Documentation Exercises
MLA Documentation for In-Text Citations
Documenting Sources for MLA: In-Text Citations
Each item contains a sample student in-text citation based on a quotation from the original
passage listed above it. After reading each in-text citation, highlight Correct Usage if the
item conforms to MLA style; highlight Incorrect Usage if the item does not conform to MLA
style.
Example:
The source is "The History of Ash Heaps," an article by Kevin Baker on page 12 of section 4
of the New York Times, January 5, 2003.
Kevin Baker (2003) points out, "By the 1800s, the muck in lower Manhattan was reportedly
as much as two to three feet deep in the wintertime" (12).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
1. The source is "The History of Ash Heaps," an article by Kevin Baker on page 12 of section
4 of the New York Times, January 5, 2003.
"Right from the beginning, the burghers of Old New Amsterdam were embroiled in battles to
keep residents from simply throwing their garbage and the contents of their chamber pots
into the streets," notes Kevin Baker (New York Times, 12).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
2. The source is "The History of Ash Heaps," an article by Kevin Baker on page 12 of section
4 of the New York Times, January 5, 2003.
After New York City had cleaned the streets for the first time, an old woman is supposed to
have said, "I never knew that the streets were covered with stones before" (qtd. in Baker
12).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
3. The source is the New York Times editorial "Back to the United Nations" on page A40 on
February 13, 2003. There is no author listed.
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Documentation Exercises
The option given Saddam Hussein by the United Nations and the United States today
"leaves Iraq with little incentive to do anything but stall." (New York Times A40)
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
4. The source is the online article "Buddhist Retreat: Why I Gave Up on Finding My Religion"
by John Horgan from Slate.com, posted February 12, 2003.
Buddhists in America often distance themselves from defining Buddhism as a religion and
emphasize that it is more a way of finding spiritual balance (Horgan).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
5. The source is bell hooks’s essay "Talking Back" on page 207 of Gloria Anzaldúa's Making
Face, Making Soul.
For many women, domination is exemplified in submission to silence, or "the right speech of
womanhood" (207).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
6. The source is Thomas Friedman's editorial "Present at . . . What?" on page A20 of the
New York Times from February 12, 2003. This is the second Friedman source in this paper.
Friedman opines that for a successful rebuilding of Iraq, military intervention must be "the
product of an international decision, not an American whim" ("Present" A20).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
7. The source is the book Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, published by Bantam Classics in
1981. This quotation appears on page 127.
Mr. Rochester chastises Jane, saying that "remorse is the poison of life" (127, ch. 14).
Correct Usage
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Documentation Exercises
Incorrect Usage
8. The source is the book The 20th Century: A Brief Global History, page 113, by Richard
Goff, Walter Moss, Janice Terry, and Jiu-Hwa Upshun, published by McGraw-Hill in 2003.
Because of its late entry into World War II, the United States military suffered significantly
fewer combat deaths than the other Allied Powers (Goff et al. 113).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
9. The source is the book There Are No Children Here, page x, by Alex Kotlowitz, published
by Random House in 1992.
Alex Kotlowitz, in There Are No Children Here, sums up the lives of children in an inner-city
housing project with one boy's statement: "If I grow up, I'd like to be a bus driver." (x)
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
10. The source is the article "What Global Language?" by Barbara Wallraff in the November
2000 issue of Atlantic Monthly, volume 286, number 5, pages 52-66.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
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Documentation Exercises
MLA Documentation for Works Cited
Documenting Sources for MLA: Works Cited
Below are quotations and paraphrases from a student paper that uses MLA-style
documentation. After each citation are possible entries for the list of works cited. Highlight
the entry that uses MLA style correctly.
Example
The student is quoting from page 45 of a book called The Devil's Flu by Pete Davies,
published in New York in 2000 by Henry Holt and Company.
In-Text Citation:
Davies points out that during the 1918 influenza pandemic, "The United States is reckoned
to have lost somewhere from half a million to 650,000 people—more souls than that nation
has lost in every war it's fought this century put together" (45).
Works Cited:
a. Davies, Pete. The Devil's Flu. New York: Henry Holt, 2000. Print.
b. Davies, Pete, The Devil's Flu, Henry Holt: New York, 2000. Print
1. The student is quoting from page 608 of The Global Past by Lanny B. Fields, Russell J.
Barber, and Cheryl A. Riggs, a book published in Boston by Bedford Books in 1998.
In-Text Citation:
As Fields, Barber, and Riggs note, "Although there are very few known cases of intentional
infection of American Indians with diseases, rampant epidemics were an important ally in
the European conquest of the Americas" (608).
Works Cited:
a. Fields, Lanny B., Russell J. Barber, and Cheryl A. Riggs. The Global Past. Boston:
Bedford, 1998. Print.
b. Fields, Lanny B., Barber, Russell J., and Riggs, Cheryl A. The Global Past. Boston:
Bedford, 1998. Print.
2. The student is quoting from page 11 of the fourth edition of The American Promise by
James L. Roark, Michael P. Johnson, Patricia Cline Cohen, Sarah Stage, and Susan M.
Hartmann, a book published in Boston by Bedford/St. Martin's in 2009.
In-Text Citation:
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Documentation Exercises
The arrival of Europeans in the New World brought "Old World microorganisms that caused
epidemics of smallpox, measles, and other diseases that killed the vast majority of Indian
peoples during the sixteenth century and continued to decimate survivors in later centuries"
(Roark, Johnson, Cohen, Stage, and Hartmann 11).
Works Cited:
a. Roark, James L., et al. The American Promise. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2009. Print.
b. Roark, James L., Michael P. Johnson, Patricia Cline Cohen, Sarah Stage, and Susan M.
Hartmann. The American Promise. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford, 2009.
3. The student is quoting from page 2 of the introduction to Plagues and Peoples by William
H. McNeill, a book published in 1976 by Anchor Press, which is an imprint of Doubleday,
based in Garden City, New York. The introduction is also by McNeill.
In-Text Citation:
To explain why the Central American peoples abandoned their old religions after suffering
through the smallpox epidemic imported by Europeans, McNeill emphasizes the
"psychological implications of a disease that killed only Indians and left Spaniards
unharmed" (2).
Works Cited:
a. McNeill, William H. Introduction. Plagues and Peoples. By McNeill. New York: AnchorDoubleday, 1976. Print.
b. McNeill, William H. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Doubleday, 1976. Print.
4. The student is quoting lines 5 and 6 of a poem, "Saturday: The Small-Pox," by Lady Mary
Wortley Montagu. The poem is found in a book called Eighteenth-Century Women Poets,
edited by Roger Lonsdale and published in Oxford by Oxford University Press in 1989.
