Blood/Immunity Lab
BIOL 326L
Composition of Blood
• Total blood volume is
~ 5L
• Consists of formed
elements (cells)
suspended in plasma
• Plasma is liquid
consisting of H20 &
dissolved solutes
– Includes
proteins/antibodies,
ions, organic
molecules, hormones
13-7
Characteristics of Red Blood
Cells
.
Red blood cells are:
• Erythrocytes
• Biconcave discs
• One-third hemoglobin or:
• Oxyhemoglobin(+ oxygen)
• Deoxyhemoglobin
• Able to readily squeeze through
capillaries
• Lack nuclei and mitochondria
Top view
7.5 micrometers
2.0 micrometers
Sectional view
(a)
3
(b)
b: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Blood Type and Blood Typing
using Antibody-Antigen
Immune Reaction
Antibodies/Antigens
Blood Typing & RBC Antigens
• Antigens present on RBC surface specify blood
type (A and B)
**many more antigens have
been identified, and typing is
going towards “gene chips”
• Major antigen group
– Type A blood has only A antigens
– Type B has only B antigens
– Type AB has both A & B antigens
• AB
– Type O has neither A or B antigens
13-15
Rh Factor
• Is another type of antigen found on RBCs
• Rh+ has Rho(D) antigens; Rh- does not
• RH+ most common
13-18
Anitbodies
• Type A blood = has
antibodies to Type B antigens
• Type B blood = has
antibodies to Type A antigens
• Type AB blood = doesn’t
have antibodies to either Type
A or B antigen (“universal recipient”)
• Type O blood = has
antibodies to both Type A & B
antigens(“universal donor”)
• If different blood types are
mixed, antibodies will cause
mixture to agglutinate
13-16
Agglutination
• Type O- is “universal donor” because lacks
A & B antigens
– Recipient’s antibodies won’t agglutinate donor’s
RBCs
• Type AB+ is “universal recipient” because
doesn’t make anti-A or anti-B antibodies
– Won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs
• Can cause problems when Rh- mother has
Rh+ babies
– In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens & antibodies cross
placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs
**remember,
rxn. To donor antigens by
Recipient blood that causes problem, donor
antibodies insignificant
13-17
*
• Blood Typing
– Anti-A=ab to A
– Anti-B
– Anti-Rho
– Agglutination
= RBCs
contain those
antigens
RBC Count/ Hematocrit
• Hematocrit = ratio of packed RBCs to blood
volume
– Centrifuge blood sample in hematocrit tube
– Normal
• Male = 47±7%
• Female = 42±5%
Anemia can be due to loss of RBC’s, decreased
production of RBC’s, or decreased hemoglobin
synthesis (or destruction), resulting in inability to
Utilize oxygen properly
Anemia may result from destruction of RBC’s by oxidative damage
or immune reaction against the RBC:
Heintz body anemia: oxidative damage to hemoglogin
Can be due to glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase deficiency
And subsequent sensitivity to quinine, other drugs
(onion toxicosis in dogs!)
Eccentrocytes: oxidative damage to RBC
IMHA and ITP: immune mediated
Hemolytic anemia and idiopathic
thrombocytopenia
Neutrophils
• Light purple granules in acid-base stain
• Lobed nucleus when mature
• Other names
• Segs
• Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
• Bands (young neutrophils)
• First to arrive at infections
• Phagocytic
• 54% - 62% of leukocytes
• Elevated in bacterial infections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke
15
Eosinophils
• Deep red granules in cytoplasm
• Bi-lobed nucleus
• Moderate allergic reactions
• Defend against parasitic worm
infestations
• 1% - 3% of leukocytes
• Elevated in parasitic worm
infestations and allergic reactions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke
16
Basophils
• Deep blue granules in basic stain
• Release histamine
• Release heparin
• Less than 1% of leukocytes
• (least common)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke
17
Monocytes
• Largest of all blood cells
kidney-shaped, oval or lobed
nuclei
• Leave bloodstream to become
macrophages
• 3% - 9% of leukocytes
• Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells,
and other debris
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited
18
Lymphocytes
• Slightly larger than RBC
• Large spherical nucleus
surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm
• T cells and B cells
• Both important in immunity
• B cells produce antibodies
• 25% - 33% of leukocytes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© Ed Reschke
19
Platelets=
thrombocytes
20
CLOTTING DISORDERS:
1. platelets =thrombocytopenias
decreases ability to form primary
clot; leads to bleeding
2. decreased clotting factor,
anywhere in clotting
cascade=coagulopathy
clotting cascade leads to fibrin
clot in healthy individual
21
Blood Platelets
•Platelet adhesion can be
decreased
With drugs (aspirin/plavix) or
some health problems*
Platelet number can be
decreased in disease states,
causing bleeding*
22
Coagulopathies:
Decrease in any clotting factor can
disrupt cascade, so fibrin prodn
prevented. Causes include:
Von Willebrand’s, hemophilia, Vit.K
deficiency(used up in bleeding),
almost any cancer, rodent poison
23
Clotting tests:
1. PT=prothrombin time
tests function of extrinsic and
common pathway
increased time indicates problem
2. PTT=partial thrombin
tests intrinsic system so increased
time indicates problem
Clotting tests:
aiha
Onion toxicosis