MWH - Day 1 EU - MWH is a course to help you understand why the world
and its people today are as they are.
1.
2.
Fill out notecard with name, email address, do you have regular
online access at home?
Intro to course, textbooks, understand homework assignments on
google calendar
A.
3.
Homework sheet – shows the due day for each assignment, test and
benchmark
Text book is online – see
http://mrksmodernworld.pbworks.com/FrontPage
A.
Username is cbwest and the password is cbwest or you can e-mail me
for the authentication code and set up your own account
4.
Get Unit 1 packet –
5.
Begin why Study Modern World History project
MWH Day 1 Agenda
Goal for MWH – (why are you required to take this
course?) to understand the world we live in
today, (politically, culturally, technologically,
militarily, globally, economically) to understand
how and why we got here and to be able to be
effective and responsible citizens of the world
now and in the future
Everything you learn in this course applies
to events today!!
MWH Day 1 Agenda
What specifically can we learn from the
study of the modern world?
Why study history?
Think about our country:
Sushi
Kung-fu (wushu)
Democracy
Black pepper
Decimal numbers
Christianity
Printed books
Civil rights
Astronomy
Surgical Medicine
Understanding
of gravity
where did the following come from?
Japan
China
Greece
India
Arabia
Jerusalem
Germany
Persia
Mesopotamia (now Iraq)
Egypt
England
MWH Day 1 Agenda
Why Study History?
History is similar to
building a house.
You cannot
understand certain
events out of
context. You must
understand what
occurred before in
order to move on
and Unit I provides
the foundation for
understanding the
remaining content of
the course
Why study history?



To learn from good examples
To learn from mistakes made in the past
To understand the world and its people
MWH Day 1 Agenda
Notetaking – a Method

Questions to ask in
class.

Content –

Heading – what is the title of the section?



Connections and
discussion linking
to current events
Subsection heading

Key people

Key events

Explanation of causes and effects
- Or -
Indications of bias
Heading
SH
SH
Subsection heading
Key people
Key events
causes and effects
SEEDS OF CHANGE:
EMERGENCE OF THE 1ST
GLOBAL AGE (1450-1770)
Unit I
Unit Overview







Current world issues
World Geography and Religions
Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Explorations and the Columbian Exchange
Intro to Enlightenment
Unit Enduring Understandings
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Geography themes of location, place, movement,
human-environment interaction and region are
useful tools for understanding history and current
events.
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural
and scientific achievements
Challenges to the social and political order
frequently come from radical new ideas.
Technology, commerce, and religion cause cultures
to interact, exchange and conflict with one another.
Every society has developed some political system by
which either the one, the few, or the many rule over
others.
Unit Essential Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How does geography affect people and
societies?
How can ideas change the world?
What is globalization and when did it begin?
What happens when different cultures
interact? Why do technology, commerce and
religion have an impact on inter-cultural
interactions?
What is the proper relationship between
citizens and their government?
To understand how the current modern world can be
understood by what we will learn in this class
1. Work in groups to put together ppt – unit link for course
2. Present ppt – as audience members take notes in your
graphic organizers.
THE BEGINNING OF THE
“MODERN” WORLD
The present informed by the past
Geography themes of location, place, movement, humanenvironment interaction and region are useful tools for
understanding history and current events.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Finish Presentations – conclusions? How will this course
help you understand the world issues today?
Using your world map on packet page #1, show one
location that directly affects the US militarily.
Show one location that affects the US economically
Show one location that affects your life.
Write a few sentences explaining how these effects have
occurred.
Themes of Geography
THE BEGINNING OF THE
“MODERN” WORLD
Geography – day 3
Location



Geographers use latitude and longitude to pinpoint
a place’s absolute, or exact, location.
To know the absolute location of a place is only
part of the story. It is also important to know how
that place is related to other places—in other
words, to know that place’s relative location.
Relative location deals with the interaction that
occurs between and among places.
It refers to the many ways—by land, by water,
even by technology—that places are connected.
Place




All places have characteristics that give them meaning
and character and distinguish them from other places on
earth. Geographers describe places by their physical
and human characteristics.
Physical characteristics include such elements as animal
life. Human characteristics of the landscape can be
noted in architecture, patterns of livelihood, land use
and ownership, town planning, and communication and
transportation networks.
Languages, as well as religious and political ideologies,
help shape the character of a place.
Studied together, the physical and human
characteristics of places provide clues to help students
understand the nature of places on the earth.
Human/Environment Interaction