In-Text Citation:
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whose famously beautiful face was ravaged by smallpox,
lamented the changes brought by the disease: "How I am changed! alas! how I am grown /
A frightful spectre, to myself unknown!" (lines 5-6).
Works Cited:
a. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. "Saturday: The Small-Pox." Eighteenth-Century Women
Poets. Ed. Roger Lonsdale. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989. 56-58. Print.
b. Lonsdale, Roger, ed. "Saturday: The Small-Pox." By Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1989. 56-58. Print.
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Documentation Exercises
5. The student is quoting from page A22 of a newspaper article, "Scientists Favoring
Cautious Approach to Smallpox Shots," by Denise Grady. The article begins on page A1 of
the late edition of the New York Times from December 20, 2002.
In-Text Citation:
A survey conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health found most Americans worried
more about smallpox vaccinations than about the disease. However, as Grady reports,
"there is no treatment for smallpox, and in past outbreaks the disease has killed about 30
percent of those infected, while leaving many survivors blind or scarred" (A22).
Works Cited:
a. Grady, Denise. "Scientists Favoring Cautious Approach to Smallpox Shots." New York
Times Dec. 20, 2002: A1, A22. Print.
b. Grady, Denise. "Scientists Favoring Cautious Approach to Smallpox Shots." New York
Times 20 Dec. 2002, late ed.: A1+. Print.
6. The student is quoting from a letter to the editor of the New York Times written by David
S. Perlin and published on page A38 of the late edition on December 26, 2002.
In-Text Citation: David S. Perlin, the scientific director of the Public Health Research
Institute, argues that "mass smallpox vaccination is problematic and barely holds up to riskbenefit analysis" (A38).
Works Cited:
a. Perlin, David. "Letter." New York Times 26 December 2002, late edition: A38. Print.
b. Perlin, David S. Letter. New York Times 26 Dec. 2002, late ed.: A38. Print.
7. The student is quoting from an online version of a newspaper article, "Health Officials
Fear Local Impact of Smallpox Plan," by Lawrence K. Altman and Anahad O'Connor. The
article appeared on the New York Times Web site, sponsored by the New York Times, on
January 5, 2003, and was accessed January 7, 2003. The article is found at
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/05/national/05VACC.html.
In-Text Citation:
While public health officials want to be prepared for all emergencies, money is a problem, as
Lawrence K. Altman and Anahad O'Connor note: "In recent years, many expert panels have
warned that budget cuts were causing the nation's public health system to crumble. On top
of traditional services for mothers and children, health departments have had to apply more
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Documentation Exercises
sophisticated laboratory techniques and newer methods to counter the resurgence of
tuberculosis and to keep other infectious diseases in check."
Works Cited:
a. Altman, Lawrence K., and Anahad O'Connor. "Health Officials Fear Local Impact of
Smallpox Plan." New York Times. New York Times, 5 Jan. 2003. Web. 7 Jan. 2003.
b. Altman, Lawrence K., and Anahad O'Connor. "Health Officials Fear Local Impact of
Smallpox Plan." New York Times 5 Jan. 2003
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/05/national/05VACC.html.
8. The student is quoting from an article, "The Public and the Smallpox Threat," by Robert J.
Blendon, Catherine M. DesRoches, John M. Benson, Melissa J. Herrmann, Kalahn TaylorClark, and Kathleen J. Weldon in the online version of the January 30, 2002 issue (volume
348, number 5) of the scholarly journal, the New England Journal of Medicine. The article
was published online at http://nejm.org/earlyrelease/early.asp on December 19, 2002, and
accessed January 8, 2003.
In-Text Citation:
The New England Journal of Medicine has noted the importance of physicians in public
perceptions of smallpox vaccination, saying, "If the threat of a smallpox attack increases,
Americans' individual decisions about vaccination will be strongly influenced by what
practicing physicians choose to do. If physicians are reluctant to be vaccinated, large
numbers of Americans will be unwilling to do it voluntarily" (Blendon, DesRoches, Benson,
Herrmann, Taylor-Clark, and Weldon).
Works Cited:
a. Blendon, Robert J., Catherine M. DesRoches, John M. Benson, Melissa J. Herrmann,
Kalahn Taylor-Clark, and Kathleen J. Weldon. "The Public and the Smallpox Threat." New
England Journal of Medicine 30 Jan. 2003. 8 Jan. 2003.
b. Blendon, Robert J., Catherine M. DesRoches, John M. Benson, Melissa J. Herrmann,
Kalahn Taylor-Clark, and Kathleen J. Weldon. "The Public and the Smallpox Threat." New
England Journal of Medicine 348.5 (2003): n. pag. Web. 8 Jan. 2003.
9. The student is citing a document, Protecting Americans: Smallpox Vaccination Program,
from a U.S. government agency, the Centers for Disease Control. The document is found on
the CDC Web site at http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/ vaccination/vaccinationprogram-statement.asp, posted December 13, 2002, and accessed January 7, 2003. No
author is listed for the document.
In-Text Citation:
The Centers for Disease Control Web site announces, "Although there is no reason to
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Documentation Exercises
believe that smallpox presents an imminent threat, the attacks of September and October
2001, have heightened concern that terrorists may have access to the virus and attempt to
use it against the American public" (United States).
Works Cited:
a. U. S. Centers for Disease Control. Protecting Americans: Smallpox Vaccination Program.
CDC, 13 Dec. 2002. 7 Jan. 2003 http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/
vaccination/vaccination-program-statement.asp.
b. United States. Centers for Disease Control. Protecting Americans: Smallpox Vaccination
Program. CDC, 13 Dec. 2002. Web. 7 Jan. 2003.
10. The student is quoting from a review of two books, The Demon in the Freezer: A True
Story, by Richard Preston, and Federal Bodysnatchers and the New Guinea Virus: People,
Parasites, Politics, by Robert S. Desowitz. The review, "Bugs without Borders," by Helen
Epstein, appeared on pages 20-23 of the New York Review of Books on January 16, 2003.
In-Text Citation:
Helen Epstein argues that "activities underway in America's biodefense labs come . . .
[close] to, if they do not exceed, the limits set by the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons
Convention" (20).
Works Cited:
a. Epstein, Helen. "Bugs without Borders." Rev. of The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story,
by Richard Preston, and Federal Bodysnatchers and the New Guinea Virus: People,
Parasites, Politics, by Robert S. Desowitz. New York Review of Books 16 Jan. 2003: 20-23.
