Kelp Ecosystem Ecology Network
Of New England (KEEN ONE!)
Alejandro Perez-Matus
Thomas Wernberg
Matt Edwards
Mike Burrows
Scott Hamilton
Ken Dunton
Massa Nakaoka Ken Dunton
Anne Salomon
Neville Barrett
John Grabowski
Mark Novak
Sean Connell
Dan Smale
Chris Hepburn
Pippa Moore
Brenda Konar Mike Graham
Mike Burrows
Nick Sheers Ladd Johnson
Christie Maggs
Ed Parnell
Nessa O'Connor
Diana Stellar
Kira Krumhansl
John
Griffin
Jen Dijskstra
Guillermo Torres-Moye
Kyle Cavanaugh
Graham Edgar
Dan
Okamoto
Jon Witman
Jane Watson
Dan Ree
Alison Haupt
Jenn Caselle Bob Steneck
Nova Miezkowska
Kjell Magnus Norderhaug
Isabel Sousa Pinto
Fiorenza Micheli
Gabriela Montaño-Moctezuma
AND MANY OTHERS
Purpose of today and tomorrow:
Walk out of here & get running
(Almost) Everything is on the table
Know others who are interested?
• This is an open network – all can
join
• http://kelpecosystems.org
• Google Group: kelpecosystems
• Contact me!
Agenda
9:30 – Introductions
10 – Overview of KEEN
11 – Break
11:30 Experimental Protocol Discussion
12:30 – Lunch
1:30 – Monitoring Discussion
3 – Break
3:30 – Discussion of Who is Doing What Where
6:00 – Dinner at TBD
Overview of KEEN
Network Goal
To understand the impact of
global change on the world's
kelp forests
(°C Change from 1901-2012)
IPCC AR5 Physical Basis Summary for Policy Makers
Specific Aims
• Unifying & finding past kelp forest ecology
datasets for synthesis of climate influences
• Climate change kelp forest experiment(s)
along thermal gradients
• Global standardized kelp forest monitoring
along temperature gradients
• Start to unify & synchronize data sets within
the kelper community
Who are We?
Regional Co-ordination
•
Gulf of Maine/New England: Jarrett Byrnes
•
Eastern Canada: Pat Gagnon
•
Central CA – Pacific Northwest: Alison Haupt
•
UK/Ireland: Pippa Moore
•
Alaska/Arctic: Brenda Konar
•
W. Australia & S. Africa: Thomas Wernberg
•
Western S. America: Alejandro Perez-Matus
•
New Zealand: Nick Shears
•
Southern CA/Baja: Matt Edwards
•
Eastern/South Australia: Adriana Vergés
•
European Coast: (Thomas Wernberg for now)
•
Scandinavia: ?
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
Network Goal
Introductions
Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
Manipulation
Surveys
Data Management & Collaboration
Where are we getting data for
Synthesis?
Synthetic Efforts
• Global interaction web models
• Phase shift models & Synthesis
• Meta-analysis of kelp removal effects on fish
around the globe
• Global kelp biogeography synthesis
• Satellite mapping of canopy forming kelps
over 30 years (launched August 7th)
• Analysis of all extant (and found) kelp time
series we could find
Kelp Remaining after
Local Stressor(s)
Conceptual Model
Is this
general?
cold
Temperature
hot
Community Structure
after Local Stressor(s)
Community Conceptual Model
?
cold
Temperature
hot
Problems with Synthesis
• Studies not designed for hypothesized
model
• Excessive variation in methodology
• Lack of proper regional variation in some
climatic variables
• Excessive variation in other biotic and
abiotic variation
What if each of these sites had 1
experimental plot?
Bootstrapping a Network: NutNet
Borer et al. 2013 Methods in Ecology & Evolution
A ZEN Philosophy
PVC
anchor
poles
Nutrient
Diffuser
30cm
Carbary
l Block
30cm
Duffy et al. In Review, Whalen et al. 2013
Creating an Experimental
Network
• Develop clear scientific goals and questions
• Implement identical treatments and sampling
– Use a simple, inexpensive design
– Use a modular design
– Use a flexible design with room for additional
studies
• Start with a critical mass.