The environment means different things to different
people, depending on their cultural backgrounds
and technological resources.
In studying human/environment interaction,
geographers look at all the effects—positive and
negative—that occur when people interact with
their surroundings.
Sometimes a human act, such as damming a river
to prevent flooding or to provide irrigation, requires
consideration of the potential consequences.
Movement


People interact with other people, places, and
things almost every day of their lives.
They travel from one place to another; they
communicate with each other; and they rely upon
products, information, and ideas that come from
beyond their immediate environment.
Region



Region is an area on the earth’s surface that is
defined by certain unifying characteristics.
The unifying characteristics may be physical,
human, or cultural. In addition to studying the
unifying characteristics of a region, geographers
study how a region changes over times.
Using the theme of regions, geographers divide the
world into manageable units for study.
1 – Philadelphia
2 – London
3 – Beijing
4 – Sydney
5 – Pretoria
6 – Mumbai
7 - Lima
Pacific
Ocean
What geography theme is represented on this map?
How could we show the other themes?
Arctic Ocean
USA 1
North
Atlantic
America
Ocean
Mexico
South
Brazil
7
America
UK2
Europe
Russia
Asia
Iran
Africa
3
China
6
India
Iraq
Nigeria
5
Antarctica
Indian
Ocean
Oceania
4
Beginning of Modern World
Europe
Beginning of Modern World

Why Europe?
 Some
of the earliest civilizations
 Geography conducive (favorable) to the
emergence (appearance) of empires
 Coastlines
make it easier to travel, attack, etc.
Beginning of the Modern World

“Modern”
Globalization
Phase of increasing
trade links and cultural
exchange in 19th century
 Columbian Exchangewidespread exchange of
animal, plants, culture
(slaves), communicable
diseases and ideas
between Eastern and
Western hemispheres

A - Geography has an impact on history
B - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas
C - Religion affects how different cultures interact, cooperate,
conduct commerce and conflict with each other.
1. Share your completed graphic organizer about Religions with
the other group members
1. Compare content – discuss difference and similarities
2. Complete graphic organizer so that all members
understand the religion
2. Complete bottom of pp#10 – wrap up
3. Review map of Europe – why was Italy the most advanced
country during the Renaissance?
4. Why would England, France, Spain and Portugal be major
world powers, but Austria, Germany and Scandanavia be
powers only in Europe?
World Religions and Geography – day3
Interactive Map
World Religions: A Comparison
Buddhism
Name of Deity
The Buddha did not teach a personal deity
Founder
Siddhartha Gautama – called the Buddha (means The
Enlightened One)
Holy Book
No one book—sacred texts including the Perfection of
Wisdom Sutra, Tripitaka, Mahayna Sutras
Leadership
Buddhist monks and nuns
Basic Beliefs
Persons achieve complete peace and happiness (nirvana) by
eliminating material possessions; Nirvana achieved by
following the Noble Eightfold Path. Karma is the concept
that good begets good and bad begets bad.
World Religions: A Comparison
Christianity
Name of Deity
God and Jesus Christ
Founder
Jesus Christ and the Apostles
Holy Book
Bible (Pentateuch, Prophets, Kings, and Apostles)
Leadership
Clergy (priests, ministers, etc.)
Basic Beliefs
There is only one God; Jesus Christ was the son of God.
He died to save humanity from sin, making eternal life
possible for others; Persons achieve salvation by
following teachings of Jesus
World Religions: A Comparison
Hinduism
Name of Deity
Three main Gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
Founder
No one founder
Holy Book
No one book, sacred texts including the Vedas, the
Puranas
Leadership
Guru, Holy Man, Braham priest
Basic Beliefs
The soul never dies but is continually reborn; Persons
achieve happiness after freeing themselves of earthly
desires, Freedom from earthly desires comes from
lifetime of worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts.
World Religions: A Comparison
Islam
Name of Deity
God (Allah)
Founder
Muhammad
Holy Book
Qur’an
Leadership
Sunni and Shi’i have different clergy. Imams, mullahs,
Caliphs, ayatollahs, hojjat al-islam – collectively called
the Ulama
Basic Beliefs
Persons achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars
of Islam and living a just life. These pillars are faith,
almsgiving, fasting (Ramadan), pilgrimage to Mecca,
and prayer,
Difference between Islam and Muslim…