Print.
b. Epstein, Helen. "Bugs without Borders." New York Review of Books 16 Jan. 2003: 20-23.
Print.
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Documentation Exercises
APA Documentation for In-Text Citations
Documenting Sources for APA: In-Text Citations
Each student sample contains a quotation from the original passage below. After reading
each item, highlight Correct Usage if the item uses APA style correctly; highlight Incorrect
Usage if the item uses APA style incorrectly.
1. The source is Mean Genes, a book by Terry Burnham and Jay Phelan, pages 15-16,
published in 2000 by Penguin.
The savings rate in the United States hit a historic low in February 2000 (Burnham & Phelan
2000).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
2. The source is "Eyes Wide Open," an article by Jerome Groopman from the New Yorker,
pages 52-57, published on December 3, 2001.
John Carney, a researcher working with the Department of Defense on sleep deprivation
studies, explained that dolphins' brains sleep one half at a time, thereby allowing them to
stay continually awake (55).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
3. The sources are an editorial entitled "Is Bush's Hydrogen Car Plan Just Hot Air?" by Ellen
Goodman from the Boston Globe, February 13, 2003, page A23, and an editorial entitled "A
Bad Element" by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. from the New York Times online on February 15,
2003.
The most common criticism of Bush's hydrogen car plan is that he prefers investing millions
in a prospective alternative energy solution that is decades away from public use rather
than supporting current technology that car makers oppose. (Goodman, A23; Kennedy, 4)
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
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Documentation Exercises
4. The source is an article, "Resolving the Debate Over Birth Order, Family Size, and
Intelligence," by Joseph Lee Rodgers, H. Harrington Cleveland, Edwin van den Oord, and
David Rowe, from the June 2000 issue of American Psychologist, volume 55, pages 599612.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
5. The source is an article, "Altered Brain Response to Verbal Learning Following Sleep
Deprivation" by Sean P. A. Drummond, Gregory G. Brown, J. Christian Gillin, John L.
Stricker, Eric C. Wong, and Richard B. Buxton in Nature, February 10, 2000, volume 403,
pages 655-657.
Drummond, Brown, Gillin, Stricker, Wong and Buxton (2000) report that "[Sleep
deprivation] has been reported to impair performance on cognitive tasks, including verbal
learning tasks, that are putatively dependent upon [pre-frontal cortex] involvement."
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
6. The source is The Centers for Disease Control Web page on antibiotic resistance at
http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community.
This campaign reports that "while antibiotics should be used to treat bacterial infections,
they are not effective against viral infections like the common cold, most sore throats, and
the flu" (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2003, para. 3).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
7. The source is "The Black Gender Gap" by Ellis Cose in Newsweek, March 3, 2003, found
online at http://www.msnbc.com/news/875614.asp
In profiling the success of the African American woman in American society, Ellis (2003,
para. 5) points to the noticeable rise in the numbers of African American women completing
high school and college and the growing disparity between them and their male
counterparts.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
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Documentation Exercises
8. The source is "Deep thinkers missing in action" by Mark Clayton in the Christian Science
Monitor, on January 21, 2003, found online at http://www.csmonitor.com/
2003/0121/p17s02-lehl.html. Clayton is quoting President Freeman Hrabowski of the
University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Anti-intellectualism on campuses is epitomized by the celebration of athletic victories and
not academic achievements. "How often do you hear about a university known for sending
large numbers of students on to graduate programs, professional schools, or community
service?" (Clayton, para. 4).
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
9. The source is a personal email from Professor Randy Jackson to the student writer, sent
on January 24, 2003.
A new study by Jackson has confirmed the original hypothesis. (Jackson, 2003)
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
10. The source is the article "Longevity Increased by Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging" by
Martin D. Slade, Suzanne R. Kunkel, Stanislav V. Kasl, and Becca R. Levy in the Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, August 2002, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 261-270.
This study by Slade, Kunkel, Kasl, and Levy (2002, p. 261) hypothesizes that positive
perceptions of aging, despite widespread stereotypes of the process, can both lengthen a
person's life span and increase physical well-being in his or her later years.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
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Documentation Exercises
APA Documentation for a List of References
Documenting Sources for APA: List of References
Below are citations from a student paper that uses APA-style documentation. After each
citation are possible entries for the list of references. Highlight the entry that uses APA style
correctly.
Example:
The student is citing information found in a book, Fast Food Nation, by Eric Schlosser. It was
published in Boston by Houghton Mifflin Co. in 2001.
In-Text Citation:
Schlosser (2001) noted the connection between outsized portions and the increasing
waistlines of the American public.
List of References:
a. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
b. Schlosser, E. (2001). Fast food nation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
1. The student is quoting from page 153 of a book, Health in the New Millennium, by Jeffrey
S. Nevid, Spencer A. Rathus, and Hannah R. Rubenstein. The book was published in New
York by Worth Publishers in 1998.
In-Text Citation:
As Nevid, Rathus, and Rubenstein (1998) argued, "Modern civilization bombards us with
external food cues" (p. 153).
List of References:
a. Nevid, J. S., S. A. Rathus, and H. R. Rubenstein. (1998). Health in the
new millennium. New York, NY: Worth.
b. Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Rubenstein, H. R. (1998). Health in the new
millennium. New York, NY: Worth.
2. The student is citing information found in the third edition of a book, Sociology, by Ian
Robertson. The book was published in New York by Worth Publishers in 1987.
In-Text Citation:
Robertson (1987) argued that obesity, once seen as a personal failing, has evolved into a
medical issue.
List of References:
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Documentation Exercises
a. Robertson, I. (1987). Sociology. New York, NY: Worth.
b. Robertson, I. (1987). Sociology (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Worth.
3. The student is quoting from page 38 of a book, Mean Genes, by Terry Burnham and Jay
Phelan. It was published in Cambridge, Massachusetts, by Perseus Publishing in 2000.
In-Text Citation:
Burnham and Phelan (2000) claimed that "hunger was a survival-enhancing feature in our
genetic programming" (p. 38).
List of References:
a. Burnham, T., & Phelan, J. (2000). Mean genes. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
b. Burnham, T., & Phelan, J. (2000). Mean genes. Cambridge: Perseus
Publishing.
4. The student is citing information found in an abstract from the Web site of the Journal of
the American Medical Association. The authors of the article, "The Spread of the Obesity
Epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998," are Ali H. Mokdad, Mary K. Serdula, William H.
Dietz, Barbara A. Bowman, James S. Marks, and Jeffrey P. Koplan. The article appeared in
volume 282, number 16 (the October 27, 1999, issue), pages 1519-1522, of the Journal of
the American Medical Association, and the abstract was retrieved on January 9, 2003, from
the JAMA database: it does not have a DOI or document number.
