation, humans select
variations that are useful.
 Example - a farmer breeds only his best
livestock
The 5 year trip around South America and
the farmers/breeders of England greatly
influenced Darwin’s thinking.
What else influenced him?
LYELL – A geologist who said the earth
changed greatly over very long periods of
time. This meant the earth must be
extremely old. Darwin read his book and
saw volcanoes and earthquakes while on
the Beagle. Darwin realized that a
changing Earth meant changing habitats.
Living things/Life had to be able to change
(adapt) too.
LYELL
• 1820-1870’S
• GEOLOGIST WHO STATED
THAT THE EARTH CHANGES
OVER TIME DUE TO EROSION,
SEDIMENT DEPOSIT,
VOLCANIC ACTION,
EARTHQUAKE, ETC.
• PROPOSED AN OLDER EARTH
BASED ON THESE GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES
Did anything else influence him?
Why yes…
THOMAS MALTHUS
• Said that the human
population increases
much faster than food can
be produced. This over
population leads to
famine, wars, disease.
These things in turn
reduce the population and
keep it under control.
• Darwin thought this idea
of population controls
could apply to all species,
not just humans.
Quick Review:
What is the purpose of evolution
theory?
To explain the observations that not only
is there a great diversity in living things,
but also the similarities seen between
organisms.
Quick Review:
What did Charles Darwin do?
Proposed a theory to explain how
evolution happens. It is called the
theory of Natural Selection.
Quick Review: What influenced Darwin?
All the things he observed on the 5 year
voyage of the Beagle (animals, plants,
fossils, earthquakes)
The farmers and animal breeders of England
(can create a wide variety with in a small
group)
The geologist Lyell – the Earth is very old &
Is constantly changing.
The essay on population controls by Malthus
Biology
3/6/13
Bell Ringer: Study for Quiz!
Objectives:
Quiz
Survival of the Sneakiest
Natural Selection Notes
Natural Selection Quiz Friday
Extra Credit Due Friday!
• When finished with Quiz pick up the
cartoon Survival of the Sneakiest and
Read it!!
After returning from his trip, Darwin spent the next
20 years researching and gathering evidence for
what would become a very earth shaking theory:
DARWIN’S THEORY OF
NATURAL SELECTION
Natural
Selection
 The traits that
help an organism
survive in a
particular
environment are
“selected” in
natural selection
Natural Selection and
Species Fitness
 Overtime, natural selection results in
changes in the inherited
characteristics of a population.
 These changes increase a species
fitness (survival rate)
Fitness- the ability of an individual to survive and
reproduce in its specific environment
brown
bigger
white
smaller
fast
slow
*Who has a higher level of fitness? (who will survive better?)
*Who will make babies?
+
High fitness
= lots of babies!
Darwin’s theory connects many
observations in nature.
They are…
1. All species tend
to produce
excessive #’s of
offspring.
2. Resources
(food, water, shelter)
are limited.
.
3. There is a struggle for existence due
to over population and limited
resources in which only a small % will
survive.
4. Individual
variation is
wide spread
in all species.
5. Much of this
variation is
heritable
(in the genes).
DARWIN’S THEORY OF
NATURAL SELECTION:
“SURVIVAL OF
THE FITTEST”
• Individuals that have
advantageous traits
(better fitted to their
environment) are more
likely to survive and
reproduce than less “fit”
individuals. They will
leave the most offspring.
• Nature selects the
individuals that will
reproduce.
NATURAL SELECTION
• Each new generation will have more
individuals with the advantageous
traits. This is how a population
evolves.
• If 2 populations of the same species
become isolated from each other,
natural selection could cause them to
become 2 separate species as they
adapt to their different environments.
This is how new species evolve.
Descent with Modification
 Each living
species has
descended
with changes
from other
species over
time
Summary of Darwin’s Theory
1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited
2. Organisms produce more offspring than
survive
3. Organisms compete for resources
4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass
those advantages to their children
5. Species alive today are descended with
modifications from common ancestors
Darwin
finally
published his
ideas in 1859
 Other naturalists
were developing
the same theory
that Darwin did.
 Even though he
was afraid of the
Church’s
reaction to his
book he wanted
to get credit for
his work.
Assignment: Finish Reading Survival of the Sneakiest!
