Sport and Active Leisure Course
BTEC Module Workbook
Unit 12:
How the Body Works
1
How the Body Works Unit 12 - Assignment Brief
Course:
Edexcel BTEC Sport and Active Leisure level 1 Award,
Certificate & Diploma
Unit Title:
Unit 12 How the Body Works QCF Level 1 – T/501/7249 (40hrs)
Assignment title
How the Body Works
Learner Name
Job Choice
Instructor Name
Evidence can
• Individual learning plan, training agreement
include:
• Action plan
• Evidence worksheets/fitness programmes/workbook
• Assessor/witness observation
• Audio or video recordings
• Any other evidence which demonstrates competence
Recording of Fitness assessments
Personal,
Candidates undertaking this unit will demonstrate PLTS in the
Learning &
following areas: • Reflective learners
Thinking Skills
participants. • Creative thinkers. • Team Workers.
• Self-managers. • Effective
(PLTS)
Jargon Buster
Issue Date:
ALP-This stands for Assessing
ELP-This stands for Extending
Learners Progress, against the
Learners Progress, above and
BTEC criteria.
beyond the BTEC criteria.
Assessment
Due Date:
2
By completing this BTEC unit:
Y.S.B.A.T-You Should Be Able To
Learning Outcome
Assessment Criteria
1/ Know the functions of the skeletal
1.1 Identify the functions of the skeleton
and muscular systems
1.2 Identify the functions of the muscular
system
2/ Know the functions of the cardio
2.1 Identify the structure and function of
respiratory systems
the heart
2.2 Identify the structure and function of
the lungs
3/ Know the requirements of a healthy
3.1 Identify the different nutrients needed
diet
for a healthy diet
3.1 Identify functions of each nutrient
Scenario
When a person takes part in sport and active leisure, their body has to react
appropriately in order to supply the energy needed for running and jumping etc.
It is important therefore that any sports participant understands the main body
systems that are involved with this supply of energy.
The skeletal system, the muscular system, the cardiovascular system and the
respiratory system are all explored in this unit. Learners will gain an understanding of
the basic function of each system. They will also learn some of the major bones and
major muscles of the body. Knowledge of this anatomical terminology is required for
any person who wants to work in the sport and active leisure industry.
All of these body systems require good nutrition in order to function properly and this
unit also explores the basic requirements of a healthy diet. From this information, the
learner will be able to know which foods to choose to eat for a healthy diet.
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Aim
The aim of this unit is to prepare the learner so that they understand the main body
systems that are involved with the supply of energy.
Incentive
When a person takes part in sport and active leisure, their body has to react
appropriately in order to supply the energy needed for physical exercise. It is
important therefore that any sports participant understands the main body systems
that are involved with this supply of energy. This will help learners to understand why
and how they should prepare themselves for sports participation.
Reason Why
According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social wellbeing; not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO,
1946)
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles
that require energy expenditure. Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for
chronic disease and is estimated to cause 1.9 million deaths globally
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The Skeleton
ALP 1.1 Task 1
Functions of the skeleton
You need to understand the functions of the skeleton. These are:
____________ - the cranium and ribs protect the brain and vital organs in the
chest.
____________ - gives shape to the body and makes you tall or short.
____________ - holds your vital organs in place when playing sport. The
vertebral column holds the body upright.
____________- muscles are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the
muscles contract the bones move.
____________- red blood cells (to carry oxygen) and white blood cells (to protect
against infection) are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.
____________ - One substance our body needs is calcium, this is a major part
of the bone, it is important that on a daily basis you eat enough calcium otherwise
your body will take the calcium it needs from the bones.
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Label the Skeleton
ALP 1.1 Task 2
Please ensure you label the cranium, vertebral column, humerus, femur, tibia,
patella, fibula, radius, ulna, hips, ribs and sternum.
What part of the skeleton is the humerus situated?
What is the large bone in the upper leg called?
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Muscular System
ALP 1.1 Task 3
Structure
The heart is made of a unique muscle type known as cardiac and it never tires. But
the body also has many other paired muscles, some voluntary that are attached to
the skeleton and help the body move, some involuntary that work the internal organs
and cannot be controlled. Muscles and posture also go hand in hand, where regular
exercise tones muscle and improves your posture to reduce strain on other parts of
the body.
Label the major muscles of the body including, quadriceps, hamstrings, biceps,
triceps, deltoids, abdominals and erector spinea,
What is the function of the muscular system?

