BASIC CHEMISTRY
BASIC CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOM, NUCLEUS, PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON
ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC WEIGHT
CHEMCIAL BONDS
COVALENT, IONIC, HYDROGEN
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
HYDROXYL, CARBONYL, CARBOXYL, PHOSPHORYL,
SULFHYDRYL, AMINO
CLASSES OF COMPOUND
ALCOHOL, ALDEHYDE, KETONE, ACIDS (CARBOXYL
& PHOSPHORYL), AMINE, THIOETHER, DISULFIDE,
ANHYDRIDE, GLYCOSIDE, AMIDE
PEPTIDES ARE AMIDES FORMED FROM AMINO ACIDS
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
CHEMICAL BONDS
COVALENT – SHARING ELECTRON PAIRS
SINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE COVALENT BONDS
E.G., CARBON-CARBON BOND
IONIC BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN POSITIVELY
AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS
E.G., SODIUM CHLORIDE
HYDROGEN BONDS – ATTRACTION BETWEEN PARTIAL
POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED REGIONS
OF MOLECULES
E.G., WATER
CHEMICAL BONDS - COVALENT
HYDROGEN BONDS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS –

PORTION OF A LARGER MOLECULE WHICH
CONSISTS OF A SMALL NUMBER OF ATOMS THAT
HAVE A CHARACTERISIC CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR.

ALWAYS REACT THE SAME WAY

GIVE THE COMPOUND ITS CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS – BASED ON PRESENCE
OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP
GROUP
CLASS
HYDROXYL
CARBONYL (END OF CHAIN)
CARBONYL (INTERNAL)
CARBOXYL
PHOSPHORYL
AMINO
SULFHYDRYL
ALCOHOL
ALDEHYDE
KETONE
ACID – CARBOXYLIC
ACID - PHOSPHORIC
AMINE
THIOL
AMINO AND CARBOXYL
AMINO ACIDS
CLASSES OF COMPOUND – BASED ON THE GROUPS
WHICH REACTED TO FORM THE COMPOUND
REACTING GROUPS
COMPOUND
HYDROXYLS (ALCOHOLS)
SULFHYDRYLS (THIOLS)
CARBOXYLS, PHOSPHORYLS
(ACIDS)
CARBON ONE OF SUGAR &
HYDROXYL OF ANOTHER
SUGAR
CARBON ONE OF SUGAR &
NITROGEN OF NUCLEIC
ACID BASE
ETHER
THIO-ETHER
ANHYDRIDES
CARBOXYLIC & AMINO
O-GLYCOSIDE
O-GLYCOSIDIC BOND
N-GLYCOSIDE
N-GLYCOSIDIC BOND
AMIDE
(PEPTIDE BOND)
CLASSES OF COMPOUND- BASED ON
REACTION WHICH FORMED THEM
STEREOISOMERS
SAME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
HAVE DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS
ENANTIOMERS - ONE KIND OF
STERIOISOMER
NON-IDENTICAL MIRROR IMAGES
E.G.
D-GLYCERALDEHYDE
L-GLYCERALDEHYDE
D - DEXTROROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED
LIGHT TO RIGHT)
L - LEVOROTATORY (ROTATES POLARIZED
LIGHT TO LEFT)
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WHAT? NATURE OF CHEMICAL BONDS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS/CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS AND HOW
THEY REACT
NATURE OF ENANTIOMERS
WHY?
ALL CREATURES MUST HAVE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT
PRECURSORS (AMINO ACIDS, MONONUCLEOTIDES, FATTY
ACIDS, MONOSACCHARIDES) WHICH WILL BE USED TO
SYNTHESIZE HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGH MACROMOLECULES
(PROTEINS, DNA, RNA, LIPIDS, POLYSACCHARIDES) WHICH
FORM CELLS.
WHAT DISTINGUISHES THE PRECURSORS FROM EACH
OTHER? DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND SHAPES