Islam is the religion and Muslims are people
who understand, believe, and practice Islam
properly, i.e. according to the text.
Islam is to Christianity what Muslims are to
Christians.
War Over Ground Zero-Religious Tolerance
Today?
World Religions: A Comparison
Judaism
Name of Deity
God (Yahweh)
Founder
Abraham
Holy Book
Hebrew Bible (including the Torah)
Leadership
Rabbis
Basic Beliefs
There is only one God; God loves and protects his people but also
holds people accountable for their sins and shortcomings; Persons
serve God by studying the Torah and living by its teachings; major
holidays – Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Passover and Shabbat
A - Geography has an impact on history
B - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas
1.
2.
Review map of Europe – why was Italy the most advanced
country during the Renaissance?
Why would England, France, Spain and Portugal be major world
powers, but Austria, Germany and Scandanavia be powers only
in Europe?
RENAISSANCE – DAY 4
1300-1600
Religions of the World
1. France
2. Spain
3. Germany
4. Italy
5. Poland
6. Great Britain
7. Russia
7
6
3
1
4
2
5
8.Ukraine
9. Greece
10. Sweden
11. Ireland
12. Austria
10
11
12
8
9
15. Portugal
16. Denmark
17. Norway
18. Czech Republic
19. Netherlands
19
20. Belgium
20
17
16
18
15
13
14
A - Challenges to the existing order come from radical new ideas
1. Get handout and computer to login to text book
RENAISSANCE – DAY 4
2. Map Quiz game
3. The Renaissance leads to changes like the rebirth of humanism
and the beginnings of questioning the existing order of religious
and political power as well as science.
4. Complete pp#1 of Quattrocento
REFORMATION– CHALLENGING THE CHURCH
5.
Complete pp#2 & top of 3 of Quattrocento
6. Identify 5 new ideas during the Renaissance and
Reformation that challenged the existing order and then
explain the impact each has had on the world today.
EXPLORATION – EUROPE MOVES OUTWARD
7. Complete pp#3 and 4 about exploration
1300-1600
Test your skills…
Europe Map Game
Renaissance


Renaissance Overview
 Rebirth of learning and education, art and
architecture, modern politics & economics
 Began in Northern Italy
Reasons behind Northern Italy
 Urbanism
 Overseas trade led to large city-states but most of
Europe still rural
 People came to cities to spread/learn new ideas
Renaissance

Reasons behind Northern Italy (cont.)
 Wealthy
merchants
 Dominated
politics
 Had to earn their wealth and power
 Showed their wealth and power by funding the arts
 Greek
and Roman Heritage
 Used
as model for the arts
 Scholars studied Latin manuscripts and literature
 Pope’s
power declined
 England and France at war
Renaissance

Renaissance Mentality
Humanism—focus of scholars on human potential
and achievement; studied the “humanities” – history,
literature, philosophy
 Enjoyment of World Pleasures

You do not need to sacrifice to please God
 People began to wear fine clothing and enjoy fine foods and
music
 Society became more secular (non-religious)



Patrons of Arts
Patrons of the Arts

Popes and merchants became patrons (sponsors) of
the arts
Renaissance

Renaissance
Mentality (cont.)
 Renaissance
 Men
Man
were expected to
create art and master
all areas of study
 Men that excelled in
these areas were called
a “Universal man” or
“Renaissance Man”
Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier



Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern,
and always among the first, where the enemy
are to be seen; and in every other place, gentle,
modest, reserved, above all things avoiding
ostentation {showiness} and that impudent
{bold} self praise by which men ever excite
hatred and disgust in all who hear them.
What is he saying here?
If you wanted to hire a man like this, what
would the “Want Ad” say?
The personal ad for him would read…
Looking for a man who is charming, witty,
and well educated in the classics. He must
be able to dance, sing, play music, write
poetry, ride horses well, wrestle, and be a
fine swordsman. He must be brave in battle
yet humble outside of battle.
Renaissance

Renaissance
Mentality (cont.)
The Renaissance
Woman
 Upper class women
should also know the
classics and be
charming but not seek
fame
 Should inspire art but
not create it and have
little influence on
politics

What values can we extracted from the pictures
below?
Renaissance Art
Medieval Art



