Name: _____________________
Date: _______________
Biology Mid-Term Study Guide
Date of midterm exam:________________
Time of midterm exam: _____________
DON’T BE LATE!
This study guide packet is due the day of the mid-term exam. You
must complete it and bring it with you when you come to take the test.
The following review covers the chapters in the first nine weeks. To properly prepare
for the exam you should:
1. Complete and Review this packet
2. Organize and review your notes
3. Review old tests & study packets
Bring to the exam: A #2 pencil with an eraser.
Good Luck!
Remember: Your exam accounts for 15% of your 9 weeks grade!
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
1. List the 8 characteristics of all living things:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
2. What is biology?
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Define sexual and asexual reproduction.
Experimental Design
5. Read the experimental design and answer the questions:
A group of students was trying to determine which type of soil would rose bushes
grow the tallest in. They had five rose bushes that they planted in five different types
of soil. The size of the pots were the same, they were watered the same amount
and kept in the same light and temperature conditions.
a. What was the problem?
b. What was the independent variable?
c. What was the dependent variable?
6. Another group of students were trying to determine at what temperature a newly
discovered fish will thrive. They set up four different aquariums and kept each at
different temperatures. They put 100 fish in each tank and then counted how many
were alive at the end of a week.
a. What was the problem?
b. What was the independent variable?
c. What was the dependent variable?
d. What conditions need to be kept constant during the experiment?
7. Using the scenario below answer questions 1-10.
Kari has been doing research on a new chemical to help tomato plants grow and
produce bigger, healthier tomatoes. Kari hypothesized that the new chemical would
increase plant growth producing larger tomatoes. She needed to set up an experiment
to test the new organic fertilizer. Kari set up her experiment in a greenhouse with the
same species of tomato plant in 5 small flats. She kept all conditions the same such as
humidity, temperature, soil, amount of water, etc.. Listed below is how she administered
the fertilizer and the data she collected after six months.
Plant trays
Amount of fertilizer per day Growth of plant Color of plant
1
4 mL
2 inches
Green
2
6 mL
5 inches
Green
3
8 mL
6 inches
Greenish-Yellow
4
10 mL
9 inches
Yellow
5
0 mL
3 inches
Green
Identify the following:
1. Control group(s)?
_______________________________________________
2. Experimental group(s)? ________________________________________________
3. Controlled variable(s)? _________________________________________________
4. Independent variable? _________________________________________________
5. Dependent variable? __________________________________________________
8. Why did Kari only test one variable in this experiment? _______________________
9. What was the purpose of the control(s) group in this experiment? _______________
_____________________________________
Microscopes
1. Label the diagram of the microscope.
4. What is the proper way to carry a microscope?
5. What power objective should you always start on?
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
1. Give the location and charges of the 3 subatomic particles in an atom.
2. What is an isotope?
3. What is the atomic number of an atom? What is the atomic mass of an atom?
4. What is the pH scale? Draw the scale and show where acids and bases are
located.
5. What is a catalyst?
Organic Chemistry:
1. What is an organic compound?
Fill out the following table about organic compounds:
Organic
Monomer
Examples:
Where is it found in Draw it:
Compound:
(small unit)
the body?
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
2. Identify the following as a nucleic acid, protein, lipid, or carbohydrate:
A
C
B
E
D
3. What is an enzyme?
4. What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity? Use the following terms in your
description (active site, enzyme, products, substrate) and label below.
5. For each of the following statements, label as true or false
_____ a. Enzymes are types of proteins
_____ b. Enzymes slow down the rate of chemical reactions
_____ c. Each enzyme is specific, it only works on one type of substance
_____ d. Enzymes become denatured (melt) at high temperatures
_____ e. Enzymes work best at a narrow pH range
_____ f. Enzymes can not be reused.
_____ g. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids
_____ h. Proteins are made in the mitochondria of cells
_____ i. Proteins make up our blood, hair, skin, heart, muscles, and bones
6. Use the graphs above to answer the questions:
a. Does enzyme number one function at a pH of 5.5? ______
b. What is the best pH for enzyme number two? _______
c. Which enzyme has the broadest ph range? ___________
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
1. What is a cell?
2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
3. What is a prokaryotic cell? What is a eukaryotic cell?
4. What are three differences between a plant cell and an animal cell?
5. Matching: Next to each organelle, write the letter of its function
______ mitochondria
a. where proteins are made
______ cell membrane
b. site of photosynthesis in plants, contain chlorophyll
______ cell wall
c. transport system of the cell
______endoplasmic reticulum
d. provides support and protection for plant cell
______nucleus
e. storage area for the cells
______ vacuole
f. powerhouse of the cell, makes energy
______chloroplasts
______ribosome
h. control center of the cell, contains the genetic
information
i.