In-Text Citation:
According to research done by Mokdad et al. (1999), obesity rates in the United States
increased tremendously–in one state, more than one hundred percent–in less than a
decade.
List of References:
a. Mokdad, A. H., et al. (1999). The spread of the obesity epidemic in the
United States, 1991-1998. Journal of the American Medical Association,
282(16), 1519-1522. Retrieved from the JAMA database.
b. Mokdad, A. H., Serdula, M. K., Dietz, W. H., Bowman, B. A., Marks, J.
S. & Koplan, J. P. (1999). The spread of the obesity epidemic in the
United States, 1991-1998. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 282(16), 1519-1522. Abstract retrieved from the JAMA
database.
5. The student is quoting from an online document, Obesity Epidemic Increases
Dramatically in the United States, retrieved from the Web site of the Centers for Disease
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Documentation Exercises
Control. No author is listed. The document is dated September 21, 2002, and the URL is
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity-epidemic.htm.
In-Text Citation:
The Centers for Disease Control (2002) found that "a major contributor to obesity–physical
inactivity–has not changed substantially between 1991 and 1998."
List of References:
a. Centers for Disease Control. (2002, September 21). Obesity epidemic
increases dramatically in the United States. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/ nccdphp/dnpa/obesity-epidemic.htm
b. Anonymous. (2002, September 21). Obesity epidemic increases dramatically
in the United States. Retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control Web site
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obesity-epidemic.htm
6. The student is citing a review by Michael Pollan titled "You Want Fries with That?" This
review of the book Fat Land by Greg Critser appeared on page 6 of the New York Times
Book Review on January 13, 2003.
In-Text Citation:
Pollan (2003) explained that the overabundance of cheap food in the United States has led
to overconsumption by adults and children alike, with the result that Type 2 diabetes—
formerly called "adult onset diabetes"—affects increasing numbers of American children and
teenagers.
List of References:
a. Pollan, M. (2003, January 13). You want fries with that? [Review of the
book Fat land, by G. Critser]. New York Times Book Review, p. 6.
b. Pollan, M., & Critser, G. (2003, January 13). You want fries with that?
New York Times Book Review, p. 6.
7. The student is citing information from an article, "Eat Your Vegetables? Only at a Few
Schools," by Elizabeth Becker and Marian Burros. It appeared on pages A1 and A14 of the
New York Times on January 13, 2003.
In-Text Citation:
Becker and Burros (2003) have observed that meals served in public schools frequently
contain too much fat and offer few—or no—fresh fruits and vegetables.
List of References:
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Documentation Exercises
a. Becker, E., & M. Burros. (2003, Jan. 13). Eat your vegetables? Only at a
few schools. The New York Times, pp. A1+.
b. Becker, E., & Burros, M. (2003, Jan. 13). Eat your vegetables? Only at a
few schools. The New York Times, pp. A1, A14.
8. The student is quoting from an article, "The Impact of Public Schools on Childhood
Obesity," by Robert Colin Carter. The article appeared in the Medical Student Journal of the
American Medical Association, volume 288, number 17 (November 6, 2002) and was
retrieved from the journal's Web site on January 14, 2003.The article does not have a DOI
or document number, but the URL is http://jama.amaassn.org/cgi/content/full/288/17/2180.
In-Text Citation:
Carter (2002) found that "the total and saturated fat contents of meals provided by most
schools exceed the limits required by the NSLP [National School Lunch Program]."
List of References:
a. Carter, R. C. (2002). The Impact of Public Schools on Childhood Obesity.
Medical Student Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(17).
Retrieved from http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/17/2180
b. Carter, R. C. (2002). The impact of public schools on childhood obesity.
Medical Student Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(17).
Retrieved from http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/17/2180
9. The student is citing information from a letter to the editor of the New York Times. The
letter, by Patricia Sette, appeared on page A26 of the newspaper on January 14, 2003.
In-Text Citation:
Sette (2003) argued that the problem of school lunches that contain too much fat and too
little nutrition could easily be solved if parents packed a nutritious lunch at home for their
children.
List of References:
a. Sette, P. (2003, January 14.) [Letter to the editor.] The New York Times,
p. A26.
b. Sette, P. (2003, January 14). [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times,
p. A26.
10. The student is citing information from an article, "Low Fat? The Kids Aren't Buying," by
Dan Freedman. It appeared in the Albany Times Union on September 22, 2002, and the
student retrieved it on January 13, 2003, from
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Documentation Exercises
http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=57886.
In-Text Citation:
According to Freedman (2002), school cafeteria managers argue that high-fat foods are the
only choices popular enough with students to keep them from bringing their own lunches,
thereby causing the schools to lose some of their government funding, which is based on
the number of lunches the cafeteria provides.
List of References:
a. Freedman, D. (2002, September 22). Low fat? The kids aren't buying. Albany
Times Union. Retrieved from
http://www.timesunion.com/AspStories/story.asp?storyID=57886
b. Freedman, D. (2002, September 22). Low fat? The kids aren't buying
[Electronic version]. Albany Times Union.
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Documentation Exercises
Chicago Documentation for In-Text Citations
Documenting Sources for Chicago Style: In-Text Citations
Each student sample contains a quotation or paraphrase from the original source below.
After reading each item, highlight Correct Usage if the item uses Chicago style correctly;
highlight Incorrect Usage if the item uses Chicago style incorrectly.
Original Source
The basic story—a journey hatched by men of the Enlightenment who were rescued time
and again by people who had never heard of the new nation on the eastern shore—
continues to fascinate. Historians say more was known about the moon before Neil
Armstrong touched down on the Sea of Tranquility in 1969 than was known about the land
between the Mississippi and the Pacific in 1803.
When the expedition was conceived, the West was mostly French and Spanish territory,
inhabited by hundreds of Indian nations. With the Louisiana Purchase later in 1803,
Jefferson doubled the size of the American territory, paying $15 million to relieve
Napoleon's France of what would become all or part of 13 American states.
The Corps failed in its basic mission: to find a water passage connecting the two shores.
What was thought to be a simple portage over a gentle mountain range turned out to be [a]
near-ruinous slog over the rugged spine of the continent.
Along the way, Lewis and Clark recorded 178 plants and 122 animals previously unknown to
science. They were the first Americans to describe grizzly bears, bighorn sheep, even
cutthroat trout, which are named for Clark. They lost only one man, who died early of
possible complications from an infected appendix, and killed two during a skirmish with
Blackfeet Indians in Montana.