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Muscle types
ELP
Cardiac muscle is unique to the heart. It never tires.
The body's ________________ muscles work our internal organs. They are outside
our control.
_______________ muscles make the body move. They are attached to the skeleton
and can be controlled.
Voluntary muscles have fast twitch and slow twitch fibres. Fast twitch fibres contract
quickly, but do not use oxygen well and tire quickly. Slow twitch fibres contract
slowly, but use oxygen well and keep going for a long time. Top sprinters have more
'fast twitch' fibres. Endurance athletes tend to have more 'slow twitch' fibres.
What are the two types of contractions we have discussed?
Muscles work in pairs
When muscle work together one muscle is said to be work concentrically and the
other is working eccentrically.
When one muscle lengthens the other muscle ________________.
When one muscle _______________ the other muscle thins.
When one muscle pulls the other muscle _____________.
When one muscle ______________ the other muscle ______________.
What is the function of the muscle?
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ELP
Name of
muscle
Function
Triceps
Extend the arm at the elbow
Flex the arm at the elbow
Deltoids
Pull-up, drawing a bow
in archery
Move the arm in all directions at the
shoulder
Adduct the arm at the shoulder
Trapezius
Example in sport
Forehand drive in
tennis
Hold the shoulders in place, move
head back and sideways
Adduct and extend leg at the hips
Extend the leg at the knee
Hamstrings
Flex the leg at the knee
Gastrocnemius Pointing the toes, help to flex the knee
Adduct and extend the arm at the
shoulder
Abdominals
Kicking a ball jumping
upwards
Running
Butterfly stroke in
swimming
Flex the trunk across the stomach
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Cardio Vascular System
Functions of the cardiovascular system
ALP 2.1 Task 1
What are the three essential components of the cardiovascular system?
1.
2.
3.
What are the two circuits that blood travels through in the circulatory system?
The _____________ circuit carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and then
back to the heart. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, and
oxygen taken up by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells.
The _____________ circuit carries blood around the body to deliver the oxygen and
returns de-oxygenated blood to the heart. Blood also carries nutrients and waste.
What is the function of the heart?
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Label the diagram of the heart
Structure of the heart
ALP 2.1 Task 2
How many chambers does the heart have?
What two parts of the heart collects the blood?
What two parts of the heart pump blood around the heart?
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ELP
What prevents the blood from flowing backwards?
What part of the heart separates the two sides of the heart?
Which side of the heart pumps de-oxygenated blood (blood not containing oxygen)
to the lungs to pick up oxygen?
Which side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood from the lungs around the rest
of the body?
What carries blood away from the heart?
What carries blood towards the heart?
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ELP
Exercise affects these systems, causing the heart to pump blood faster around the
body, which in turn allows you to exercise for longer!
Record your heart rate when instructed
Time
BPM
Resting heart rate
After 1 minute
After 3 minutes
After 5 minutes
1 minute after stopping exercise
3 minutes after stopping exercise
Why do you think your BPM was at different rates during the activity?
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The Respiratory System
ALP 2.2 Task 1
The act of breathing is part of the respiratory system, a complex process where air
travels into and out of the lungs.
Label the diagram of the respiratory system; ensuring you label, wind pipe (trachea),
bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli
What is the function of the respiratory system?
1
2
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The Flow of Oxygen
ALP 2.2 Task 2

Air is warmed, moistened and filtered as it travels through the __________
and __________________________

It then passes through the trachea and one of the two _____________ into
one of the lungs.

After passing into the many _________________, it finally arrives into some
of the millions of tiny sacs called ______________.

