HONORS USH C. 1
EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
THE NEW WORLD
EUROPEAN DISCOVERIES AND INVASION
• I. 1000 AD Vikings led by Leif Ericson—Vinland
(Newfoundland)
– Skrellings
– Sagas
• II. Backdrop for European Discovery
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1000 AD Continental Europe “Middle Ages” Feudalism
Crusades—opened up a new way of life
Renaissance
Commercial Revolution
“middlemen”—Venice, Constantinople, Arab merchants
Age of Discovery
• III. Portuguese Exploration
– United, at peace, perfect location
– Prince Henry the Navigator “Sagres Navigation School”
– Africa; 1488-Dias, 1497 da Gama, 1500 Cabral
• IV. Christopher Columbus
– Theory, the Voyages, results
– Inter Caeteras , Treaty of Tordesillas
– Amerigo Vespucci—1501 “New World”
CONQUEST AND CATASTROPHE
• “GOD, GOLD, GLORY” SPANISH EMPIRE
• Conquistadores and Missionaries
– Balboa, de Leon, Cortes,
– Magellan’s voyage, Pizarro,
– De Soto, Coronado, Mendoza
• Spanish Empire “The Golden Age of Spain”
• New Global Economy
– ENCOMIENDAS, MITA, HACIENDAS
• PROTESTANT REFORMATION
• THE FRENCH COLONIZATION
Food Crops
Animals
Medicines
Grains
Livestock
Fruit
Vegetables
Insects
Disease
Slavery
• THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
• GOODS ORIGINATING IN THE NEW WORLD GOING TO THE OLD
• GOODS COMING FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW
THE BRITISH
• 1. ENGLISH EXPLORATION
– John Cabot--1496
• 2. COLONIAL INTEREST: ENGLAND CHALLENGES SPAIN
(MOTIVES) QE I.
• 3. EARLY ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION ALL FAILED.
[Newfoundland, Roanoke I and II]
• 4. WAR WITH SPAIN
– Spanish Armada 1588
• 5. TYPE OF PEOPLE THAT WERE INVOLVED IN THE
COLONIZATION OF AMERICA
– Monarchy--Mercantilism
– Merchants—joint-stock companies “East India Tea
Company” 1600, Virginia Co. of London 1606
– Commoners--Enclosure Movement 1500s to 1700s
• 6. ENGLISH COLONIES: (proprietary, charter, royal)
– 1606 Virginia Company of London— proprietary charter
from King James I
– Dec. 25, 1606, 120 settlers left England on 3 ships.
JAMESTOWN
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Location of the settlement and orders:
Problems:
John Smith’s Rule
1609 Charter Revised:
– Governor to rule Jamestown from Jamestown –Lord De La Warr
– Sold more shares in London Company
– Company Servants
• 1609-1611—”Starving Time”
– Thomas Dale 1611
• Tobacco—John Rolfe
• 1618 Head-right System and Representative Govt.
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Head right
Indentured servants
House of Burgesses
Introduction of African Slavery
Massacre of 1622
Charter revoked 1624—Royal Colony
THE PURITANS
• 1. Religious reformers interested in “purifying” the Church of England
of Catholic ritual.
• 2. Generally upper class with a high degree of political efficacy. As a
result by the late 1620s they had become a powerful voice in
Parliament.
• 1629 forced the King Charles I to sign the English Petition of Right.
• But during this same time period they were persecuted against.
• 1628 Massachusetts Bay Co. created.
– Granted a self-governing charter.
– Create a society that the rest of the world will look up “ the city on the
hill”.--Boston
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Left in 1630:
11 ship convoy
>1,000 settlers
1 year of supplies
Government organization:
– Commonwealth: theocracy led by John Winthrop.