• Develop clear ground rules for participation
• Ensure clear benefits for participating scientists
• Plan for data management
Borer et al. 2013 Methods in Ecology & Evolution
Reward (generality, data, pubs, etc.)
Effort v. Reward
Many scientists
at 1 site each
globally distributed
Lone scientist
Travelling the world
Lone scientist
Sampling whole region
Lone scientist
at 1 site
Individual Effort
What does it mean to be part of
KEEN?
• Implement 1 protocol (survey or
experiment) at 1 site at minimum
• Share data with network
• Receive credit for data contributed
• Receive co-authorship on products
• Access to network of collaborators for future
work
Many Hands, Light Work, Big
Reward
• 1 Site of 1 Protocol per Team equals a
*LOT* of sites if many participate over
time
• Collaborations form as we all work with
common data
• Collaborative add-on projects naturally
result, and increase future funding
• BONs becoming more prevalent
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
Network Goal
Introductions
Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
Manipulation
Surveys
Data Management & Collaboration
Background
• If a local disturbance removes kelp, will it
recover?
• Higher temperatures appear to affect
reproduction and juvenile stages across
taxa.
• Hence, recovery from local disturbance
should decrease as kelps reach thermal
limits.
Exploiting Gradients
Kelp Recovery from Removal
Alternate Hypotheses
Local Acclimation
Impact of Warming on Recovery
cold
hot
cold
Thermal Stress
cold
hot
Region Specific Variation
hot
cold
hot
Site Temperature Relative to Kelp Thermal Limit
Current Plan
• Many sites along a thermal gradient
• 3 controls, 1 removal per site (finalized at
ITRS)
• 8m radius removal during time of
disturbance
• Sample central 4m for kelps, sessile
species, mobile demersal species
• Resample during peak growing season
N
1m
9
1
1
12
10
1
2
8m radius
8
7
4
6
5
3
Standardizing Conditions
• Relatively moderate wave exposure
• Site has kelp!!
• Minimal urchin presence
• No major substrate differences between
plots
• Manipulation at or just before natural
period of high disturbance
• 5-12m, depending on local kelp biology
Add-ons?
•
•
•
•
Wave exposure
Additional sensors
Recruitment collection
Assessing other site
characteristics
• Vary size of removals
• Etc.
Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
•
Network Goal
Introductions
Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
Manipulation
Surveys
Data Management & Collaboration
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
Network Goal
Introductions
Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
Manipulation
Surveys
Data Management & Collaboration
Objectives
• Look across wider range of variability of
environmental covariates: Wave exposure
• Ask how whole communities are affected
Kevin Lee
Hypotheses
Kelp in
Prev. Year
Community
Structure
1) Temperature modifies wave
effects
2
3
Temperature
Relative to Kelp
Thermal Limit
Kelp
Abundance
1
Temperature*Wave
Interaction
3
Wave
Disturbance
2) Kelp removal influences
community structure
3) Temperature and waves
affect community structure
Sampling
• 40m transect, n=4/site
• Combination of techniques for different
species
• Width of fish transects vary regionally
Thanks SBC LTER, NZ MPA Sampling, REEF Project, Tasmanian MPA monitoring, PISCO
But I HAVE a Sampling
Program…
• What would you need to make the data
compatible?
• Add a quad or two, or only give us half of
the data – no problem!