—From page A12 of "Recalling a Storied Trek to Parts Unknown," by Timothy Egan, a New
York Times article that begins on page A1 of the newspaper for January 18, 2003.
In-Text Citation:
Egan notes that Lewis and Clark's expedition contributed to zoological and botanical
knowledge.11
Note:
11
Egan, Timothy. "Recalling a Storied Trek to Parts Unknown." New York Times 18 January
2003, sec. A.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
1. This is the first reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
Egan observes that Lewis and Clark "lost only one man, who died early of possible
complications from an infected appendix, and killed two during a skirmish with Blackfeet
Indians in Montana."1
Note:
1. Timothy Egan, "Recalling a Storied Trek to Parts Unknown," New York Times, 18
January 2003, sec. A, p. 12.
17 of 32
Documentation Exercises
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
2. This is the first reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
As they crossed the then-unknown portion of the continent, Lewis and Clark introduced
scientists to 178 plants and 122 animals native to North America.2
Note:
2. Timothy Egan, "Recalling a Storied Trek to Parts Unknown," New York Times, 18
January 2003, sec. A, p. 12, January 18, 2003.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
3. This is the second reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
When Lewis and Clark's expedition was being planned, most of what is now the American
West was controlled by either the French or the Spanish.4
Note:
4. Egan, "Recalling a Storied Trek," A12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
4. This is the second reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
Lewis and Clark were the first people to make a written record of their encounters with
grizzly bears and bighorn sheep.3
Note:
3. Egan, "Recalling a Storied Trek," p. A12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
18 of 32
Documentation Exercises
5. This is the third reference to this source in a paper, and it immediately follows the second
reference.
In-Text Citation:
As Egan says, the original purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to find a northwest
passage to the Pacific, but on this point the explorers failed.5
Note:
5. Ibid., A12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
6. This is the third reference to this source in a student's paper, and another source has
been cited between this reference and the previous reference to this source.
In-Text Citation:
Lewis and Clark apparently expected an easy passage across the Rocky Mountains.6
Note:
6. Ibid., A12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
7. This is the first reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
Egan observes that the members of the Lewis and Clark expedition "were rescued time and
again by people who had never heard of the new nation on the eastern shore."7
Note:
7. Egan, Timothy. "Recalling a Storied Trek to Parts Unknown." New York Times 18
January 2003. Sec. A, p. 12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
8. This is the first reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
19 of 32
Documentation Exercises
As Egan reports, only one member of the Lewis and Clark expedition died on the trip, and
his death was due to illness.8
Note:
8. Egan, Timothy, "Recalling a Storied Trek to Parts Unknown," New York Times 18
January 2003, sec. A, p. 1, 12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
9. This is the first reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
The expedition did have violent encounters, killing two members of Montana's Blackfeet
tribe, but Lewis and Clark reported causing no other deaths.9
Note:
9. Egan, "Recalling a Storied Trek," A12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
10. This is the first reference to this source in a student's paper.
In-Text Citation:
According to Egan, historians believe that more was known about the moon before the 1969
landing than anyone knew about what is now the American West before Lewis and Clark
crossed it.10
Note:
10. Timothy Egan, "Recalling a Storied Trek to Parts Unknown," New York Times, 18
January 2003, sec. A, p. 12.
Correct Usage
Incorrect Usage
20 of 32
Documentation Exercises
Chicago Documentation for a Bibliography
Documenting Sources for Chicago Style: Bibliography
Below are citations from a student paper that uses Chicago-style documentation. After each
citation are possible entries for the bibliography. Highlight the entry that uses Chicago style
correctly.
Example:
The quotation comes from the book The Age of Reform, by Richard Hofstadter. It was
published in 1955 in New York by Vintage Books, a division of Random House.
In-Text Citation:
Hofstadter explains that Woodrow Wilson's refusal to pardon Eugene V. Debs "merely
expressed the political absolutism of a style of thought whose exponents intended to wipe
out every vestige of sympathy with Bolshevism."1
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform. New York: Random House, Vintage
Books, 1955.
b. Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform, New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1955.
1. The quotation comes from the fourth edition of a book, The American Promise: A History
of the United States, by James L. Roark, Michael P. Johnson, Patricia Cline Cohen, Sarah
Stage, and Susan M. Hartmann. The book was published in Boston by Bedford/St. Martin's
in 2009.
In-Text Citation:
According to Roark, Johnson, Cohen, Stage, Lawson, and Hartmann, "At the heart of the
labor problems at Pullman lay not only economic inequity but the company's attempt to
control the work process, substituting piecework for day wages and undermining the skilled
craftsworkers."1
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Roark, James L., Johnson, Michael P., Cohen, Patricia Cline, Stage, Sarah, and Hartmann,
Susan M. The American Promise: A History of the United States. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford/St.
Martin's, 2009.
b. Roark, James L., Michael P. Johnson, Patricia Cline Cohen, Sarah Stage, and Susan M.
Hartmann. The American Promise: A History of the United States. 4th ed. Boston:
Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009.
21 of 32
Documentation Exercises
2. The source is a Web site, Eugene V. Debs Papers, 1881-1940, sponsored by the Indiana
Historical Society. The material was copyrighted in 2000. The URL for the site is
http://www.indianahistory.org/library/ manuscripts/collection_guides/debs.html.
In-Text Citation:
Although at first Debs, president of the American Railway Union, disliked the idea of having
the organization participate in an action against Pullman, he ended up organizing the
union's boycott.2
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Indiana Historical Society. "Eugene V. Debs Papers, 1881-1940." 2000.
http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/debs.html.
b. Indiana Historical Society. Eugene V. Debs Papers, 1881-1940.
http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/debs.html.
3. The quotation comes from a book, A History of the American People, by Paul Johnson,
published in New York by Harper Perennial, a division of HarperCollins, in 1998.
In-Text Citation:
Johnson believes that "even respectable labor unions in the United States failed to escape
entirely from the stigma of violence created by the many militant unions which nonetheless
flourished alongside them."3
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Johnson, Paul. A History of the American People. New York: HarperCollins, Harper
Perennial, 1998.
b. Johnson P. A History of the American People. New York: HarperCollins, Harper Perennial,
1998.
4. The source is an article by Emily Alitto, "Lyman Trumbull in the Pullman Strike: Did He
Change His Position?" It appears on pages 38-39 of a magazine, Illinois History, in February
1993.
