Jefferson won reelection by a landslide
(without Burr); D-R
grew as the nation
grew.
 Both Britain and
France attacked U.S.
ships , impressing
sailors into military
service.

Jefferson got Congress
to pass the Embargo
Act, outlawing trade
with almost all
European countries.
 Hurt only U.S.; NE
smuggled to the
British; Jefferson lost
popularity






Early 1800s - 4 native
options:
1. accept white culture
2. blend native/white
culture
3. return to rel.
tradition (the
Prophet/Prophettown)
4. fight (Tecumseh)






Jefferson’s victory
Impressment
Embargo act
Smuggling
The Prophet
Tecumseh
Fight the whites
Return to religious
traditions
 Kidnapping sailors
 Western support from
Louisiana Purchase


Battle of Tippecanoe,
1811; William Henry
Harrison fought at
Prophetstown, burned
it later.
 Cause 1: Natives
increased attacks,
armed by British? War
Hawks Clay (Ky) and
Calhoun (SC) angry.

Impressment – British
ships stopped
American ships and
impressed sailors into
military service in
British navy.
 Most famous: the
Chesapeake; 1807.

Smaller army and
navy, angry Native
Americans.
 U.S. attacked Canada
and lost.
 William Henry Harrison
defeated British and
Natives (killing
Tecumseh) at Battle of
the Thames






Name 2 causes of the War of 1812.
What was the most famous impressed ship.
What disadvantages did the U.S. have?
Where did the U.S. unsuccessfully invade?
Who was the hero of Tippecanoe, and who
died there?
Superior British navy
blockaded coast;
attacked Washington
D.C. after war with
Napoleon ended
 British burned capital,
Madison/Dolly
Madison fled

British attacked Ft.
McHenry at Baltimore
next; Francis Scott Key
witnessed its
successful defense,
wrote Star-Spangled
Banner.
 Andrew Jackson won
Battle of Horseshoe
Bend against Creeks in
Alabama

Treaty of Ghent –
boundaries restored,
no promises on
impressment, no
winner
 Battle of New Orleans
– Jackson, Americans,
pirates, and free
African-Americans
defeated British in less
than an hour.







Washington D.C.
Blockade
Jackson
Francis Scott Key
Fort McHenry
Treaty of Ghent
New Orleans
Burned
No winner or promises
on impressment
 Horseshoe Bend



Hartford Convention –
Federalists wanted
more NE influence,
considered secession
 Federalists died as
party; Monroe elected
1816 (4th Va Pres) – Era
of Good Feelings - 1
party, nationalism, ec.
boom




Banking System/2nd
Bank of U.S., loans to
industry
Protective tariff – help
U.S. industry, pay for
Internal (transportation)
improvements –
National
Road/Cumberland
Highway, canals to
transport the goods
Panic of 1819 – London
banks called in loans;
American banks,
Americans ruin.
 Missouri Compromise
– 11 free states, 11
slave states; Missouri
wanted admission as
slave state; negotiated
by Henry Clay




Maine admitted as free
state to keep Senate
balance (northern House
advantage), 36’30 line
drawn in Louisiana
Territory.
Monroe Doctrine – 1823,
Latin American countries
independent; no more
European colonization in
W. Hemisphere






Hartford Convention
Era of Good Feelings
Panic of 1819
Missouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
American System
No more colonies
No slavery above line
2nd Bank of U.S.,
protective tariff,
internal improvements
 Bank loans called in
 NE Federalists made
themselves irrelevant
 One party, prosperity,
nationalism



Chief Justice Marshall
strengthened the
Supreme Court and the
national government
with his decisions.
 McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819) – Maryland can’t
tax the National Bank
– Supremacy Clause,
necessary and proper
clause/implied powers

Dartmouth College v.
Woodward – Daniel
Webster protected
Dartmouth’s charter
from New Hampshire
 Gibbons v. Ogden –
Gibbons’ coastal
license outweighs
Ogden’s NY steamboat
license.