Religious subjects
Two-dimensional
Created “ideal” people
Renaissance Art


Religious and secular
subjects
Realistic portrayal of
individual
Renaissance Art

New Techniques

Perspective
 Creates a 3-D appearance
 Parallel lines move
towards a focal point on
the horizon to create
dimension
 Objects get smaller as
farther back.
 Where is the focal point
in this work?
Renaissance Art

New Techniques (cont.)
 Pyramid
Configuration
 Symmetrical
composition draws your focus to center
of work for climax/focal point
 Chiaroscuro
 The
contrast of light and dark are used to create
dimension
 Fresco
 Painting
on wet plaster
Renaissance Art
From Creation Panel of
The Last Judgment by
Michelangelo FRESCO
Michelangelo’s Sistine
Chapel
CHIAROSCURO
Mona Lisa by Da Vinci
PYRAMID CONFIGURATION
Renaissance Art
MICHAELANGELO
Pieta , 1499
David, 1504
Renaissance Art
MICHAELANGELO: SISTINE CHAPEL
Renaissance Art
LEONARDO Da VINCI
Mona Lisa, 1504
Vitruvian Man, 1485
Renaissance Art
The Last Supper 1498
Renaissance Art
Flying Machine, 1488
Renaissance Art
RAPHAEL
School of Athens
The Wedding of the Virgin
Renaissance Art
BOTTICELLI
The Birth Venus
Renaissance Art
JAN VAN EYCK
Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride
Renaissance Literature and Politics

Literature and Politics
 Niccolo
Machiavelli
 An
Italian political philosopher
 Wrote The Prince in 1513
 While somewhat controversial, his political
philosophy is still studied and used often in today’s
world
“The end justifies the means.”
“… there are two methods of fighting, the one by
law, the other by force: the first method is that of
men, the second of beasts; but as the first is often
insufficient, one must have recourse to the
second…”
Should a
leader
rule like
a lion or
a fox?
Renaissance: Northern

Northern Renaissance
 Spreads
to England, France, Germany, and
Flanders
 Why?

France and England involved in 100 Years War (ended
1453)
 Plague
in northern Europe lasted longer
 Difference?
 More
religious in nature than Italian art (less
inspired by Greece and Rome)
Renaissance: Northern
DURER
Young Hare, 1502
(watercolor)
Apocalypse
(engraving)
Renaissance: Northern
HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER
Henry VIII, 1536
Anne of Cleves, 1539
Renaissance: Northern
BRUEGEL
Hunters in the Snow
The Harvesters
Renaissance: Northern
BRUEGEL
The Peasant Wedding
Renaissance

Outcomes of Renaissance
 Strong
sense of individualism
 Increase in secularism
 Look for answers beyond The Church
 Sciences
 Other
 Higher
religious ideas
literacy rate
 Emergence of materialism
 Higher standards of living
Enduring Understandings
1.
Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction
and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events.
2.
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
3.
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
1. Map quiz on Europe and the world
Reformation
1. Complete pp#2 & top of 3 of Quattrocento
2. Identify 5 new ideas during the Renaissance and Reformation that
challenged the existing order and then explain the impact each has
had on the world today.
Exploration
1. Complete pp#3 and 4 about exploration
Scientific Revolution
1. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the
Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and the Scientific Revolution
REFORMATION
Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution
Problems in church




Corruption in all levels of the church
Poor education of clergy
Clergy up to pope focused on worldly pursuits
rather than just religion
Resistance to taxation by the newly secular
merchant class and aristocracy
Reformation

Reformation Overview
 European
Christian reform movement that
established Protestantism as a branch of
contemporary Christianity
 Began as an attempt to reform a corrupt Catholic
Church
 Teaching
 Sparked
and sales of indulgences
when Martin Luther published the
Ninety-Five Theses & concluded in 1648 with the
Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of
European religious wars
Protestant Branches
Reformation

Martin Luther
 Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to door
of All Saint’s Church
 Theses criticized Catholic Church
and Pope but concentrated on:
 Selling of indulgences
 Doctrinal policies about
purgatory, particular
judgment, devotion to Mary
and the saints, most of the
sacraments, & clerical
celibacy
 Several reformists followed his
lead with help of the printing
press
LUTHERAN RELIGION
 Ministers
(Administers) rather than Priests could
marry
 No
holy relics in Church (no crucifixes) or statues
 Services
 Prayers
and Bible in German
of confession and people encouraged to
directly communicate with God
Catholic Church has a Counter-Reformation