 Answer these questions on Sheet of paper…
(I will put them on website)
1. When it comes to crickets, what does fitness
mean?
2. Is calling good or bad for a cricket’s fitness?
3. Give some examples of selection at work in
this cricket story.
4. How does selection favor calling? How does
selection favor not calling?
Remember that the Extra Credit is
due FRIDAY!!!!
Biology
March 18
 Bellringer: Think about what you know about
mutations. How do you think mutations can be
harmful and how can they be helpful. Come up
with one example of each. Be ready to discuss!
Objectives:
 Notes on Mutations/Adaptations
 Build-A-Beast Part 1
Grab
notes
sheet!
Principles of Natural Selection
1. Organisms produce more young than
can survive
2. Some variations are found between
individuals of a species
3. Some variations allow some
members to survive and reproduce
better than others
4. Over time, offspring with helpful
variations will make up more of the
population (because of #3)
Variation
• The appearance of an inherited
trait that makes an individual
different from other members
of the same species
(if enough variations occur in a
population, a new species may
result)
Adaptations
- Inherited characteristic that increases
an organism’s chance of survival
• Physical,chemical, behavioral makeup
of individual
• Better suited to survive means more
likely to breed
Horseshoe crabs migrate out of water, &
move above the tide line to lay their eggs.
How does this ADAPTATION allow it to
survive?
How Do Adaptations Occur?
• Mutations
• Movement of individuals into or
out of a population also
changes gene pool
• Isolation of some individuals by
geography & changes climate
MUTATIONS
• PROVIDE THE RAW MATERIAL
FOR NATURAL SELECTION
• THIS IS HOW NEW TRAITS ARE
ADDED TO A POPULATION.
Mutations randomly occur in the genes of species
1.)good mutation= survive, pass on gene
ex: longer legs on a deer-faster
2.) bad mutation= get killed
ex: albino in a forest
Real World Example!
Sticklebacks
Camel adaptations- Desert
Long eyelashes to keep sand out of eyes
Large hoofs to keep from sinking into sand
Thick eyebrows to shield eyes from desert sun
Can drink 32 gallons of water at one session
Store fat in camel hump-go months w/o eating
Thick lips to chew through cacti w/o pain
Hair in and around ears to prevent sand from entering
Brown in color to blend in with surroundings
Giraffe adaptations-African grassland
Long necks to eat from tall trees and spot predators
Can drink 12 gallons of water in one sitting
Spotted so they can blend in with tree leaves
Large heart to pump blood all the way up their neck
and into brain, 3 X stronger than human heart
Long tough tongue to bite through prickly leaves, also
used to hold onto branches, can be 18in long
BUILD A BEAST!
This activity is about creating animals with useful
adaptations. The animal's environment is given,
because that is how Darwin's theory of evolution and
adaptation work: the individual organisms that are best
adapted to their particular environments survive, so
the adaptations gradually appear in more and more of
the population. Different adaptations are helpful for
different environments: For a rabbit living in the Arctic,
white fur would be helpful to avoid being seen by
predators. For a rabbit living in the woods, being white
would make it more conspicuous, but being brown
would be helpful
*Roll 1 dice 5 times and record your numbers in order!
Ex: 4,4,5,1,2
• A) WHERE DOES IT LIVE?
1 - mountains
2 - flatlands
3 - rocky, harsh
4 - small island
5 - near a volcano
6 - in a cave
• B) HOW MUCH WATER IS THERE?
1 - almost none; dry and barren
2 - water part of the year, drought the rest
3 - lots of precipitation all year
4 - near a coastline
5 - in a swamp
6 - in the ocean
• C) WHAT IS THE CLIMATE/WEATHER LIKE?
1 - hot and humid
2 - hot and dry
3 - moderate
4 - cold, rainy, and windy
5 - seasons change from hot to cold
6 - sub-zero temperatures
• D) WHAT DOES IT EAT?
1 - leaves from tall plants
2 - fungus growing under rocks
3 - berries, plants, and small animals
4 - water animals
5 - swift running deer-like animals
6 - flying insects
• E) WHAT EATS IT?
