• States had different money systems
• States ignored needs of other
states
• States competed in trade
Which document led to the conditions
listed above?
A Articles of Confederation
B Magna Carta
C Declaration of Independence
D Mayflower Compact
Religious reformers of the Second
Great Awakening
Shaker History
• Leader and Founder – Ann Lee “Mother Ann”
• Left England in 1774 seeking religious freedom
• They were called Shakers because they would
tremble, whirl and shake during their worship.
• They practiced celibacy (didn’t marry or have
children), believed in communal life,
confession of sin, believed in racial and gender
equality, lead a simple life and opposed war
Shakers continued
• Had between 4000 and 5000 members at it’s
peak.
• Probably the most successful of the many
communal and utopian (a perfect society)
societies in this country.
• Declined in population due to celibacy.
• Made major contributions to art, science,
architecture, craftsmanship, business, music,
education, government, medicine, agriculture
and commerce.
Shakers continued
Seventh Day Adventist
• Founded by William Miller who was a Baptist
preacher and forecasted the Second Coming of Christ
in 1843. Changed the date to 1844, didn’t happen
again.
• Official founder was Ellen and James White and
Joseph Bates in 1863
• Now number around 16 million followers around the
world.
Seventh Day Adventist Continued
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Believe the Sabbath should be observed on Saturday
since that was the 7th day of the week and when God
rested.
Believe that you enter a state of “soul sleep” after death
and will be awakened for judgment at the second
coming of Christ.
Especially concerned with health issues and education.
Many members are vegetarians and do not use alcohol,
tobacco or illegal drugs.
Seventh Day Adventist Continued
• Michigan Connection –
Andrews University in Berrien Springs,
Michigan is the best-known Adventist
educational institution in the world.
Brook Farm
• Founded by George Ripley a transcendentalist who
rejected the teachings of the Calvinist Church and
the Unitarian Church.
• The transcendentalists sought harmony, the
merging of values, ideas, and spiritual matters with
physical events, the union of mind and body, spirit
and flesh. Physical labor is perceived as a condition
of mental well-being and health.
• Wanted to live in an Utopian society (a perfect
place)
Brook Farm, continued
• They wanted to be self reliant or dependent
only upon themselves.
• Started the American Literary movement
which flourished between 1836-1860.
• Great American authors Ralph Waldo Emerson
and Henry David Thoreau and Nathaniel
Hawthorne were all associated with them.
• Experiment was short lived, central building
destroyed in fire in 1846 and they disbanded.
Rappites:The Harmony Society
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Founder was Johann Rapp
Immigrated from Wurttemberg Germany, seeking
religious freedom.
Established a colony in Butler County, PA
Bible was humanity’s sole authority.
Celibate/communal living, equality between the sexes
Baptism was not necessary until the child could
decide for themselves.
Refused to serve in the military
Chose to teach children at home.
Rappites continued
• Known for manufacturing (textiles and woolens) and
agriculture (produced wines and whiskey)
• 700 members by 1814
• Moved to a location on the Wabash river in
Indiana(New Harmony) after selling Harmony for
$100,000.
• Sold New Harmony and returned to PA building
Economy in Ambridge on the Ohio River.
• Reached their peak in 1866 but because they were
celibate and had some major problems within,
disssolved in 1905
Mormonism
• Founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith
– Claimed to have a number of visions and visits from
an angel
– Seen as a prophet by the Church of Latter-Day Saints
(LDS)—the Mormon church
• Believe that a group of Israelites (people the Bible
focuses on) had lived in America
– Also believe that Jesus appeared in America
• Have a different view of Heaven and Hell than
most other Christian groups
– “Hell” is like a prison between death and resurrection
– Heaven has different levels
Mormonism continued
• Used to believe in polygamy
– Practice of a man having multiple wives
– The vast majority of modern Mormons do not hold
this belief
• Due to the belief in polygamy, the LDS was forced
out of many different areas
– Includes New York, Missouri, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois
– Eventually settled in Utah
• Modern Mormons are largely located in the
American West
– Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming, California, Colorado
Mormonism continued
Temple Square in
Salt Lake City,
Utah. Largest LDS
temple today
The Book of
Mormon,
Mormonism’s
chief text
Joseph Smith,
founder of
Mormonism
Brigham
Young, the
LDS leader
after
Smith’s
death
Oneida Perfectionism
• Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848
– Located in Oneida, New York
• Noyes claimed to have a series of visions after
attending religious college (seminary)
• Believed that Heaven could exist on earth
– Noyes taught that God wouldn’t expect the
impossible, so humans could “create” Heaven
• Noyes argued that Heaven would have no
monetary system
– Oneida became a communist community
• Each person had a specific job done for the good of the
community, and all jobs and people supported one another
Perfectionism, continued
• Noyes also taught that Heaven would have no
marriage
– Created “Complex Marriage” for the colony
– Every man was considered married to every woman
• Only men over a certain age…but all women
• Children were cared for by the whole community
• Colony made silverware and other fine metals to
buy supplies they couldn’t make themselves
– Still exists today as Oneida Limited
• Without the religious beliefs
Perfectionism, continued
1907 photo of the old Oneida
community
Flatware serving set
made by the Oneida
Limited company
John Humphrey
Noyes
Amana Colonies
• Founded in Europe by Eberhard Gruber and
Johann Rock
• Called themselves Inspirationalists
– Believed common people could be “inspired” to speak
the word of God
• Did not send children to religious schools
– Homeschooled instead
– Persecuted by German Lutherans because of this
• Believed in pacifism—refused to fight in wars
• Moved to the US in 1842
– Eventually settled in Iowa
Amana Colonies, continued
• Each of the multiple colony towns was carefully
planned out
• Marriages were regulated by the colony councils
– Men required to be 24, couples had to be approved and
wait a year to be married
• Meals were eaten together as a community
– Groups of up to 35 all ate at one time
• To support the colonies, the people worked to create
goods to sell
– Only bought what they could not produce themselves and
was deemed necessary
• Wool, grease/oil, pipes, etc.
• Colonies lasted this way until 1932
– Great Depression required changes
Amana Colonies, continued
Modern sign marking the
Amana area
Air conditioning unit
created by the Amana
Corporation. The
corporation was made
by the colonies during
the Great Depression