World Cultures II
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World Cultures II CHAPTER 12 – EARLY CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS Section 1 South America and the Incas Define Key Terms Incas Andes Cuzco Census Quipo Terraces Incas People of a powerful South American empire during the 1400s and 1500s. Andes A mountain chain of western South America. Cuzco The capital city of the Incan empire, located in present day Peru. Census An official count of people in a certain place at a certain time. Quipu A group of knotted strings used by the Incans to record information. Terraces Steplike ledges cut into mountains to make land suitable for farming. Section 1 Reading Read pages 336-341 Be ready to take notes on the section. Incas Very large and powerful empire located in the Andes mountain range and along the pacific coast of South America. Empire stretched through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Incas Became one of the largest empires in South America during the 1400s, containing a population of 12 million people. The empire was very organized which helped maintain its dominance in the area. Inca Government The Inca government recorded statistics on its people which helped keep taxes and responsibilities accounted for. Why do you think keep track of citizens in a government is important for its growth as an empire? Fall of the Incas The Inca empire began to collapse after the 1400s due to mistrust and rebellion against the government. In addition to the peoples no longer believing in their emperor, many invaders targeted the Incas due to its wealth. Section 1 Assessment Go to page 341. Copy the Section 1 Assessment (Comprehension and Critical Thinking Questions 1a through 2c) Answer each question using information from the reading. Section 1 Assessment 1A. Identify Name two geographic settings in which peoples of the Americas lived. Two of the following; dense forests, fertile river valleys, rocky cliffs, mountainous regions, mountainous Andes or along the Pacific coast 1B. Synthesize Information What are the climates of those two regions. Dense forests were filled with trees and plants with consistent rainfall. Section 1 Assessment 1C. Infer How might the people who lived in these regions have adapted to their geography and climate? People would adapt by building homes suitable to the climate and utilizing available materials ; by making clothing suitable for the climate; by utilizing available plants and animals; by using stone to build terraces to increase farm production. 2A. Recall How much land did the Incan Empire cover at its greatest extent? 2,500 miles Section 1 Assessment 2B. Explain How did the government in Cuzco keep track of distant parts of the empire? Incas recorded statistics on quipus and runners brought them to government officials. 2C. Draw Conclusions What do you think were the major problems of keeping such a large empire running smoothly? Explain your answer. Example Answers: It was probably difficult to maintain a large enough army to protect the entire empire from invasion. It was probably difficult to maintain control over such a large area and diverse population. Section 2 Culture of Middle America Define Key Terms Aztecs Tenochtitlán Mayas Slash-and-Burn Agriculture Maize Hieroglyphics Section 2 Terms Aztecs a people who lived in the Valley of Mexico. Section 2 Terms Tenochtitlán capital city of the Aztecs Section 2 Terms Mayas People who established a great civilization in Middle America. Section 2 Terms Slash-and-Burn Agriculture a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land. Section 2 Terms Maize Another word for corn. Section 2 Terms Hieroglyphics – the signs and symbols that made up the Mayan writing system. Section 2 Reading Read pages 344-349 Be ready to take notes. Aztecs A civilization that was located in the Valley of Mexico. Aztecs developed aqueducts in order to transport water throughout their farms and fields. The Aztecs had a strict class structure which consisted of the Royalty, Nobility, Soldiers, Artisans, Farmers and then the lowest on the list were prisoners. Aztecs Chinampas were raised fields located around lakes by the capital. These “island gardens” provided more land to farm. Aztec calendars were used to calculate seasons for farming. The calendars had 13 “months” lasting approximately 20 days. Aztecs In 1519-1521, the Spanish invaded and conquered the Aztecs. Emperor Moctezuma led the fight for the Aztecs, which suffered big losses due to diseases the Spanish carried with them. Mayas Mayas were influenced by previous civilizations such as the Olmec. The Mayans used the Slash-and-Burn method to fertilize and clear out their fields. This method was very successful for their agriculture. Mayas The Mayans developed a system of writing called Hieroglyphics which was important for communication and also to record history. The Mayans played a game called Pok-ta-tok which was similar to basketball and soccer mixed together. Mayas The Mayans began abandoning their civilization around 900 A.D. Reasons for abandonment include: Drought Crop Failures War Disease Rebellion against Mayan Leaders Section 2 Assessment Using what you have read and took notes on copy the Section 2 Assessment Questions (Comprehension and Critical Thinking Questions 1a through 2c) Answer each question using information from the reading. Section 2 Assessment 1A Recall What activity was the basis of Mayan life? Farming 1B Explain How did the Mayan religion reflect the importance of this activity? The Mayan rain-god and sun-god were important because the rain and sun were needed for growing maize. Section 2 Assessment 1C Infer What do you think is the most likely reason the Mayans abandoned their cities? Explain you answer. Reasons might include crop failure, war, disease, overuse of natural resources, or rebellion against leaders. Section 2 Assessment 2A Describe How did the Aztec Expire expand? By conquering neighboring villages and peoples. 