Biology-1
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Exam Three Study Guide
Ch. 8 Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
What is Chromatin?
Chromosome, sister chromatid, centromere, centriole, centrosome
Asexual reproduction/sexual reproduction
Binary fission
Cell cycle and its phases and subphases
Mitosis and Meiosis
Crossing over, chiasma, tetrad; when does this happen?
Mitotic spindle
Cleavage furrow/cell plate formation
How do the following relate to cell division?
o Presence/lack of essential nutrients
o Anchorage dependence
o Density-dependent inhibition
o Growth factors
Benign/malignant tumors and their characteristics
Somatic cells, sex cells (gametes)
Sex chromosome, autosome
Homologous chromosome
Locus
Alleles
Haploid vs. diploid
Fertilization, zygote
nondisjunction
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation of chromosomes
What are several mechanisms discussed in class that lead to genetic variation in the zygote
Ch. 9 Patterns of Inheritance/Human Genetics
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What is the main organism that Gregor Mendel used in his experiments and why?
Heredity and genetics
True-bredding, hybrids, P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation
Mono/dihybrid crosses
What were Mendel’s four hypotheses based on his studies of pea plants
Alleles, homo/heterozygous
Genotype, phenotype
Be able to explain the law of segregation and law of independent assortment
What is a testcross useful for and how do you perform a test cross
Know how to use the rule of multiplication to predict the probable genotypes of offspring
Recessive, dominant, codominance, incomplete dominance
Pleitropy, polygenic inheritance
Sex linked genes
Biology-1
Exam Three Study Guide
Ch. 10 Molecular Biology of the Gene (DNA/RNA structure and DNA replication/Protein Synthesis
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What is a nucleotide? What is a polynucleotide?
Difference between a DNA and RNA nucleotide?
DNA and RNA structure and function
Base pairing rules in DNA and RNA
Antiparallel nature of DNA, what functional groups are attached to the 5’ and 3’ ends of DNA
What observations/data were used in order for Watson and Crick to deduce the structure of DNA
Semiconservative DNA replication and key enzymes involved.
Differences in Leading and lagging strands.
Okazaki fragments
Replication bubble, fork, origin(s) of replication
What is the direction of DNA replication? (think 5’ and 3’)
Protein Synthesis
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What is gene expression?
What happens during Transcription and translation and where in the cell do these processes occur?
One-gene one polypeptide hypothesis
Characteristics of the genetic code
Promoter and termination sequences
Start and stop cocdons
Triplet, codon, anticodon
Post transcriptional modifications of mRNA
Role of mRNA and tRNA
Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription and translation
Silent, missense and nonsense mutations
What happens if the reading frame is altered?
What is a mutation and how can they be caused?