1 - stompsuckers squash it flat
2 - vampire butterflies land on it and suck it dry
3 - buzzbugs lay eggs that burrow into its skin
4 - web devils set gooey traps to catch it
5 - ratrax packs are wolf-like and chase it
6 - megaworms leap out of the sand and swallow it
Use this information to come up with at least
8 adaptations! (If you add more, they can
be worth extra credit)
Please list your 8 adaptations. Be creative,
and explain why your beast has/needs
each adaptation.
I will show you an example…
1. Lives on a small island
2. Near a coastline
3. Seasons change from hot to cold
4. Eats leaves from tall plants
5. Predators are vampire butterflies that land on it and suck its blood
Adaptations:
1. Green/blue in color to blend in with water and leaves
2. Long tongue to reach high leaves and pull them off
3. Large feet so he doesn’t sink into the sand
4. Long legs that are retractable when swimming but useful for reaching
up tall trees
5. Hard shell back so vampire butterflies can’t bite him
6. Long tail with spines to swat away vampire butterflies
7. Wings that work to fly and help when swimming
8. Long neck to allow for reaching into tall trees
9. Ability to store fat under shell and hibernate if necessary during
winter months
Biology:
March 19, 2013
Objectives:
Build-A-Beast Part 2
Assignment:
Read Section 14-4 and fill in reading guide!
Quiz Friday!
Grab a piece of
white paper from
side table!
Use the adaptations you created to draw your beast
1. Include at least 8 adaptations
(if you add more they will be extra credit)
2. Label the adaptations and how they are helpful
3. Should be colored or shaded—add in your habitat!
*Make sure you give your beast a name!
You will turn these in at the end of the hour!!
Homework: (When you finish your beast)
Read Chapter 14-4 (pages 310-316)
Fill out the reading guide as you read!
(reading guide on back lab table)
Biology
March 20, 2013
Bellringer: --Grab the notes sheet… THEN
Look at your list of adaptations from Build-A-Beast.
Identify one of each that you used:
ChemicalPhysicalBehavioralObjectives:
Population Evolution Notes
QUIZ FRIDAY!!!
HW: Analyze populations…
Over… Notes Monday, reading last night, Notes Today!
TEST TUESDAY!!!
You will get a review sheet tomorrow!
Put your homework
out on your desk.. I
am going to check it!
Population
•A group of
individuals of the
same species living
in the same area.
Species
•Group of similar
organisms that can
breed and produce
fertile offspring
Speciation
•Process by which a new
species is formed
•How does Speciation
occur?
Gene Pool
•The combined genetic
information of all of
the members of a
population
GENETIC DRIFT
• PROCESS IN WHICH GENE
FREQUENCIES WITHIN A
POPULATION CAN CHANGE BY
CHANCE – NATURAL SELECTION
NOT INVOLVED.
CHANCE OCCURRANCES INCLUDE :
- 1 INDIVIDUAL PRODUCES MORE
OFFSPRING THAN OTHERS JUST BY
CHANCE
- PART OF A POPULATION IS DESTROYED
IN A DISASTER (EARTHQUAKE, FLOOD,
ETC)
- EXAMPLE - NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL
1890 POPULATON < 20 DUE TO HUNTING.
THE SURVIVORS WERE JUST THE LUCKY ONES.
The Bottleneck Effect
• Population
bottlenecks occur
when a population’s
size is reduced for
at least one
generation.
• Can reduce genetic
variation very
quickly, even if only
for one generation!
Founder’s Effect
• A founder effect occurs when a new
colony is started by a few members of the
original population.
• This small population size means that the
colony may have:
– reduced genetic variation from the original
population.
– a non-random sample of the genes in the
original population.
GENE FLOW
Migration
• THE EXCHANGE OF GENES BETWEEN 2
OR MORE POPULATIONS
• THE GREATER THE GENE FLOW, THE
LESSER THE GENETIC DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE POPULATIONS
• THE LESSER THE GENE FLOW, THE
GREATER THE DIFFERENCES.
Sources of Genetic Variation
1.Mutation
2.Gene Shuffling
Mutation
•A change in the
DNA of an
organism
Mutation
• Might affect the phenotype
of the organism
• Might affect the organism’s
ability to survive and
reproduce (fitness)
Gene Shuffling
•Rearranging of genes
during reproduction
•Occurs in organisms
that reproduce Sexually
Gene Shuffling cont.