In-Text Citation:
Alitto points out that Lyman Trumbull, a famed antislavery activist, made a return to public
life at the age of 89 to argue Eugene V. Debs's case before the Supreme Court. 4
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Alitto, Emily. "Lyman Trumbull in the Pullman Strike: Did He Change His Position?" Illinois
History, February 1993, pp. 38-39.
22 of 32
Documentation Exercises
b. Alitto, Emily. "Lyman Trumbull in the Pullman Strike: Did He Change His Position?" Illinois
History, February 1993, 38-39.
5. The quotation comes from "The Other Gender Gap: Why Women Still Fail to Receive
Comparable Wages for Comparable Work," by Naomi Barko, from Making Work Pay:
America After Welfare, edited by Robert Kuttner, published in New York by The New Press.
The essay appears on pages 146-153.
In-Text Citation:
Naomi Barko reports that, according to a joint study between the AFL-CIO and Institute for
Women's Policy Research, if women were paid wages equal to men's "more than 50 percent
of low-income households across the country[...] would rise above the poverty line." 5
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Barko, Naomi. "The Other Gender Gap: Why Women Still Fail to Receive Comparable
Wages for Comparable Work." New York: New Press, 2002.
b. Barko, Naomi. "The Other Gender Gap: Why Women Still Fail to Receive Comparable
Wages for Comparable Work." In Making Work Pay: America After Welfare, edited by Robert
Kuttner, 146-53. New York: New Press, 2002.
6. The source is a book, A People's History of the Supreme Court, by Peter Irons, with a
foreword by Howard Zinn. It was published in New York in 1999 by Penguin Books.
In-Text Citation:
As Irons notes, when the Supreme Court affirmed Eugene V. Debs's conviction on charges
of contempt of court after the railway strike of 1894, conservatives cheered the decision,
while left-leaning Americans believed that it set a dangerous precedent.6
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Irons, Peter. A People's History of the Supreme Court. New York: Penguin, 1999.
b. Irons, Peter. A People's History of the Supreme Court, foreword by Howard Zinn. New
York: Penguin Books, 1999.
7. The source is the foreword by Howard Zinn to the book A People's History of the Supreme
Court by Peter Irons. It was published in New York in 1999 by Penguin Books. The foreword
appears on pages v-vii.
In-Text Citation:
Zinn points out that "the justices of the Supreme Court are not simply black-robed
23 of 32
Documentation Exercises
repositories of objective wisdom; rather, . . . they come out of the political system, out of a
social context, and each brings to the Court legal philosophies and moral attitudes that
come out of his or her background."7
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Irons, Peter. A People's History of the Supreme Court, foreword by Howard Zinn, v-vii.
New York: Penguin, 1999.
b. Zinn, Howard. Foreword to A People's History of the Supreme Court, by Peter Irons, v-vii.
New York: Penguin, 1999.
8. The source is “People: Eugene Debs 1855-1926” at the Web site The American
Experience: Woodrow Wilson, from PBS. The site was updated in 2001, and the date of
access was January 18, 2003. The URL is
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_debs.html.
In-Text Citation:
After winning an Indiana congressional seat in 1916 on a pacifist platform, Debs ran afoul of
the Espionage Act when an Ohio district attorney claimed that Debs had made an antiwar
speech; Debs was convicted of violating the act by his speech and was sentenced to ten
years in prison.8
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Public Broadcasting System. The American Experience: Woodrow Wilson. 2001.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_debs.html (18 January 2003).
b. Public Broadcasting System. “People: Eugene Debs 1855-1926.” The American
Experience: Woodrow Wilson.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_debs.html.
9. The source is a speech, "Statement to the Court," by Eugene V. Debs, which appears in a
book, American Voices: Significant Speeches in American History 1640-1945, edited by
James Andrews and David Zarefsky. The book was published in New York by Longman in
1989. The student found the text on a Web site with the following URL on January 16,
2003: http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/341/Debs1918.html.
In-Text Citation:
Appearing before the federal court in Cleveland, Ohio, to be sentenced for violating the
Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs stated, "I could have been in Congress long ago. I have
preferred to go to prison."9
Bibliographic Entry:
24 of 32
Documentation Exercises
a. Debs, Eugene V. "Statement to the Court." In American Voices: Significant Speeches in
American History 1640-1945, edited by James Andrews and David Zarefsky. New York:
Longman, 1989. http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/341/Debs1918.html.
b. Debs, Eugene V. "Statement to the Court." American Voices: Significant Speeches in
American History 1640-1945. http://www.wfu.edu/~zulick/341/Debs1918.html.
10. The quotation is from an introduction to an anthology, Nonviolence in America: A
Documentary History, edited by Staughton Lynd, who wrote the introduction. It was
published in Indianapolis by Bobbs-Merrill in 1966. The introduction appears on pages xvxlv.
In-Text Citation:
Lynd argues, "Between the two world wars, antiwar sentiment took its tone not from the
essentially religious outlook of Jane Addams, but from the political pacifism of Eugene
Debs."10
Bibliographic Entry:
a. Lynd, Staughton, ed. Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History. Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1966, xv-xlv.
b. Lynd, Staughton. Introduction to Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History, edited
by Staughton Lynd, xv-xlv. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.
25 of 32
Documentation Exercises
CSE Documentation for In-Text Citations
Documenting Sources for CSE: In-Text Citations
Each item contains two versions of a student sample containing a quotation or paraphrase
from an original source. After reading each item, highlight the choice that uses CSE nameyear format correctly.
Example:
The source is page 79 of a book, Into the House of the Ancestors, by Karl Maier, which was
published in 2001.
a. Karl Maier (2001) notes that in many African governments, officials were angry
at the suggestion that AIDS had come from Africa, and therefore they tended to
respond slowly to early reports of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
b. Karl Maier notes that in many African governments, officials were angry at the suggestion
that AIDS had come from Africa, and therefore they tended to respond slowly to early
reports of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (2001).
1. The source is a Washington Post article, "AIDS Hasn't Peaked Yet—and That's Not the
Worst of It," by Richard G. A. Feachem. It appeared on page B03 of the newspaper on
January 12, 2003, and the student found it on the newspaper's Web site.
a. Discussing the growing global HIV/AIDS problem, Feachem notes, "We understand the
disease's cause, transmissions and effects on the human body in exquisite detail. Yet the
global epidemic—the pandemic—continues unabated" (2003).
b. Discussing the growing global HIV/AIDS problem, Feachem notes, "We understand the
disease's cause, transmissions and effects on the human body in exquisite detail. Yet the
global epidemic—the pandemic—continues unabated" (p. B03, 2003).