Convention/Treaty of
1818 – set boundary
with Canada at 49
degrees north.
 Adams – Onis Treaty
(1819) – got Florida
from Spain (Thanks to
Andrew Jackson) and
set border with Spain







Adams-Onis
Convention of 1818
McCulloch v. Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden
Dartmouth College v.
Woodward
John Marshall






Nationalist Chief Justice
Set border with Canada
Got Florida, set Spanish
border
New Hampshire can’t
mess with college
charter
National steamboat
license stronger then NY
license
State can’t tax national
bank
DemocraticRepublican splintering,
no conventions: 4
Republicans running:
Jackson, Adams,
Crawford, Clay.
 Jackson got the most
votes but no majority,
so decision went to
House of
Representatives.

Jackson, Adams, and
Crawford were top 3,
but Clay was Speaker
of the House.
 House chose Adams,
who shortly named
Clay as Secretary of
State: charged by
Jackson supporters
with corrupt bargain.

His National
Republican politics
were unpopular:
national roads, canals,
universities, tariff, antislavery, pro- Cherokee.
 The Tariff of 1828 was
particularly seen as
“The Tariff of
Abominations” by the
South




Turn around and take 1 minute to explain to
someone how John Quincy Adams became
President, and how his Presidency went.
Then listen to that person tell you the same
thing.
See if there is anything either one of you
needs to add.


“Old Hickory” Andrew
Jackson elected 1828, 1st
Democrat, landslide
election over JQ Adams.
Jackson, Democrats
benefitted from states
dropping property
requirements for voting;
3 times as many voters;
champion of “the
common man; “ wild
party when inaugurated

To the victor go the
spoils” – political winner
puts his supporters in
office.

Jackson thought any
common person could
run the government, so
why not give jobs to his
friends –not as many
“patronage” jobs as
most think (1/5).
Jackson vetoed as
many bills as 1st 6
Presidents combined;
vetoed Maysville Road
bill because thought
Kentucky should do it.
 The Whig party hated
“King Andrew” for
taking too much
power; agreed on little
else






What was Jackson’s party?
How was he able to win a landslide in 1828?
What was Jackson’s practice of giving jobs to
political supporters called? This seems
corrupt today – why’d he do it?
What party was the Jackson haters? Why the
name?
What did Whigs believe?
5 civilized tribes –
Cherokee, Creek,
Chickasaw, Choctaw,
and Seminole, tried
hard to assimilate into
American society.
 Cherokee especially;
Chief Vann owned
slaves, Sequoyah
developed alphabet

Farmers wanted
Cherokee land for
growing; gold
discovered in
Dahlonega.
 Cherokee Nation v.
Georgia – Marshall
ruled Cherokee were
“domestic dependent
nation” and couldn’t
sue



Indian Removal Act 1830
– tribes had to move out
west; Cherokee sued in
Worcester v. Georgia and
won: “Marshall has
made his decision; let
him enforce it.”
Trail of Tears – Georgia
to Oklahoma, ¼ (old and
children) died along the
way; Cherokee had to
pay for the armed
accompaniment.








What were the 5 civilized tribes?
Who tried the hardest? How?
What was discovered in Dahlonega?
Explain ruling in Cherokee Nation v. Ga.
Explain ruling in Worcester v. Georgia.
What law said the Indians had to go? Where?
Who and how many died on the Trail of Tears?
What did the Cherokee have to pay for?

Jackson was called a
bigamist in 1828 for
having married Rachel
before here divorce was
final; she died during
lame duck period.

Never forgave enemies;
later fired his Cabinet for
being snobs to Peggy
Easton, wife of Secretary
of War; relied on
informal “Kitchen
Cabinet.”
The South hated the Tariff
of 1828 – “tariff of
abominations” – and
nullified the Tariff of 1832.
 VP Calhoun, SC, and South
threatened to secede if
tariff wasn’t ended –
states’ rights;
 Calhoun at Jefferson Day:
“the union.. Next to our
liberty most dear.”
 Jackson: “our federal
union. It must be
preserved.”