2B Synthesis How did the Aztecs treat the peoples they conquered in war? Conquered peoples had to pay tribute to the emperor. Some people captured in war were used as human sacrifices. Section 2 Assessment 2C Draw Conclusions Why might some of the peoples conquered by the Aztecs have wanted to overthrow the emperor? Possible Answers: They resented their treatment and having to pay tributes. They wanted to return their village to sovereignty. They felt the emperor did not share their interests. Compare and Contrast Based off of what you know about the civilizations of Ancient Egypt, write a list in your notebook that shows the similarities and differences between Ancient Egypt and Ancient Middle America. Why do you think there are so many similarities? Section 3 Cultures of North America Define Key Terms Mound Builders Ancestral Puebloans Pueblo Kiva Great Plains Section 3 Terms Mound Builders Native American groups who built earthen mounds. Section 3 Terms Ancestral Puebloans Early Native American peoples of the southwest. Section 3 Terms Pueblo Cluster of Native American stone or adobe dwellings. Section 3 Terms Kiva A round room used by the Pueblo peoples for religious ceremonies. Section 3 Terms Great Plains A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America. Section 3 Reading Read pages 352-358 Be ready to take notes in your notebook. Mound Builders Many mound builders created their “earthwork” between 700 B.C. to 1250 A.D. Often times these mounds mark the presence of graves or important landmarks. There were many different civilizations that were considered mound builders such as the Adena, Hopewell culture and the Mississippians. Mound Builders The Adena were located in the Ohio Valley around 600 B.C. They used mounds to mark the locations of tombs and weapon. They also participated in long distance trade. The Hopewell Culture were located along the Ohio and upper Mississippi rivers. They traded among a wider area than the Adena. The reason for their disappearance is unknown. Mound Builders The Mississippians showed up around 700 A.D. and were the most important of the mound builders. They were able to trade and inhabit the South and Midwest United States. They utilized various forms of agriculture for food and for trade which helped boost their presence. People of the Southwest and Great Plains The Ancestral Puebloans, Pueblo and Plains Indians lived in and around the Southwest and Great Plains region of the United States. These civilizations were not very powerful military-wise. However, they did create goods and traded throughout the region which made them a presence in the era. Ancestral Puebloans The Ancestral Puebloans were also known as Anasazi. These early Native Americans were known for making artistic goods which were often used for trade. During 1275-1300, major droughts hit the region and many abandoned their cities to search for more suitable land. Pueblo Peoples The Pueblos lived in the same region as the Ancestral Puebloans, however they focused on shelter. They built Adobe style homes out of clay and stone. They were skilled farmers that used their adobe dwellings to store food which helped them during droughts and unfortunate times during the harvest season. Plains Indians Located in the Great Plains region of the United States, these native people used sign language to trade among each other. The Plains Indians used tipis for their homes because they were often travelling and tipis were easy to set up and and take down. Unfortunately, European settlers came and took over these native peoples lands. Section 3 Assessment Read pages 352-358 Copy the Section 3 Assessment Questions (Comprehension and Critical Thinking Questions 1a through 3b) Answer each question using information from the reading. Section 3 Assessment 1A Sequence List the three groups mound builders, from earliest to latest. Adena, Hopewell and Mississippians. 1B Compare In what ways were the three groups alike? They built mounds, carried on long-distance trade and grew a variety of crops. Section 3 Assessment 2A Define What is the climate of southwestern North America? It has cold, dry winters and hot dry summers. 2B Identify Cause and Effect Why did peoples of this region build pueblos rather than other types of structure? They used available materials such as sun dried adobe bricks or stone cliffs. Section 3 Assessment 3A Define What are the totem poles and potlatches? A totem pole is a carved, painted log stood on end that typically had images of animals carved into and painted on it Potlatches were a ceremony held by a person of high rank to show wealth. Section 3 Assessment 3B Infer How were totem poles and potlatches symbols of a family’s wealth? Possible Answers: An elaborate totem pole with intricate carvings and paintings might signify wealth because it indicated that the owner might have had more free time to create it or could afford to pay a good artist to create it. At potlatches, people were able to show how wealthy they were by giving guests expensive gifts.