Add-ons
• Seasonal sampling
• Gradients of urchin abundance
• MPAs
• Other stressors (nutrients, urbanization)
• Epiphytes and Epibionts
• Other measures of community function (e.g.,
grazing pressure)
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
Network Goal
Introductions
Crowdsourcing Kelp Forest Research
Manipulation
Surveys
Data Management & Collaboration
Data Infrastructure
Data collected
in the field in
standardized manner
Data entered
with standardized
format
Data curated
at central archive
Australia Ocean
Data Network
Member "Packet"
• All the methods, protocols, equipment
needs
• All data sheets provided for a given
region
• Visual ID guide for a region
• Standard data entry forms
Thank you, SBC LTER!
Data Sharing
• Data open within network
– Fully open after 1st publication
• Observational data open outside of
network (with collaboration invited)
• Individual scholar observational data
citation?
• Collaboration instead of competition
Authorship
• For first publication, data contribution
= authorship
• For subsequent contributions,
request collaboration within
network, but collaboration = more
than just data
• All data sets use archive with DOI
– Each dataset by group individually citable
http://goo.gl/ObpOz6
1 site. 1 method. From
everybody. In the next 1-2
years.
Discussion & Break
The Experimental Removal
Current Plan
• Many sites along a thermal gradient
• 3 controls, 1 removal per site (finalized at
ITRS)
• 8m radius removal during time of
disturbance
• Sample central 4m for kelps, sessile
species, mobile demersal species
• Resample during July
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where is the depth 8-12m?
Where is there kelp?
Where is wave exposure moderate?
Choose a random start point
Kelp
8-12m
Moderate
Waves
60m Transect
Choose Removal at Random
60m
40m
20m
0m
Why Three Controls?
• Removal difficult to replicate
– 1-2 days for 1 site with 4 divers
• 3 Controls establishes population of
possible change
• Can compare change in removal v.
average in control: D = (DR - DCavg) / SDDc
N
1m
11
9
10
12
1
2
8m
radius
8
Mark 3 stakes (N,S,W) in different
colors to facilitate finding plot again!
7
4
6
5
3
Quadrats
1. 1m2
2. For solitary large algae, invertebrates, and cryptic fish
3. Some mobile species (stars, urchins, small fish,
rabbits) included
Point Counts
1. 1m2, 9 points (108 points over the whole plot)
2. Sessile species only (including Crepidula)
3. Count all species under a point
4. Note substrate type under points
Temperature Logger
1. Hobo pendant logger, 64K (replacable battery)
• Other loggers fine
• Sample every 30 minutes
2. Harden as needed for site
3. PVC capsule with drilled holes has worked well
Sample Plan for 4 Divers
1. Team 1 goes down, lays transect line, marks all
plots, pops float when first plot marked
2. Team 2 goes down when a float is popped,
does all sampling
3. When team 1 is done marking, begins removal
between 5 and 8m from center of removal plot
4. When team 2 is done sampling, joins in
removal
Surveys
Agenda
9:30 – Introductions
10 – Overview of KEEN
11 – Break
11:30 Experimental Protocol Discussion
12:30 – Lunch
1:30 – Monitoring Discussion
3 – Break
3:30 – Discussion of Who is Doing What Where
6:00 – Dinner at TBD
Objectives
• Look across wider range of variability of
environmental covariates: Wave exposure
• Ask how whole communities are affected
Kevin Lee
Shameless Plug
• This protocol is almost 80% based on the
Santa Barbara Coastal LTER (also PISCO
and Tasmanian MPA monitoring)
• Hence we know *it works* for questions like
this
Dan Reed, SBC LTER PI
Standardization
• Year 0 = on a rocky reef that is not an
urchin barren
• Transects placed in stratified random
manner annually (unless you are already
working off permanent ones)
• Sampling at peak growth/abundance
season (typically mid-summer)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where is the depth 8-12m?
Where is there kelp?