•In humans, gamete
formation can result in
8.4 million different
gene combinations.
•Natural Selection acts on
Phenotypes!
•Natural Selection
determines which genes
will be passed on to the
next generation
•Natural Selection
can affect the
genotype and
phenotype of a
population
Natural Selection and Phenotype
• Natural Selection can affect
the distribution of
phenotypes in 3 ways:
• Directional Selection
• Stabilizing Selection
• Disruptive Selection
Directional Selection
• Individuals at one end of
curve have an advantage
(more fit).
• Over time, the curve will
move in one direction.
Disruptive Selection
• Individuals at the upper and
lower end of the curve have
an advantage (more fit)
• Eventually, the curve splits
into both directions
Stabilizing Selection
• Individuals in the middle of
the curve have an advantage
• The curve stays narrow and
in the same place
Assignment:
Patterns and Mechanisms of Evolution
Packet…
You will interpret different scenarios and
graphs and decide which type of selection is
occurring.
This is due tomorrow!!!!! (1-11)
I WILL BE CHECKING!!!
Evidence of Evolution
1.Fossils
2.Biogeography
3.Anatomy/
Embryology
4. Biological
Molecules
1.Fossil – preserved remains or
evidence of an ancient organism
- Fossil record shows transitional
organisms & intermediate stages
of org’s that are now extinct
- Are gaps in fossil record
Kinds of Fossils
1. imprint in a rock (leaf, feather,
organism)
2. cast made that filled in hollows of an
animal track or shell
3. petrified wood or bone (actually
replaced w/minerals)
4. frozen in ice,…these
are the remains of
“Lucy” found in the
mountains of Asia
5. Insect or other organism trapped in
plant resin (amber) …tar pits
*sedimentary rock contains the most
fossils because it’s formed by layers of
fine particles settling out of a liquid
(shale, sandstone, limestone – most of
the 3)
Fossil Dating
1. Relative Dating – look at layers of
rock – the lower the layer, the older
the rock
2. Radioactive Dating – uranium &
radioactive carbon are used (as
radioactive elements change &
become more stable, they give off
radiation)
-Scientists determine age of a rock by
comparing amount of stable product
w/ amount of radioactive element still
present.
-Scientists divided Earth’s history into eras
and periods to make up the geologic time
scale.
-When both systems (Relative &
Radioactive Dating) are used together,
accurate estimates can be made of a
fossil’s age.
2) Biogeography
• study of the locations of org’s
around the world
–provides evidence of descent
w/ modification: each living
species has descended with
changes, from other species
over time
3) Anatomy/Embryology
Homologous structures: different mature
structure but develop from same
embryological tissues
• Many structures of org’s are similar
- Ex: bones in the human hand, bat’s wing,
whale’s flipper
- The # &
arrangement of
bones in human
hand is same as
in whale’s flipper
& bat’s wing
Forelimbs of
Vertebrates
Vestigial structures: organs reduced in
size/function that they are just traces of
homologous structures in other species
Ex: whale’s vestigial pelvis & skink’s legs
• Related species show similarities in
embryological development
Embryology
Embryo = early stages of org’s
development
• Animals have very similar embryos
Chicken
Turtle
Rat
Match the following org’s to the correct
embryo: turtle, human, rat, chicken
Human
Chicken
4) Biological Molecules
• Similarity in the subunit
sequences of biological molecules
(RNA, DNA, and proteins)
indicates a common evolutionary
history
Hemoglobin
Comparison
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO
UNDERSTAND EVOLUTION?
• BECAUSE BACTERIA ARE BECOMING
RESISTANT TO ANTIBIOTICS THROUGH
EVOLUTION
• BECAUSE DISEASE CARRYING
MOSQUITOES ARE BECOMING
RESISTANT TO PESTICIDES THROUGH
EVOLUTION
• WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW THESE
CHANGES ARE HAPPENING SO WE KNOW
HOW TO FIGHT BACK
MODERN EVOLUTION
THEORY
Molecular
Biology
Genetics
+
Evolutionary Biology
Has an impact on many different types of
Evolutionary
Biology
scientific studies:
Biochemistry
Ecology
Genetics
Physiology
Psychology
Medicine
Philosophy
Computer Science