Pope Leo X demands Martin Luther renounce his Theses upon pain
of excommunication.
Luther is tried at the Diet of Worms, refuses to renounce and is
excommunicated.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issues Edict of Worms – no one can
help Luther
Jesuits under Ignatious of Loyola present some church reforms like
building schools, gaining new converts and fighting against
protestants
At the Council of Trent, 3 different Popes defined Church teachings
and opposed protestants in the areas of:





Scripture and Tradition
Original Sin, Justification,
Sacraments,
the Eucharist in Holy Mass and
the veneration of saints but mostly just reaffirm Church doctrine
Reformation spreads


Luther’s reform call leads peasants to revolt
against abuse and corruption in their churches
and the princes who were connected to the
church.
Luther does not support the peasants – is
appalled at their attempt to change the social
order
Reformation

Reformation Outside Germany
 John Calvin and Calvinism
(Switzerland)
 French theologian that believed
people were always combating evil
and religion was guidance to fight
one’s tendency toward sin
 Other beliefs include:
 Theocracy—elect those God
has chosen for salvation
 Predestination/Predetermined
Salvation—”God adopts some
to the hope of life and adjudges
others to eternal death”
Reformation

Reformation Outside
Germany
 John Knox and
Presbyterianism (Scotland)
 Modified Calvin’s theocracy
 Beliefs include:
 Sovereignty of God
 Authority of scriptures
 Importance of grace
through faith in Christ
 Presbyterianism becomes
national religion of Scotland
Reformation

Reformation Outside
Germany
 Henry VIII (England)
 Henry VIII desire for a male
heir and divorce prompted the
creation of Church of England
 Marriage to Catherine of
Aragon produced female
heir (Mary I)
 Religious changes slower in
England than elsewhere
middle way between Roman
Catholic Church & Protestant
Traditions
Henry VII: Six wives whom he
beheaded!
Reformation

Reformation Outside of Germany
 Henry VIII (England) cont.
 Act of Supremacy
 King head of church and state
 Pope has no authority
 All church lands sold to nobles
 People forced to covert from Catholicism to
Anglican
Reformation: Bloody Mary
Eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only
surviving child of Catherine of Aragon. As
the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor
dynasty, she is remembered for restoring
England to Roman Catholicism after
succeeding her short-lived half brother,
Edward VI, to the English throne. In the
process, she had almost 300 religious
dissenters burned at the stake in the
Marian Persecutions, earning her the
sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her reestablishment of Roman Catholicism was
reversed by her successor and half-sister,
Elizabeth I.
Reformation

Reformation
Outside of
Germany
 Elizabeth
I (England)
 Supported
establishment of
Protestant English
Church
 Governed on consensus
(agreement)
 Reign became known
as the Elizabethan Era
“Virgin” Queen
Reformation

Effects of Reformation
 Led
to series of religious wars that culminated
(ended) in the Thirty Years’ War that ended with
the Peace of Westphalia
 New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other
Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully
using hard earned money and identified the
purchase of luxuries a sin
 Weakened the church and promoted new states’
powers outside of religion
Review page #3-4 – Exploration – why did Europe go exploring and
what were the effects on the “natives?”
EXPLORATION
Beginning of the Modern World

“Modern”
Globalization
Phase of increasing
trade links and cultural
exchange in 19th century
 Columbian Exchangewidespread exchange of
animal, plants, culture
(slaves), communicable
diseases and ideas
between Eastern and
Western hemispheres

Why explore?

1.
Exploration occurred for three basic reasons
Trade – seeking wealth in competition with
other countries
1.
2.
3.
Based on the idea of mercantilism – the power
of a country is based on its wealth and the way to
achieving wealth for a country is to get gold and
silver and to have a trade surplus
Spread Christianity
Technological advancements made it
possible.
Who explored?




Spain
Portugal
England
Netherlands (the Dutch)
Who did it?
Results of exploration?