Divide into 4 areas, place 1 point randomly in each
Resample anually, choosing 4 new points
Kelp
8-12m
Temperature Logger – 2 per Site
1. Hobo pendant logger, 64K (replacable battery)
• Other loggers fine
• Sample every 30 minutes
2. Harden as needed for site
3. PVC capsule with drilled holes has worked well
Sampling
• 40m transect, n=4/site
• Combination of techniques for different
species
• Width of fish transects vary regionally
Thanks SBC LTER, NZ MPA Sampling, REEF Project, Tasmanian MPA monitoring, PISCO
Fish Sampling
• Swim transect, sampling 1m on either site
(for KEEN ONE) and 2m up.
• Count all large fish
• Size bins – let's discuss the appropriate
ones for the region
Potential Fish Sampled
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cunner
Tautog
Stripped Bass
Pollock
Spotted Hake
Summer Flounder
Winter Flounder
Little Skate
Winter Skate
Wolffish
Sea Robin
Pipefish
Acadian Redfish
1st Cod wins a beer.
Others?
Add size bins here
Quadrat Sampling
Offshore
1m2
0m
40m
Onshore
1. 1m2, 6 quads, evenly spaced on opposite sides
0, 8,16, 24, 32, 40m
2. For solitary large algae, invertebrates, and small
cryptic fish
3. Some mobile species (stars, urchins, cryptic fish,
rabbits) included
Brown Algae
AGCL Agarum clathratum (shotgun kelp)
AGJ Agarum clathratum - juvenile <5cm
ALES Alaria esculenta (distinctive midrib)
ALJ Alaria esculenta - juvenile < 10cm
BLD UNID Juv Laminariales; <3cm kelps
CHFI Chorda filum (not fuzzy rope)
COPE Colpomenia peregrina (sea potato)
DEAC Desmerestia aculeata (coarse, alternate branches)
DEVI Desmerestia viridis (fine, opposite branches)
HATO Halosiphon tomentosus (fuzzy rope)
LADI Laminaria digitata
LDJ Laminaria digitata juvenile <10cm
SADE Saccorhiza dermatodea (flat & scuzzy)
SAJ Saccorhiza dermatodea juvenile <10cm
SL Saccharina latissima (lasagne)
SLJ Saccharina latissima juvenile <10cm
SLO Saccharina longicuris (long & hollow stipe)
SLOJ Saccharina longicruris juvenile <10cm
Anemones
DILI Diadumene lineata (orange stripped)
MESE Metridium senile (white frilled)
URFE Urticina felina (bands run from top to bottom)
"Northern
Red"
Molluscs
BUCA Busycon canaliculatum (channeled whelk)
BUCR Busycon carica (knobbed whelk)
BUUN Buccinum undatum (wavy whelk)
CAOC Calliostoma occidentale (stripped)
CRVI Crassostrea virginica (native oyster)
NEDE Neptunea decemcostata (10 ring whelk)
OSED Ostrea edulis (euro oyster)
PLMA Placopecten magellanicus (big sea scallop)
Other Echinoids
CUFR Cucumaria frondosa (brown, bumpy)
ECPA Echinarachnius parma (sand dollar)
OPAC Ophiopholis aculeata (brittlestar)
PSFA Psolus fabricii (scarlet cucumber)
SDL Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis >20mm
SDS Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis <20mm
(Green Sea
Urchin)
Stars
ASFO Asterias forbesii (orange madroporite)
ASRU Asterias rubens (white madroporite)
CRPA Crossaster papposus (Spiny Sun Star)
HESA Henricia sanguinolenta (Blood Star)
SOEN Solaster endeca (Smooth Sun Star)
Tunicates
BOOV Boltenia ovifera (stalked sea peach)
STCL Styela clava (stalked tunicate)
Crustaceans
CABO Cancer borealis (rounded, bumpy shell = Jonah)
CAIR Cancer irroratus (pointed shell = Atlantic Rock)
CAMA Carcinus maenas (Dark & mottled shell = Green)
CASA Callinectes sapidus (blue crab)
HOAM Homarus americanus (lobster)
HYCO Hyas coarctatus (decorator crab)
LIEM Libinia emarginata (big spider crab)
OVOC Ovalipes ocellatus (ladycrab)
Note small cryptic fish and
OCTO's
Swath Sampling