is selectively permeable, controls what goes in
and out of the cell
6. Explain the function of the Golgi apparatus, lysosome, and cytoskeleton.
7. Label the diagrams of the cells below:
Animal Cell:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Plant Cell:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
8. What does selectively permeable mean?
9. What types of organic molecules make up a cell membrane?
10. Label the parts of the membrane:
11. What is the function of the cell membrane?
12. What is diffusion?
13. What is equilibrium?
14. What is osmosis?
15. Define the following terms: isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution.
Label each picture (they are NOT in the above order!!!):
16. What is active transport?
17. What type of organic molecule is needed for active transport?
18. What is endocytosis and exocytosis?
19. What is the difference between diffusion and active transport?
Chapter 8 & 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. Define photosynthesis.
2. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
3. Where does photosynthesis occur?
4. What type of organisms carry out photosynthesis?
5. What is the most important energy molecule in organisms?
6. Does respiration require oxygen?
7. What are the two types of fermentation that do not require oxygen? Define them.
8. What type of respiration yields more ATP?
9. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
10. Where does respiration occur in the cell?
11. What type of organisms carry out cellular respiration?
Chapter 12 - DNA
1. What are the 2 types of nucleic acids? ___________
______________
2. _____________ are a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein.
3. A __________________ is the basic building block of DNA & RNA.
4. What are the 3 parts that make up the nucleotides of a nucleic acid?
a.
b.
c.
9. What is the name of the bond formed between the nitrogen bases called? _______________
_____________
11. How are RNA and DNA different? How are they similar?
12. Find the complimentary strand.
a. DNA strand
DNA strand
AATGCAT
b. DNA strand
CCGATA
DNA strand
13. ____________________ occurs when DNA makes a copy of itself to form 2 new strands of
DNA.
14. Identify as a section of DNA or RNA or Both.
a. ATCT ______
b. AGGCU _____
c. AGGCA _____
d. UAUU ______
15. _____________________ is a type of RNA that carries genetic message of DNA into
cytoplasm.
16. _____________________ is a type of RNA that brings amino acids to mRNA in ribosome
for protein synthesis.
17. ______________________ is a type of RNA that helps mRNA and tRNA come together to
make a protein.
18. _______________________ occurs when mRNA makes a copy of DNA and takes this
copy to the ribosome.
19. _______________________ occurs when mRNA is decoded while bonded to tRNA to
build a protein.
20. ______ nucleotides = ______ codon.
21. What amino acids are coded for by the following mRNA strand? (use chart in textbook)
AUG – CCC - ACU – GAU – GGA – CUU – AUU - UGA
22. Use the section of DNA to figure out the amino acids that will be formed during protein
synthesis
DNA
A
mRNA
**Use the mRNA to determine the amino acid sequence.
amino acid (use mRNA)
T
T
C
G
A
23. A ________________ is a mistake or change in the DNA sequence.
24. A ________________ mutation is a change to a single base pair that changes an amino
acid in a protein.
25. A ________________ mutation is an addition or deletion of one or more bases that
changes all the resulting amino acids.
What process is
happening at X?
What process is
happening at Y?
Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction
1. What is a chromosome?
Label the diagram---
2. What is mitosis?
3. What is a centromere?
4. What are the 3 parts of interphase? What happens in each one?
Match the picture on the right to the description on the left for each stage of mitosis:
INTERPHASE
 Longest stage
 Nucleolus and nuclear membrane
disappear
 Chromosomes look like tangled threads
 Centrioles together
PROPHASE
 Chromosomes pair up
 Centrioles move to opposite sides of
the cell
METAPHASE
 Chromosomes line up in the middle
Of the cell
ANAPHASE
 Chromosome pairs pull apart and move
To opposite sides of the cell
TELOPHASE
 The chromosomes are at opposite sides of the cell
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears
a. What happens during cytokinesis?
b. What is different with cytokinesis in plant cells?
1. What are homologous chromosomes?
2. What does diploid mean? Give the diploid number for humans.
3. What does haploid mean? Give the haploid number for humans.
4. What is meiosis?
5. What are gametes?
6. What are the steps of meiosis? List and describe all of them.
Label the phases:
7. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
8. What is cancer?