Calhoun v. Jackson,
who threatens to send
army South to enforce
tariff and hang
Calhoun– Enforcement
Acts
 Clay’s Compromise of
1833: South agrees to
pay lower tariff;
nullified Enforcement
Acts







Bigamy charge
Tariff of abominations
Nullification crisis
Calhoun’s threat
Jackson’s threat
Henry Clay






South threatened
nullification
Civil War
Country almost goes to
war over the Tariff
Compromise of 1833:
South pays lower tariff.
South would secede
Killed Rachel
Whigs sent recharter
of 2nd Bank of U.S. to
Congress 4 years early,
1832, prior to Pres.
Election.
 Jackson hated Clay,
vetoed the Bank on
behalf of the people,
and defeated Clay for
President in 1832

Jackson replaced the
Bank of the United
States with state
banks, or wildcat
banks, or pet banks,
run by Jackson
supporters.
 These banks loaned
paper money to land
speculators, causing
inflation

Specie Circular – loans
had to be in gold/silver;
suddenly no money
flowing , caused Panic
of 1837
 Jackson’s fault, but his
successor Martin Van
Buren paid the price
for it.






Why didn’t Jackson like the 2nd Bank of the
U.S.?
Who was the President of the 2nd Bank of the
U.S.?
What did Jackson replace the Bank of U.S.
with?
Who ran the pet banks?
What happened to the pet banks? How did
this affect the economy?


Population doubled
(biggest cities – NY, New
Orleans, Chicago) and
moved west during
Jacksonian Era.
Ecology (beaver, otter,
buffalo) decimated;
Yellowstone Park
created by first
conservationist
(environmentalist),
George Catlin


Irish farmers fed Europe
during Napoleonic Era,
starved due to potato
famine after
Young men took labor
jobs; nativism –
immigrants resented for
wages and Catholicism,
struggled (“paddy
wagons”) then flourished
through machine
politics.


Push factors: failed
farms or failed
revolution in 1848.
Better educated
Germans settled
Pennsylvania, west in
Wisconsin/Texas;
contributed Conestaga
wagon, Kentucky rifle,
Christmas tree,
kindergarten (children’s
music), abolition,
Lutheran drinking on
Sunday








What were the three biggest cities?
How was ecology damaged
Who created what national park?
What were the push factors for the Irish?
How did the Irish fare?
What were the push factors for the Germans?
Where did Germans settle?
What contributions did Germans make to
American culture?


U.S. industrialization
slow: cheap land, scarce
labor, hard to compete
with Britain.
Samuel Slater brought
factory system from
England to U.S 1791;
Whitney’s cotton gin
1793 made slavery
profitable 5000%
increase – “King Cotton.”
Whitney also
developed
interchangeable parts:
caused and won Civil
War.
 New England factories:
rocky soil, dense
population, shipping
and seaports; tariff to
help compete with
Britain

Long hours, low
wages, 10 hour days
came with suffrage;
 Children, women
(Lowell system), and
Irish immigrants; $5 a
week
 cult of domesticity
upon marriage – moral
education





McCormick
Morse
Howe and Singer
John Deere




Steel plow
Reaper
Sewing machine
Telegraph






Slow industry
Slater
Whitney
New England
Lowell, Mass
Cult of domesticity






5000% increase
Rocky soil, dense
population, shipping
and seaports
Women’s important
role in home
Women’s factory
Cheap land, scarce
labor, tough
competition
Interchangeable parts
Overcoming states’
righters, National
Highway completed
1852; turnpikes made
money
 Steamboats – Fulton’s
Clermont went up
Mississippi; Clippers
went across Atlantic

1825 Erie Canal linked
Atlantic Ocean and
Hudson River to Great
Lakes; more
transported through
Buffalo than New
Orleans
 Railroads cheaper,
didn’t freeze in winter,
1st 1828, 30,000 miles
by 1860

Out west
stagecoaches, pony
express from St.
Joseph Missouri to
Sacramento, lasted 18
months
 South – cotton; west –
grains and livestock;
East – machines and
textiles; all linked