Major global empires for the 4 big exploring
countries
Beginning of colonization
African slave trade and all of its negative
consequences
Exploitation and mass killings of natives in the
colonies
Exportation of European ideas including religion
Great wealth – Spain and Portugal from gold,
England and the Dutch through trade
Enduring Understandings
1.
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
2.
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
1. Review page #4 – Scientific revolution
2. Write a brief paragraph explaining the causal relationship between
the renaissance, reformation and scientific revolution
3. Complete graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers
4. With which philosopher do you have the closest connection?
5. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the
Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the
enlightenment
SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
Revolutionary Thinking
The Renaissance and
Reformation inspired people to
challenge the accepted scientific
views of ancient thinkers and the
church
 Geocentric theory widely
accepted prior to this period

Scientific Revolution

What was the Scientific Revolution?
 Scholars/scientists
questioned accepted ideas
about nature, earth and the universe
 Old Science v. New Science
 Old
Science based on religion and belief
 NEW SCIENCE based on math, logic, reason,
observation and data

Inductive reasoning – observing and understanding
specific facts to develop a general theory
Scientific Revolution

Influences
 Renaissance
 Education of the Classics
 Secularism
 Criticisms of the Catholic Church
 Exploration
 Drive to better understand tides, weather, winds,
currents,
 Foreign technology-astrolabe
Scientific Revolution

New Discoveries
 Heliocentric
Theory –sun-centered universe
 Advancements in Medicine—vaccinations
 Scientific Instruments
 Microscope
 Telescope
 Law
of Gravity
 Chemistry
 biology
Scientific Revolution

Theories on the Universe
 2nd
C. AD- Ptolemy recorded the earth was the
center of the universe—Geocentric Theory
Scientific Revolution

Theories of the Universe
 1548-Nicholas
Copernicus challenges Ptolemy’s
geocentric theory and proves the Heliocentric
Theory
Scientific Revolution

Theories of the Universe
 Johannes Kepler (1600s)—takes the Heliocentric
Theory and perfects it with the Laws of Planetary
Motion
 One law states that the planets orbit the sun in
elliptical orbits not circular orbits
Scientific Revolution




Francis Bacon urged scientists to draw
conclusions of the world based on their own
observations
Rene Descartes believed that everything should
be doubted until proven by reason “I think,
therefore I am.”
Newton explains law of gravity through
scientific method
Boyle describes the relationship between
volume, pressure and temperature
Importance


This so-called revolution was important
because scientists use these approaches today –
it is from scientific reasoning that our lives are
longer, healthier and filled with so much useful
technological developments
Influenced others to study all aspects of
society—government, religion, economics,
education, etc.
Enduring Understandings
1.
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
2.
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
1. Review graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers
2. With which philosopher do you have the closest connection?
3. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the
Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the
enlightenment
ENLIGHTENMENT
Enlightenment

Enlightenment Overview
 People
try to apply the scientific approach to all
aspects of society
 Political scientists propose new ideas about
government
 Philosophes (philosophers) advocate the use of
reason to discover truths
 Address
social issues through reason
Enlightenment

Causes
 Ideals
of the Renaissance
 Individualism,
teachings
 Scientific
secularism, rebirth of classical
Revolution
 Logic,
reason, mathematics
 New way of thinking based on willingness to question
assumptions
 Absolutism
 Reaction
to government of total control
 Questioning of Theory of Divine Right
Characteristics of Enlightened Thought





Ideas incorporating the themes listed below
were heavily discussed during this era
REASON-justification
HAPPINESS-What makes people happy?
LIBERTY-freedoms
PROGRESS-tolerance, diversity, science
NATURE- outside (plants, earth, universe, etc)
and inside (emotion, human interactions, etc)
Enduring Understandings
1.
A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements
2.
Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas.
1. Review graphic organizer of the key enlightenment philosophers
2. With which philosopher do you have the closest connection?
3. Draw a cartoon that shows the causal relationship between the
Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration, the Scientific Revolution, and the
enlightenment
ENLIGHTENMENT
A graphic organizer of the philosophes
Identify who, where and the key ideas of each of the following
Hobbes
Adam Smith
Rousseau
Locke
Montesquieu
Beccaria
Enlightenment
thinkers
Voltaire
Wollstonecraft
► RELIGIOUS:
Deism
V The belief in the existence of a God or supreme
being but a
denial of revealed religion, basing
one’s belief on the light of nature
and reason.
Deists saw no point in any particular
religion; they recognized only a distant
God, uninvolved in the daily life of man.
The Origins of Enlightenment?
► RELIGIOUS:
Pantheism
V The belief that God and
nature are one and the same.
 Gradually, highly educated Protestants &
Catholics thought more about God’s work as
revealed through science, rather than
through the Scriptures.
The Origins of Enlightenment?
THE SALON
A)
B)
C)
Serious workroom
of philosophy
Various people, all
educated
Women sharp and
witty
Thomas Hobbes
Human existence is "solitary, poor, nasty,
•
•
•
brutish, and short"
Living through the brutal English civil wars in the 17th century,
Hobbes was very cynical about human nature.
He wrote in the Leviathan that humans are selfish and wicked.
Without government, there would be “war of all against all.”
Therefore, absolute monarchies are created through a social
contract to keep the mean, nasty men from killing each other.
John Locke
•
•
•
•
•
•
"Government has no other end than the preservation of
property.”
He postulated that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa“;
people are born without innate ideas
Believed that human nature is characterized by reason
and tolerance
Two Treatises of Government had a profound influence on the
writing of the Declaration of Independence and Constitution
People have god-given rights that are inviolable
People will voluntarily, through a social contract, create a
government to protect their god-given rights
If government violates the social contract, then the people have the
right to change the government
"Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins."
Voltaire
“Those who can make you believe absurdities can
make you commit atrocities.”