2. The source is a Science News article, "Disabled Defense," by John Travis. It appeared on
page 35 of the July 20, 2002, issue.
a. Although biologists have found a human gene containing a protein that stops HIV from
replicating itself, they have also discovered that "most copies of the virus have a molecule
of their own, called Vif, that undermines that defense" (Travis 2002).
b. Travis (2002) notes that although biologists have found a human gene containing a
protein that stops HIV from replicating itself, they have also discovered that "most copies of
the virus have a molecule of their own, called Vif, that undermines that defense" (p. 35).
3. The source is an article, "Stigma," by Jeanine Cogan and Gregory Herek, which appeared
in the Encyclopedia of AIDS, edited by Raymond A. Smith and published in 1998.
a. Cogan and Herek compare AIDS to other contagious diseases, such as the Black Death
and cholera, which caused panic among people who feared acquiring the illness from
patients already infected (1998).
26 of 32
Documentation Exercises
b. Cogan and Herek compare AIDS to other contagious diseases, such as the Black Death
and cholera, which caused panic among people who feared acquiring the illness from
patients already infected (Smith 1998).
4. The source is a document, "AIDS Epidemic Update," by the Joint United Nations
Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organization. No author other than these
organizations is given. The document was posted on the UNAIDS Web site in December
2002, and the URL for the document is
http://www.unaids.org/worldaidsday/2002/press/Epiupdate.html.
a. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and the World Health Organization
estimate that 42 million people worldwide were living with HIV infection and AIDS in 2002,
with sub-Saharan Africa "[b]y far the worst-affected region" and with Asian countries,
including China, India, and Central Asian republics, experiencing the greatest expansion of
infection rates (2002).
b. A document found at the UNAIDS Web site estimates that 42 million people worldwide
were living with HIV infection and AIDS in 2002, with sub-Saharan Africa "[b]y far the
worst-affected region" and with Asian countries, including China, India, and Central Asian
republics, experiencing the greatest expansion of infection rates (2002).
5. The source is a New York Times Magazine article by Melissa Fay Greene, "What Will
Become of Africa's AIDS Orphans?" The article appears on pages 49-55 of the December 22,
2002, issue.
a. According to Greene (2002, p. 50), authorities estimate that a million children in Ethiopia
have been orphaned by AIDS; most of them become homeless and then turn in desperation
to activities, such as prostitution, that put them at risk of developing AIDS themselves.
b. According to Greene, authorities estimate that a million children in Ethiopia have been
orphaned by AIDS; most of them become homeless and then turn in desperation to
activities, such as prostitution, that put them at risk of developing AIDS themselves (2002).
6. The source is an article by Helen Epstein, "The Hidden Cause of AIDS," on pages 43-48 of
the New York Review of Books in the May 9, 2002, issue.
a. Epidemiologists have been surprised to discover that many young African women who are
not prostitutes and are not promiscuous are almost as likely to be infected with the AIDS
virus as African prostitutes are (Epstein, 2002).
b. Epidemiologists have been surprised to discover that many young African women who are
not prostitutes and are not promiscuous are almost as likely to be infected with the AIDS
virus as African prostitutes are (Epstein 2002).
7. The source is a chapter, "The Healing Touch," of a 1998 book, Into the House of the
Ancestors, by Karl Maier. The chapter appears on pages 75-104.
a. Maier explains that some mistrust exists between traditional healers and Western
doctors, but he also argues that they have been able to work together as AIDS educators
(ch. 5, 2001).
27 of 32
Documentation Exercises
b. Maier explains that some mistrust exists between traditional healers and Western
doctors, but he also argues that they have been able to work together as AIDS educators
(2001).
8. The source is an article from page 11 of the World Press Review issue that appeared in
October 2002. The article, "HIV/AIDS: The Economic Impact," is by James S. Shikwati.
a. Shikwati urges pharmaceutical companies—whose drugs could prolong or save the lives
of millions in Africa—to do more to stem the tide of AIDS deaths on that continent (October
2002).
b. Shikwati urges pharmaceutical companies—whose drugs could prolong or save the lives
of millions in Africa—to do more to stem the tide of AIDS deaths on that continent (2002).
9. The source is a World Policy Journal article, "China's Drug Problem and Looming HIV
Epidemic," by Joshua Kurlantzick. It appeared on pages 70-75 of volume 19, issue 2 of the
journal (summer 2002).
a. The World Policy Journal reports that while China's government is in denial about the
extent of drug addiction among young Chinese and is spending far too little to head off its
burgeoning AIDS crisis, the rate of HIV infection in China is not yet as severe as in parts of
Africa (2002).
b. The World Policy Journal reports that while China's government is in denial about the
extent of drug addiction among young Chinese and is spending far too little to head off its
burgeoning AIDS crisis, the rate of HIV infection in China is not yet as severe as in parts of
Africa (Kurlantzick 2002).
10. The source is a fact sheet, "Asia and the Pacific," published on the Web in 2002 by the
United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS [UNAIDS].
a. The United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS notes that transmission of the disease in
China is rapidly increasing among wives and girlfriends of infected men, among blood
donors—in some parts of China, as many as 12% of donors have been infected by
unsanitary blood collection practices—and among the growing population of intravenous
drug users (2002).
b. UNAIDS notes that transmission of the disease in China is rapidly increasing among wives
and girlfriends of infected men, among blood donors—in some parts of China, as many as
12% of donors have been infected by unsanitary blood collection practices—and among the
growing population of intravenous drug users (2002).
28 of 32
Documentation Exercises
CSE Documentation for a List of References
Documenting Sources for CSE: List of References
Each item contains two versions of an entry on the list of references for the work described.
After reading each version, highlight the choice that uses CSE style correctly.
Questions 1-5 use the name-year format, and questions 6-10 use the citation-sequence
format.
Example: The source is a 2001 book, Dinner at the New Gene Café, by Bill Lambrecht. It
was published in New York by Thomas Dunne Books, an imprint of Bedford/St. Martin's, and
it is 371 pages long.
In-Text Citation:
Lambert notes the difficulty of finding American livestock that are certain not to have eaten
genetically modified grain (2001).
List of References:
a. Lambrecht B. 2001. Dinner at the new gene café. New York: Thomas Dunne- St.
Martin's Pr. 371 p.
b. Lambrecht B. Dinner at the new gene café. New York: Thomas Dunne; 2001.
1. The source is an article, "The Splice Age," by Jason Best, published in the winter 2003
issue of On Earth (volume 24, number 4). The journal is paginated by issue, and the article
appears on pages 24-26.
In-Text Citation:
Best says that genetically modified ingredients can be found in more than 60% of the food
in supermarkets today (2003).