This is where gas exchange takes place - _____________ passes out of the
air into the blood, and ____________________ passes out of the blood into
the air in the alveoli.
When you inhale:
What muscles contact, expanding the rib cage?
What contracts, pulling downwards to increase the volume of the chest?
When you exhale:
What muscles relax, resulting in the ribcage drops inwards and downwards?
What relaxes, moving back upwards, decreasing the volume of the chest?
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Nutrition
ALP 3.1 Task 1
A balanced diet really is essential for good health. There are six building blocks for a
healthy diet:
Name the six components
C
F
Name the 2 types of fats below
P
V
Uns
F
W
M
Sat
F
We take energy from food in the form of ____________________. How much
energy we need depends on your body type and the amount of physical activity you
do. How you use or store energy influences your weight, shape and sporting
performance.
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Whole Food Eating Plan
ALP 3.2 Task 1
We all need to eat a balanced diet to maintain good health. It is vital that athletes
have all the nutrients they need to help them perform at their best.
There are 7 components (food types) in a balanced diet:
Food type
Identify the
function.
Carbohydrates
Fats
NB Unsaturated fats are
healthy. Too much saturated
fat from animal products can
lead to heart disease.
Protein
When do we
Where do
need it in sport? we get it?
Running.
Athletes in
training will eat
more 'carbs'.
Provides slow
energy. 25% of
our diet should be
fat.
Pasta,
cereals and
potatoes
Walking and low
impact exercise it produces
energy too slowly
to be used when
working hard.
Meat, pulses
and fish
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Food type
Identify the
function.
When do we
Where do
need it in sport? we get it?
Vitamins
Helps the body
work. Helps
concentration.
Staying calm,
making quick
decisions
Minerals
Helps release
energy from food.
Helps decision
making
Fruit,
vegetables
and fish
Eg;
Calcium - to strengthen
bones
Iodine - for energy
production
Iron - prevents fatigue
Water
The tap! It's
all you need
most of the
time
What is healthy eating? Why is it important?
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ELP
Look at this food label, what nutrients are in this food?
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Hydration
ALP 3.2 Task 2
Water
•
Water provides the right conditions for all other functions
•
Approximately 65% of adult body weight is made up of water
•
We can survive for a number of weeks without food, but four to five days
without water
•
Lost water MUST be replaced
•
Water is lost from our bodies in a number of ways:
– urine and faeces
– evaporation from the skin as sweat
– Expired breath
– Even without moving around we lose 2 – 2.5 litres of water per day via
these routes.
•
An inactive person needs to drink about six glasses of fluid a day
•
A sportsperson or active trainer would need to drink much more. Up to 4 – 5
litres per day. More in hot environments
•
If you lose too much water from the body and it is not replaced, the building of
body tissues, temperature regulation and metabolic rate are all affected.
•
The resulting dehydration can lead to fatigue, headaches, lack of
concentration and constipation
•
A loss of only 10% of your normal bodily requirements can result in severe
dehydration that may be fatal.
Why do we need to hydrate?
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Hydration
ALP 3.2 Task 2
What effect can your hydration levels and fluid intake have on your participation in
sport and active leisure?
Why is it important to hydrate before and after physical activity?
What effects can dehydration have on the body
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ALP 3.1 Task 2
Attach
Evidence
Food Diary
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Summative Assessment-Unit 4 Taking Part in Sport
Unit:
Learner’s Comments: What have you learned from this unit?
STUDENT DECLARATION: I declare that all the work submitted is my own work
Signature:
Ref:
Achieved
Date:
Portfolio
Strengths
Development
Ref:
1.1
example
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
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Assessor’s Feedback. Please indicate which criteria have been achieved and identify any
immediate actions to achieve a pass:
Name:
Signature:
Date:
Assessor Name:
Date:
Assessor Signature:
Yes
No
Date:
Internally Verified
IV Name:
IV Signature:
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Congratulations and well done
you have now completed
Unit 12 – How the Body Works
Credits Achieved – 4
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