His intelligence, wit and style made him one of France’s greatest writers
and philosophers
He was attracted to the philosophy of John Locke and ideas of Sir Isaac
Newton
In favor of religious tolerance and interested in the study of the natural
sciences
• Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do.
• God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh.
• If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.
• It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.
• Love truth and pardon error.

Voltaire
•
•
•
•
•
Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers.
Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the
difference.
Prejudice is opinion without judgment.
The way to become boring is to say everything.
I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to
the death your right to say it.
Jean –Jacques Rousseau



“Never exceed your rights, and they will soon
become unlimited.”
Contended that man is essentially good, a "noble savage"
when in the "state of nature"
Good people are made unhappy and corrupted by their
experiences in society
Most important work is "The Social Contract" that
describes the relationship of man with society
“Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.”
Jean –Jacques Rousseau
 The right kind of political order could make people truly
moral and free.
 Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by
learning to subject one’s individual interests to the
“General Will.”
 Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not
with their rulers, but with each other.
 This social contract was derived from human nature,
not from history, tradition, or the Bible.
People would be most free and moral under a
republican form of government with direct democracy.

Adam Smith
“Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all
production; and the interest of the producer ought to
be attended to, only so far as it may be necessary for
promoting that of the consumer.”

Scottish philosopher and economist famous for his book,
“The Wealth of Nations” written in 1776
 Profound influence on modern economics and concepts of
individual freedom
 Father of modern capitalism and influential in the
formulation of American Capitalism
1. Economic liberty guarantees economic progress
2. Government needs to stay out of economics because:
1. Buyers will buy
2. Sellers will sell
3. Each will participate in economics out of their own self-interest
4. Harmony will results
Montesquieu




Liberty is the key for successful government, but liberty is
often eroded by power in the hands of government
He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation
of powers in government; executive, legislative and judicial
Separated power would lead to checks on power and
therefore protecting liberty – developing the theory of
checks and balances
largely responsible for the popularization of the terms
feudalism and Byzantine Empire
“Liberty is the right of doing whatever
the laws permit.” -Montesquieu
Beccaria




An independent judiciary should provide
justice, not just support the rulers
Opposed torture and arbitrary rulings and
procedures
Promoted fair trials with adequate defense of
the accused
Punishment should fit the crime
Wollstonecraft



Promoted the value of women
Women should be educated
Women should be equal to men in
politics and professions
Impact of the Enlightenment






People have confidence that human reason
can solve social problems
The individual becomes important as
people use their own ability to reason and
judge
Absolutism is generally questioned as being
the antithesis of enlightenment.
Sets the stage for popular revolutions in the
18th and 19th Centuries
Some monarchs make reforms – the
enlightened despots – modified absolutists
Others fight for their continued power
Use your blank map to label the following countries







1. France
2. Spain
3. Germany
4. Italy
5. Poland
6. Great Britain
7. Russia





8. Ukraine
9. Greece
10. Sweden
11. Ireland
12. Austria
7
6
3
1
4
2
5
10
11
12
8
9
Use your blank map to label the following countries








13. Serbia
14. Albania
15. Portugal
16. Denmark
17. Norway
18. Czech Republic
19. Netherlands
20. Belgium
19
20
17
16
18
15
13
14
Test your skills…
Europe Map Game