HMIM - 224
TUTORIAL - I DISCUSSION
*SOLVED*
•Dr. Zahoor
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Topics
Blood 
Plasma 
Hematocrit or PCV 
Plasma Protein 
Erythropoiesis 
Anaemia 
White Blood Cell (WBC)

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1st lec
Q.1 Give the composition of blood?
1. Plasma – 55% 2. Cells - 45%
2.Cells are -Erythrocytes [RBC - Red Blood Cells] - Leukocytes [WBC –
White Blood Cells] - Platelets
Q2. Define Hematocrit or PCV.
It is ratio of cells [RBC, WBC, Platelet] to the plasma.
PCV - 45% [40 to 47%] Plasma - 55%
Q3. In blood, how much % is plasma?
55%
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Q4. What is the composition of plasma?
water – 90%
- inorganic constituents – 1%
E.g. Electrolytes – Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3-,Ca2+
They play role in membrane excitability.
Organic constituents
- Plasma protein – 6 – 8%
- Other organic substances present e.g. Glucose, amino acids, lipids and
vitamins.
Waste products – urea, creatinine, bilirubin.
Dissolved gases – O2 and CO2
Hormones
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Q5. Name the plasma protein.
- Albumin - Globulin - Fibrinogen
Q6. What is the function of albumin?
Plasma osmotic pressure and Albumin binds to many substances for
transport of like bilirubin
Q7. What is the function of Globulin (alpha and
beta)?
Carry substances like thyroid hormones, cholesterol, iron, lipids, insulin,
vitamins A, D, K. Many blood clotting factors are alpha or beta globulin.
Angiotensinogin is alpha globulin.
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Q8. What is gamma globulin?
Gamma Globulins are antibodies and play important role in body defense
mechanism
Q9. What is the function of different gamma globulins?
- IgG – work for defense of body present in plasma
- IgM – work for defense of body present in plasma
- IgA – present in secretion e.g. saliva, breast milk, intestinal secretion
- IgD – recognize antigen
- IgE – play role in allergic reaction
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Q10. What is the function of fibrinogen?
factor in blood clotting
Q11. Give the causes of hypoprotenemia?
less protein intake
protein loss in kidney
liver disease, decrease synthesis of protein
intestinal disease, less absorption of protein
Q12. What is edema? What is the cause of
edema?
in hypoproteinemia, there is decreased plasma osmotic pressure,
therefore, there is Edema [collection of fluid in subcutaneous tissue].
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Q13. Blood viscosity depends on what?
PCV and plasma protien
Q14. How much blood volume in normal adult male/female?
Men 5.5 litter women 5.5 litter
2nd lec
Q15. What is life span of RBC?
120 days
Q16. What is the difference between blood, plasma and serum?
The same componants but the serum doesn't have clotting factor
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Q17. What is normal RBC count?
5 million per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood.
Q18. What is the size of RBC and its shape?
biconcave discs 7.5 - 8 micrometer (µm) in
diameter and 2µm thick at outer edge and 1µm
thick at the center
Q19. What is the function of RBC?
O2 transport O2, also CO2 transport.
Q20. Why RBC is red?
Contain hemoglobin and heme contain iron
Q21. What is the composition of hemoglobin?
heme+globin
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Q22. If you see arterial blood and venous blood sample
in the tube by naked eye, what difference in the color
would you find?
Arterial Red(oxygenated) ,Venous bluish deoxygenated
Q23. In adult, where erythropoiesis takes place?
Red Bone marrow
Q24. What things are required for erythropoiesis
Amino acid -Iron – Vitamin B12 and folic acid _
Hormones erythropoietin 10
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Q25. What is the difference between red and yellow bone
marrow
yellow bone marrow fat
red bone marrow production of erythropoiesis
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Q26. In your hospital, you are asked to take the
bone marrow sample of a patient who has
decreased RBC, WBC, and platelet count, which
site you will choose to take the bone marrow
sample?
Sternum – iliac crest (Flat bones)
Q27. What is erythropoietin?
Hormone erythropoietin is secreted in blood and
stimulates erythropoiesis.
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Q28. Where is erythropoietin formed?
kidney
Q29. What is the function of Erythropoietin?
stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow by
acting on committed RBC.
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Q30. A patient has kidney disease, what will be his
hemoglobin, and RBC count? What treatment you will
give him/her for his anemia?
Decrease(Low) ,erythroprotien
Q31. If reticulocyte count is increased, what does it
signify?
Active bone marrow, high rate of erythropoietic activity,
Hemolytic anemia
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Q32. When there is Hb breakdown, what happens?
Give bilirubin= jaundice
3rd lec
Q33. What is Anemia
Decreased hemoglobin
- Decreased RBC count
- Decreased Hematocrit [PCV]
Therefore, decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood.
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Q34. What are different types of Anemia?
Nutritional anemia - Pernicious Anemia-Aplastic Anemia- Hemolytic Anemia-Renal
Anemia-Hemorrhagic Anemia
Q35. If Hb decreased, RBC decreased, PCV decreased, MCV (Mean
Cell Volume of a single cell) decreased, MCH [Mean Concentration of
Hemoglobin of single cell]
decreased, what type of anemia is it?
Microcytic anemia [iron deficiency] small cell+ low Hemoglobin
Q36. What will happen in Vit B12 deficiency anemia?
Macrocytic [megloblastic] anemia MCV increase, Hemoglobin
normal
Q37. Define MCH.
Mean Concentration of Hemoglobin
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Q38. How much is normal Hb in adult person?
15 gram / dl
Q39. Give two causes of Hemolytic anemia?
-Hemolysis in newborn antibody – antigen reaction
-Malaria
-Sickle Cell Anemia
-RBC is sickle shaped
-Mismatched blood transfusion
-Drugs
Q40. Give two causes of Aplastic anemia( bone marrow suppression)?
-Excessive exposure to X-ray
-Exposure to radiation, e.g. bomb blast
-Chemotherapy for Cancer
-Drugs
Q41. How much blood is taken when blood donation is done?
450-550ml
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Q42.After how much time, blood donation can
be given again, why?
3 months, cause the RBC produce every 36days
4th lec
Q43. What are different types of WBC?
Polymorpho nuclear granulocytes
Mononuclear agranulocyte 18
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- Q44. What is normal % of N, E, B, L, M? What is
life span of different leukocytes?
• N 60-70 / E 1-4 / B 0,5-1 / L 20-40 / M 2-8
 Granulocytes  4-8 hours (1 day)
 Monocytes  10-20 hours (3 days)
 Lymphocytes  months (100-300 days)
 Macrophages Months- years
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Q45. How you will identify neutrophil in
microscopic examination?
Multilobed nucleus , Pink- purple granules
Q46. What is function of
Neutrophil phagocytosis
Eosinophil Allergy
Basophil Heparin -Histamine
Lymphocyte immune deafens
Monocyte phagocytosis
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Q47. What is normal total leukocyte count?
4000-11000/mm3or µL ( same units)
Q48. What is Leukocytosis?
Increase in WBC
Q49. In what condition, Leukocytosis will occur.
bacterial infection
Q50.What is Leukopenia. Give one cause.
Decrease in WBC, Viral infection
Q51. What is Leukemia?
Increase in immature leukocyte
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