What did the National Highway have to
overcome to be built?
1st steamboat – who/what?
What ships went quickly across Atlantic?
What did the Erie Canal link?
Name 2 advantages of railroads over canals.
Name 2 forms of western transportation.
What economic role did each region play?
Age of Jackson (1830s)
response to Deism,
rationalism - Revivals
once again spreading
across the country.
 Teachings: anyone can
be saved; inspired
many abolitionists,
other reformers

Charles Finney, Peter
Cartwright – traveling
preachers, tent
revivals, common man
religion, women
reformers
 Baptist and Methodists
grew in South; split
from northern
denominations

Mormon church
founded in New York
by Joseph Smith, killed
in Illinois.
 Brigham Young led
Mormons to Utah,
where Mormons
settled and flourished;
polygamy delayed
statehood


Draw a diagram of the Second Great
Awakening. Try to answer the questions who
what when where why?
Rebelled against “cult
of domesticity” –
couldn’t vote, own
property if married,
could be legally beaten
like slaves
 Amelia Bloomer short
skirt with pants –
bloomers – in rebellion
to unhealthy corsets
and dresses

Elizabeth Katy Stanton
– mother of 7, Susan B.
Anthony, Lucretia
Mott (SAM) - Quaker
influence
 Seneca Falls
Convention 1848;
Declaration of
Sentiments – “all men
and women are created
equal; call for suffrage

Women’s groups
initially called for
moderate use of
alcohol.
 Grew into calls for
Prohibition; Maine law,
drinking decreased






What basic rights did women lack?
Who rebelled against women’s dress?
Who were the top 3 leaders of the women’s
rights movement?
What meeting/document/issue in 1848?
What was temperance? How successful?
Transcendentalists –
Emerson and Thoreau;
Whitman - we’re all
connected by the
Oversoul; skepticism
of authority
 Emerson – SelfReliance; Thoreau –
Walden; Whitman’s
poems

On The Duty of Civil
Disobedience –
Thoreau jailed in
protest of the Mexican
War.
 Louisa May Alcott –
Little Women

Washington Irving –
“Legend of Sleepy
Hollow”
 Hawthorne – Scarlett
Letter
 James Fennimore
Cooper – Last of the
Mohicans

Edgar Allen Poe – “The
Raven,” “Fall of the
House of Usher”
 Herman Melville –
Moby Dick - obsession










Whitman
Emerson
Thoreau
Melville
Hawthorne
Poe
Irving
Cooper
Alcott
The Raven
Self-Reliance
Moby Dick
The Scarlett Letter
Little Women
Leaves of Grass
Legend of Sleepy
Hollow
 Walden
 Last of the Mohicans







Nativism – fear of
immigrants – taking
jobs, lowering wages,
too Catholic and
unassimilated
 Know-Nothing Party –
secret nativist political
party – “I know
nothing”

Horace Mann – Father
of public education;
Superintendent of
Massachusetts schools
 Dorothea Dix –
humane treatment of
the mentally ill, who
had been kept in prison
and worse





What was the fear of immigrants called?
What political party did they form?
What man was the “Father of public
education?” Where was he from?
Who worked on behalf of the mentally ill?
Utopian communities
were supposedly ideal
societies, more
communal in nature
 New Harmony IndianaRobert Owen – didn’t
work for lack of
cooperation

Brook Farm,
Massachussetts – a
transcendentalist
community; ruined by
fire and debt.
 Shakers (1770s–1940) –
Quaker offshoot
community with no sex
or marriage; ruined by
lack of procreation;
danced in church

Founder Noyes – duty
to God is to be happy.
 Share everything
including lovers;
survived by making
steel animal traps,
then silverware.






Utopia
Oneida
Shakers
New Harmony
Brook Farm
No procreation
Fire and debt ruined it
No cooperation
Free love and
silverware
 Perfect place/ideal
society




“King Cotton”
accounted for half of
U.S. exports after
1840.
 Britain’s top export
was cotton cloth, got
75% of fiber from the
South; would help in a
war?

Southern oligarchy –
rule of rich; only 1733
families owned more
than 100 slaves.
 Planter kids went to
fine schools (Calhoun
to Yale), served the
public, and admired Sir
Walter Scott’s stories
of chivalry.