– Legislature= General Court, made up of 100 stockholders (freeman)
13 colonies
NEW ENGLAND COLONIES: CT., RI, NH
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Education:
Puritan dissent:
Economy:
1. “De Luder” Satan Laws
2. Harvard University
1. Puritan intolerance and beliefs
1. farming
2. fishing
3. trade (triangular trade routes)
CONNECTICUT
• RHODE ISLAND
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• NEW HAMPSHIRE
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1. Rev. Thomas Hooker 1636 Hartford
2. Fundamental Orders
1. Roger Williams 1636 Providence
2. Anne Hutchinson 1638 Portsmouth
3. 1644 chartered by King—self-governing
1. Rev. John Wheelwright 1638
THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC COLONIES
Md., Va, Pa., NY, NJ, De,
• MARYLAND
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• 1. Proprietary Colony
2. George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
3. Refuge for Catholics
4. First settlers arrive in 1634
a. Close to Va.
b. Did not have to wait for supplies
from England.
C. Tobacco grew well there.
5. By 1640 elected assembly created.
6. 1644—Toleration Act passed.
7. Until 1670s relied on indentured
servants and African slaves.
• NEW JERSEY
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1. 1665--Duke of York granted estate to
John Berkeley and George Carteret.
2. To sell the land they promised:
- religious freedom
- elected assembly
- political freedom and
- cheap land
3. 1674, Berkeley sold his half to
Quakers.
4. 1680, Carteret sold his to Quakers.
5. 1702 Chartered as New Jersey
QUAKER RELIGION GEORGE FOX 1600s
BELIEFS:
• PENNSYLVANIA
1. 1681 King Charles II-charter-to William
Penn—pay off debt for Penn’s father.
Penn was a Quaker.
2. Colony based on Quaker beliefs.
“Experiment in Holy Christian Living”
3. Freedom of religion for all Christians
4. Self-government; unicameral assembly.
5. First settlement—Philadelphia “City of
Brotherly Love”
6. Bought land from the Indians and tried to
treat them with fairness.
7. Advertised the colony throughout Northern
Europe. Attracted many Germans.
“Pennsylvania Dutch”—Mennonites (Amish)
8. Economy—shipping, wood products,
farming
• DELAWARE
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1. 1704 broke from Pa.
2. Not Quaker.
3. Raised tobacco.
NEW YORK
1. Dutch War: “The Nutmeg War”
2. 1664, Eng. Sent 4 warships to New
Amsterdam
3. Dutch influences today
4. James, Duke of York, Proprietor.
5. Government “Duke’s Laws”
Absolute Government.
6. Gov. Edmund Andros forced
Dutch settlers to take oath.
7. 1683 Charter of Liberties
• SOUTHERN COLONIES:
(SOUTH, NORTH) CAROLINA
1. 1663 Proprietary Charter to the 8
Lord’s Proprietors.
George Carteret, Anthony Ashley-Cooper,
John Colleton, William Berkeley, John
Berkeley, George Monck, Edward Hyde,
William, Earl of Craven
2. Sea to Sea grant.
3. Fundamental Constitutions
John Locke, James Harrington.
4. 1670 Charles Towne
5. Economy—trade with West
Indies, rice, tobacco, deerskins, relied
heavily on African slavery to work the rice
fields.
6. 1719 rebellion in NC
7. 1729 NC-SC split-- Royal
Colony
• GEORGIA
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1. James Oglethorpe—trustee for a
colony of debtors. 1733 subsidized by
the King.
2. Serve as a buffer zone between
Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.
3. First settlement—Savannah
4. Settlers—50 acres, tools and
supplies.
5. Mulberry trees (silk) and olive trees.
6. Alcohol, lawyers and slavery
forbidden.
7. 1752 Royal Colony
OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY COLONIES:
• RESTORATION COLONIES
ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1642-1649
1. Puritans v. Royalists
2. Interregnum Period 16491659, Oliver Cromwell ruled.
RESTORATION 1660
1. King Charles II put on the
throne.
2. Payment for that debt—
colonies
THE RESTORATION COLONIES WERE:
SC, NC, NY, NJ, Pa, De.
• Royal– Colony controlled by the Monarch.
• Proprietary– Colony granted to a businessman or businessmen.
• Charter– Colony granted to the people.