• For large rare or clumped solitary species,
large demersal fish
• Currently some overlap with quads,
unclear which is best method for species
Kelps
Molluscs
ALES Alaria esculenta (midrib distinct)
OCTO octopus spp. (size = greatest arm length)
CHFI Chorda filum (long whip - NOT fuzzy)
LUHE Lunatia heros (moon snail)
HATO Halosiphon tomentosus (long whip - fuzzy)
BUUN Buccinum undatum (wavy whelk)
LADI Laminaria digitata
BUCA Busycon canaliculatum (channeled whelk)
SADE Saccorhiza dermatodea
BUCR Busycon carica (knobbed whelk)
NEDE Neptunea decemcostata (10 ring whelk)
Crustaceans
CABO Cancer borealis (rounded shell = Jonah Crab)
CAIR Cancer irroratus (pointed shell = Atlantic Rock Crab)
STARS count any >2.5cm
ASFO Asterias forbesii (orange madroporite)
(Forbes Star)
ASRU Asterias rubens (white madroporite)
(Common Star)
CAMA Carcinus maenas (Green Crab)
CRPA Crossaster papposus
(Spiny Sun Star)
HOAM Homarus americanus
SOEN Solaster endeca
LIEM Libinia emarginata (Big spider Crab)
Cnidarians
ALDI Alcyonium digitatum (white fingers)
ASDA Astrangia danae (star coral)
CEBO Cereanthus borealis (buried anemone)
GERU Gersemia rubiformis (orange soft coral)
HESA Henricia sanguinolenta
CUFR Cucumaria frondosa (brown, bumpy)
(Smooth Sun
Star)
(Blood Star)
Swath Question
• Crustaceans: Swath only or Quad & Swath
until we are certain of power?
• Heck, should we drop *all* swath species
from quads? Or should we be careful for
now? (answer: be careful – can drop later)
Uniform Point Counts
• Every meter, 1 point on either side of the
transect, 1m away – 80 points!
• Open List of ALL sessile species
• Substrate type recorded
SL, HJ, RAT
B
Kelp Morphometrics
• Collect individual kelps
• Measure balde width, length, stipe
length on boat
• (Photograph for Alison's fouling
project)
Temperature Logger (x2 per site)
1. Hobo pendant logger, 64K (replacable battery)
• Other loggers fine
• Sample every 30 minutes
2. Harden as needed for site
3. PVC capsule with drilled holes has worked well
Sample Plan for 4 Divers
1. Team 1 goes down. Diver A rolls out transect
and pops floats while Diver B follows behind
doing fish count
2. Team 2 starts with quadrat, then point count
sampling.
3. Team 1 swims back, performing swath and
cryptic fish counts.
4. If possible, Team 1 rolls out tape to next
transect and marks it.
When & Where
Data Management
Standardized Species List
• We will maintain a single species list, so
that codes don't overlap
• Allows us to create an ID guide
– Katy will tell us more tomorrow
• Species can be added/deleted by region
Data Entry Templates
• Match data collection type
• Have constrained values
Quad Template
YEAR
MONTH
DATE SITE
RESAMPLE
PLOT
QUAD
SP_CODE COUNT OBSERVER NOTES ENTERED BY CHECKED BY
Data Management Workflow
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Scan sheets once dry
Print scanned sheets & archive originals
Enter data from scans
Note questions
During QA/QC get answers
Every stage, note in data log and on
original sheet
7. Once entered and QA/QC-ed, send
zipped data archive to UMB team
QA/QC
• Read back from datasheet method
• Best with two people
• Can record self reading
• Can be set to music, if so desired
• Great undergrad task, or, everyone takes
a turn!
What will UMB Team Do?
• Check species against regional species
list, send back queries
• Automated checks for outliers, incorrect
values
• Merge data into master database
• Use site info to generate metadata with
AODN