Slavery problems:
1. Cotton ruined land;
people moved N&W.
 2. One crop economy:
debt, dependence on
North
 3. Small slaveowners
and nonslaveowners
(75%) struggled.



In groups of 3-4, make a pyramid diagram of
the Southern economy and white South.
4 million slaves by
1860; most on
plantations; “Black
Belt” form SC to
Louisiana.
 Slave trade outlawed
1808; most white
slaveowners owned 10
or less

House servants>field
hands;
 Whipping, collars;
$2,000 investment,
Christian duty.
 Most slaves lived in
intact families; slave
auctions most cruel
parts of American
slavery – “sell down
the river.”

Slave Christianity
focused on Exodus;
escape of God’s
children from Egypt.
 Disobedience took the
form of slow work,
breaking tools,
feigning illness,
poisoning food, and
escaping.






How many slaves? Where?
What punishments? How often and why?
What was the importance of slave auctions?
What role did Christianity play?
How did slaves disobey?
250,000 free AfricanAmericans in South –
vulnerable in South;
couldn’t vote or attend
school in North.
 Slaves who performed
well could become
overseers and drivers,
sometimes some of
the cruelest to other
slaves.

Stono Rebellion 1733
Gabriel Prosser 1800,
Richmond Virginia
 Denmark Vesey – free
black, Charleston, 1822
 Nat Turner 1830 – slave
preacher, Virginia








After Nat Turner, Slave
codes – no:
1. education
2. guns
3. slave preachers,
4. night meetings
5.time off plantation
without a pass.





Free blacks
Stono Rebellion
Gabriel Prosser
Denmark Vesey
Nat Turner





Led by free AfricanAmerican
Slave preacher
South Carolina 1733
Richmond, Virginia
1800
Vulnerable in South,
few rights in north


Abolitionism –
opposition to slavery,
arising from Quakers and
Second Great
Awakening.
Early efforts racist –
American colonization
society; supported
Liberia’s creation 1822,
Monrovia the capital;
15,000 went but most
slaves weren’t African.
Theodore Weld, saved
in Burned Over District
published American
Slavery As it Is.
 Lyman Beecher
headed Lane
Theological Seminary,
fathered 3 famous
abolitionists including
Harriet Beecher Stowe.

1831 William Lloyd
Garrison The Liberator:
(quote p. 364) “I WILL
BE HEARD!” – wanted
the north to secede.
 Sojourner Truth –
speaker (“Ain’t I a
woman?”) fought for
abolition and women’s
rights







American colonization society
Monrovia, Liberia
Theodore Weld
Lyman Beecher
William Lloyd Garrison
Sojourner Truth



Frederick Douglass,
escaped slave, orator
(“stole this body”),
published his
autobiography in 1845,
friend of Lincoln.
Liberty Party 1840, Free
Soil Party 1848,
Republican Party 1850s
opposed the spread of
slavery;
abolition unpopular in
North, which depended
on cotton.
South began
defending slavery as
good; abolitionists like
the Grimke sisters had
to leave.
 The Bible and Aristotle
supported slavery;
slaves portrayed as
happy, better off than
northern workers or
Africans.

Gag resolution 1836:
all antislavery appeals
in House of Reps had
to be tabled without
debate; defeated by
Rep. John Quincy
Adams.
 Southern postmasters
arrested if they didn’t
destroy abolitionist
mail.





Tell about Frederick Douglass.
ID 3 antislavery parties and describe their
position on slavery.
How did the South defend slavery?
How did the South clamp down on free
expression?
Van Buren ran in 1840
against William Henry
Harrison, aging hero of
Battle of Tippecanoe.
 Whigs chose Harrison –
“Log Cabin/hard cider,
Tippecanoe and Tyler
too” – narrowly won.

Texas was part of
Mexico, who invited
Americans to come
settle.
 Pres. Santa Anna
demanded new Texans
convert to Catholicism
and renounce slavery;
refused by Stephen F.
Austin



Santa Anna killed nearly
200 Texas, including Jim
Bowie, Davie Crockett,
and William Barrett
Travis.
After a similar massacre
at Goliad, Sam Houston
defeated Santa Anna at
San Jacinto, winning
independence for the
Republic of Texas 1836.