List of References:
a. Best J. 2003. "The Splice Age." On Earth. 24(4):24-26.
b. Best J. 2003. The splice age. On Earth. 24(4):24-26.
2. The source is a magazine article, "The Risks on the Table," by Karen Hopkin, on pages
60-61 of the April 2001 issue of Scientific American.
In-Text Citation:
Hopkin explains that crops can be genetically modified to add nutritional elements lacking in
traditional crops–a boon in impoverished areas where vitamin deficiency causes severe
health problems (2003).
List of References:
a. Hopkin K. 2001 Apr. The risks on the table. Sci Am. 60-61.
b. Hopkin K. The risks on the table. Sci Am. Apr. 2001:60-61.
29 of 32
Documentation Exercises
3. The source is a book, The Diversity of Life, by Edward O. Wilson, published in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, in 1992 by Belknap Press, an imprint of Harvard University Press.
In-Text Citation:
Wilson claims that about half of the increased productivity of modern crops can be
attributed to "selective breeding and hybridization" (1992).
List of References:
a. Wilson, E. O. 1992. The diversity of life. Cambridge, MA: Belknap-Harvard U Pr.
b. Wilson EO. 1992. The diversity of life. Cambridge (MA): Belknap-Harvard U Pr.
4. The source is a book, Life: The Science of Biology, 6th edition, by William K. Purves,
David Sadava, Gordon H. Orians, and H. Craig Heller. It was published in 2001 in
Sunderland, Massachusetts, by Sinauer Associates and the W. H. Freeman Company.
In-Text Citation:
Purves, Sadava, Orians, and Heller point out that random genetic mutations can
significantly change the characteristics of organisms found in small populations (2001).
List of References:
a. Purves WK, Sadava D, Orians GH, Heller HC. 2001. Life: the science of biology.
Sunderland (MA): Sinauer-WH Freeman.
b. Purves WK et al. 2001. Life: the science of biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer-WH
Freeman.
5. The source is a Science News article, "Transgenes Migrate into Old Races of Maize," by
Susan Milius, on page 342 of volume 160, issue 22 of the journal (December 1, 2001).
In-Text Citation:
Milius reports that genes from genetically modified corn plants have drifted into traditional
corn breeds growing in remote parts of southern Mexico, and no one is certain how the gene
drift occurred (2001).
List of References:
a. Milius S. 2001. Transgenes migrate into old races of maize. Sci News. 160(22):342.
b. Milius S. 2001. Transgenes migrate into old races of maize. Sci News. 160:342.
6. The source is the Genetic Engineering Campaign Overview page by Greenpeace
International in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, found at http://www.greenpeace.org/
campaigns/intro?campaign%5fid=3942 on February 13, 2003.
In-Text Citation:
Greenpeace's1 stand is that it is dangerous to natural biological diversity to release
genetically altered crops into mainstream farming.
30 of 32
Documentation Exercises
List of References:
a. 1Genetic Engineering Campaign overview [Internet]. Amsterdam: Greenpeace
International; [cited 2003 13 Feb]. Available from: http://www.greenpeace.org/
campaigns/intro?campaign%5fid=3942
b. 1Genetic Engineering Campaign overview [Internet]. Amsterdam (Netherlands):
Greenpeace International; [cited 2003 13 Feb]. Available from:
http://www.greenpeace.org/ campaigns/intro?campaign%5fid=3942.
7. The source is a magazine article, "Seeds of Concern," by Kathryn Brown, on pages 52-57
of the April 2001 issue of Scientific American.
In-Text Citation:
Scientists once wondered whether gene flow from genetically modified crops to related
weeds would produce herbicide-resistant "superweeds," but as Brown 2 points out, those
researchers have now accepted the probability of superweeds and are investigating instead
what consequences they will have.
List of References:
a. 2Brown, K. Seeds of Concern. Sci Am. 2001 Apr:52-57.
b. 2Brown K. Seeds of concern. Sci Am. 2001 Apr:52-57.
8. The source is chapter 10, "Triumph of a Naturalist," of the book An Urchin in the Storm,
by Stephen Jay Gould. The chapter appears on pages 157-168. The book was published in
New York by W. W. Norton and Company in 1987.
In-Text Citation:
As Gould3 observes, "Genes come in pieces, and the shuffling of their segments can produce
new combinations."
List of References:
a. 3Gould SJ. An urchin in the storm. New York: WW Norton; 1987. Chapter 10, Triumph of
a naturalist; p. 157-168.
b. 3Gould SJ. Triumph of a naturalist. An urchin in the storm. New York: WW Norton; p.
157-168.
9. The source is a report, "Science-Based Approaches to Assessing Allergenicity of New
Proteins in Genetically Engineered Foods," dated August 14, 2002. The author is Michael
Hansen, and the student found it on the Consumers Union Web site on January 16, 2003.
The URL is http://www.consumersunion.org/food/gef802.htm.
In-Text Citation:
Hansen4 urges mandatory new guidelines for testing genetically modified foods for
allergenicity, asking that dermal and inhalant allergens as well as food allergens be
31 of 32
Documentation Exercises
considered and that manufacturers test for unintended newly expressed proteins in
compounds.
List of References:
a. 4Hansen M. Science-based approaches to assessing allergenicity of new proteins in
genetically engineered foods [Internet]. Yonkers (NY): Consumers Union; c1998-2002
[posted 2002 Aug 14; cited 2003 Jan 16]. Available from:
http://www.consumersunion.org/food/gef802.htm
b. 4Consumers Union. Science-based approaches to assessing allergenicity of new proteins
in genetically engineered foods [Internet]. Yonkers (NY): c1998-2002 [2002 Aug 14; cited
2003 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.consumersunion.org/food/gef802.htm
10. The source is a New York Times article, "E.U. Ban on Genetically Modified Food
Criticized," by Elizabeth Becker. It appeared on January 9, 2003, and the student found it
on the New York Times Web site on January 15, 2003. The URL is
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/09/business/09CND_FOOD.html.
In-Text Citation:
Becker5 reports that the official position of the United States supporting biotechnology as a
way to promote disease- and drought-resistant crops for the developing world has been
rejected by the European Union, which holds that the U.S. government position is overly
influenced by the agribusinesses that stand to profit from such crops.
List of References:
a. 5Becker E. EU ban on genetically modified food criticized [Internet]. New York Times 2003
Jan 9. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/09/business/09CND_FOOD.html
b. 5Becker E. EU ban on genetically modified food criticized. New York Times [Internet].
2003 Jan 9 [cited 2003 Jan 15]. Available from:
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