Unit: 01
Prologue
New Test/ New Quiz
A. Observation and Measurement
1. Observation
a) def. using your senses to describe
something
b) use of instruments to extend our
senses
2. Inference
a) def. drawing a conclusion from your
observations
b) you must have prior knowledge
3. Classification
a) def. grouping objects based on
similarities (Organize)
4. Measurement
a) def. a numerical value to describe
something
b) Basic dimensional quantities
1) Length – meter – m – use ruler
2) Volume
a) liter – l – graduated cylinder for
non-regular objects
b) cm3 – ruler for regular objects
3) Mass – gram – g – triple beam
balance
4) Time – second – s – clock
5) Temperature – oC -- thermometer
5. Basic terms to know in a laboratory
a) Standard unit
something used globally to make
measurements easier to communicate
b) Tool
instrument that helps make observations
more exact by extending your senses
c) Volume
amount of space an object has
d) Mass
amount of particles an object has
(never changes due to position)
e) Weight
how much gravitational
pull an object has
(changes with respect to
location)
f) Matter
anything that has mass and
takes up space
6. Scientific Prefixes
a) Milli – 1/1000 ex. There are
1000 milligrams in a gram
b) Centi –1/100 ex. There are 100
centigrams in a gram
c) Kilo – 1000x ex. There are
1000 grams in a kilogram
B. Percent Deviation (Error)
% Deviation = Difference from accepted
accepted value
x100
% = Difference from accepted
accepted value
x100
C. Graphs
1. Types
a) Line (trends)
b) Bar (comparisons)
c) Pie (percentages)
2. Horizontal (x) axis is usually the independent
variable
3. Vertical (y) axis is usually the dependent
variable
END OF QUIZ
D. Density
1. Density
a. def. the measure of the Concentration
of matter (mass) in a given space
(volume)
2. Finding density
a. Density = mass
(ESRT Front
Volume
Cover)
b. ex. Mass = 270g Volume = 100 cm3
D = 270g / 100 cm3 D = 2.7 g/cm3
Density = mass
Volume
c. Finding Mass and Volume
M
D
V
3. Rules
***a. If you break a sample, the density
stays the Same
b. Only true when temperature and
pressure remain constant
c. Same uniform material = same density
4. What happens to density if
temperature changes?
a)
Increase in temperature
cause molecules to
move apart
(Less dense)
b) This is called an indirect
relationship.
when two variables are
related in opposite
directions
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
Temperature
5. What happens to density if
pressure changes
a)
Increase the pressure,
the molecules come
closer together
(more dense)
b) This is called a DIRECT
relationship when two
variables both change
in the same direction.
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
Pressure
c) Compress =
Increase in pressure
6. Which phase of matter is the
most dense?(water is an exception)
a) Solids (most dense)
b) Liquids
c) Gases (least dense)
7. Density and Water
a) Density of water as a liquid is 1.0 g/ml
or 1.0 g/cm3
b) Only substance found naturally in all three
states
c) Water as an exception
maximum density of water occurs at 4 oC
as a liquid
d) Graph for the density of water
Density --
4o C
S
L
temperature -
G
8. Density Drawings of water
2/3
a) When ice floats, 2/3 of the ice is below the surface
9.Compare the densities of object
A and B
A
B
Both objects A and B are the SAME density because 50% of the
objects are below the surface
10. Density of an object does NOT
depend on the size or the shape,
but on the material it is made of
a) ex. Density of aluminum stays the same
even if its size and shape changes
(as long as pressure and temperature
remain constant)
11. Density Comparisons
a) If the density of an object is less than the
density of the liquid, the object will float
in the liquid
b) If the density of an object is more than
the density of the liquid, the object will
sink in the liquid.
c) If an object and a liquid have the exactly
the same density, the object can remain
stationary anywhere
a)
b)
c)
12. Water Specialty
a) Water expands when it Freezes
(most other materials contract when
cooled)
b) Water in a pond
4oC
13. Special temperatures
a)
b)
c)
d)
Water Boils = 212 F or 100 C or 373 K
Body Temp. = 98.6 F or 37 C
Room Temp.= 68 F or 20 C
Water Freezes = 32 F or 0 C
An empty 250 mL beaker has a mass of
60g. When 100 mL of oil is added to the
beaker, the total mass is 140g. The
density of the oil is approximately
8.O cm
4.0 cm
8.O cm
4.0 cm
4.0 cm
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
AOC _______
AOB ________
BOC _______