Make a 3 step sequence chart of the
campaign of 1840.
Make a 4 step sequence chart of the creation
of the Republic of Texas.
President Harrison,
stressed from office
seekers and long
speech, died of
pneumonia within a
month.
 Tyler vetoe’d Clay’s
bank, didn’t support
Whigs’ nationalism;
kicked out of his own
party.

Manifest Destiny –
belief that U.S. should
spread its government
and way of life to
Pacific.
 Believers wanted U.S.
to annex Texas, take
over California and
Oregon.

Dark Horse James Polk
(D), promising to
annex Texas and using
the slogan “54’40 or
fight,” defeated Clay
(W) in 1844.
 Tyler annexed Texas
during the lame duck
period.
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Describe the Harrison/Tyler presidency.
What was Manifest Destiny? What land did
its supporters want?
What did Polk promise when he ran for
President? Whom did he defeat?
What did Tyler do during the lame duck
period?
Tensions with Britain:
1. debt
2. snobs toward
common man.
 3. U.S. aid for Canada
uprising
 4. border dispute
concerning Maine
 5. joint ownership of
Oregon Territory



Maine border set; Polk
settled for ownership
of Oregon border up
to 49 degrees north.
 Polk would have had to
fight a two-front war
with Mexico and
Britain to get 54-40.

With Britain showing
interest in acquiring
California from
Mexico, Polk sent John
Slidell to offer $25
million for it.
 Dispute over Texas
border: Mexico said it
was Nueces; U.S. said
it was Rio Grande.


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


List 5 tensions between U.S. and Britain.
How was the Oregon question settled?
Why was Polk flexible on Oregon?
Why was Polk worried about California? How
much did he offer for it?
What was the dispute concerning Texas?
Polk sent Zachary
Taylor (to become 12th
President) into the
disputed territory with
troops.
 When Mexico
attacked, Polk asked
Congress for war
declaration: American
blood had been shed
on American soil.



Anti-War Whigs
protested; Lincoln
introduced “spot
resolution:” show the
spot where American
blood was shed.
“Old Rough and Ready”
Zachary Taylor defeated
a numerically superior
Mexican army at Buena
Vista, but couldn’t get to
Mexico City.



“Old Fuss and Feathers”
Winfield Scott landed at
Vera Cruz and fought his
way to Mexico City.
Nicholas Trist negotiated
Treaty of GuadelupeHidalgo: U.S. got half of
Mexico, more territory
than La. Purchase, for
$15 million.
38-14 Senate vote; some
wanted all of Mexico and
some wanted none.




Name the 2 war heroes, their nicknames, and
where they fought.
What Treaty ended the War? Who negotiated
it?
How much did the U.S. get? How much did
we pay?
Who was unsatisfied?
Abolitionism – effort to
end slavery
 Frederick Douglass –
speechmaker, former
slave (nobody believed
it) “I stole this body”
 Sojourner Truth –
fought for abolition
and women’s rights



William Lloyd Garrison –
The Liberator –
Massachussetts
newspaper editor: “I will
not retreat a single inch
and I will be heard.”
Harriet Beecher Stowe –
Uncle Tom’s Cabin –
Lincoln: “You’re the
little lady who started
this war”
Harriet Tubman –
conductor on
Underground Railroad
 Grimke sisters – South
Carolina abolitionists
who appealed to
Southern Christianity;
had to leave the South

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

Abolitionism
Frederick Douglass
Sojourner Truth
William Lloyd Garrison
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Tubman
Sarah and Angelina
Grimke
Effort to end slavery
SC sisters had to move
Underground railroad
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The Liberator
Speechmaker, former
slave, friend of Lincoln
 Speechmaker,
women’s rights
advocate

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


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
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Set up perfect societies
New Harmony
Brook Farm
Oneida
Shakers
Usually didn’t last very
long because
perfection was difficult