PHYSIOLOGY
of
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
Unit 11
Grading criteria
P1
Identify tissue types from sections
and/or photographs and be able to
identify abnormalities in the tissue.
M1
Explain how function is related to
structure for the main systems in the
body.
D1
Explain changes seen in the tissue
owing to disease.
P1
• Identify tissue types from sections
and/or photographs and be able to
identify abnormalities in the tissue.
Differentiation of cells
to form tissues
STRUCTURE in relation to FUNCTION
The 4 main classes of tissue are:
• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous
Epithelial: not clearly defined!
Glandular
• Sweat glands, goblet cells, gastric
pits, etc.
Lining
• Inside arteries, veins, alveoli, etc.
Covering
• Skin, oesophagus, mucus
membranes, etc.
Epithelial
• Glands
Function = secretion.
Lining
Functions:
• protection
• secretion
• mechanical
movement
(ciliated)
• absorption
• repair and
replacement
of cells
Epithelial
Skin (covering)
Connective: functions are varied
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
vascular
cartilage
bone
areolar
adipose
elastic
reticular (blood)
collagenous (tendons and ligaments)
Cartilage and bone
Fibrocartilage discs
Bone: vertebrae
Muscle
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
Nerve tissues
• neurons
• neuroglia (such as
Schwann cells in the
PNS)
Image shows a neuron
and the small nuclei of
neuroglia (supporting
cells) in the CNS
Structure of a motor neuron
• The function of a motor
neurone is to relay
messages in the form of
electrical impulses away
from the CNS to the
muscles or glands that
receive the signals
(effectors). The myelin
sheath insulates the
electrical impulse.
Nervous tissue inside the vertebra
(CNS)
Histological section through
nervous tissue
• A stained peripheral
nerve fibre formed from
many parallel nerves.
• The Schwann cells show
up as dark rings
because the myelin has
been stained and the
lipids in it stain dark.
Student activity
• “Round Robin” : Using the microscopes
around the room (A – K) identify the tissue
sections provided and put it in the correct
class on your sheets! Briefly give the
function of each tissue.
• skin, skeletal muscle, squamous
epithelium (lung), smooth muscle,
nervous, cartilage, ciliated columnar
epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, bone,
cardiac muscle, adipose tissue.
M1
• Explain how function is related to
structure for the main systems in the
body.
Activity: List the main body systems
List the 12 main body systems.
In pairs – 1 minute!
Main Body Systems
Briefly identify the associated organs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Integument (skin).
*Circulatory /*Cardiovascular
*Respiratory
Digestive
*Lymphatic
*Immune
*Urinary
Nervous (Unit 12)
Endocrine (Unit 12)
Skeletal
Muscular
Reproductive (Unit 12)
Unit 12 The Physiology of Human Regulation and Reproduction
D1
Explain changes seen in the tissue owing to
disease.
1. Cancer
2. Heart disease
3. Failure of ductus arteriosus or closure of the
foramen ovale after birth
4. Diverticulitis: infected sac-like pouches in the
colon
5. Osteogenesis imperfecta (Brittle Bone
Disease)
6. Osteoporosis
1. Cancer
• Cancer is a disease
of cells. The DNA in
cells mutates and they
cannot control cell
division. The body is
made up of a
community of
individual cells, each
of which has a specific
job to ensure that the
community functions
correctly.
Axillary node may develop into a
breast cancer
Axillary node metastatic carcinoma
H & E stain
Pan CK stain
Lung cancer
The spread of lung cancer…
Lung cancer
Pathological findings in the dissection lab.
In the image on the left: the right lung
appears normal. The left lung is pale
in colour and is hard to the touch,
indicating the presence of a lung
tumour.
Below: Tumour surrounded by tar
2. Heart disease
What is coronary heart disease?
• Coronary heart disease is a disease of the heart
caused by the accumulation of atheromatous
plaques within the walls of the arteries that
supply the heart muscle (myocardium).
• Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (heart
attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused
by coronary heart disease.
Atherosclerotic plaque
Failure of ductus arteriosus
closure after birth
• The ductus arteriosus usually closes at or
shortly after birth. Once closed, blood can move
from the heart directly to the lungs.
• If the ductus arteriosus remains open, flow
reverses, and blood from the aorta is shunted
left-to-right into the pulmonary artery and hence
recirculated through the lungs.
Most cases occur as the result of a combination of genetic
factors and environmental factors.
The combined factors lead to isolated defects in the elastic
tissue.
•
Normal Embryo
•
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Normal heart circulation
Foramen ovale =
“Hole in the heart”
• A hole in the heart is
where there is an
opening in the wall
(septum) between the
chambers of your
heart. It may be
between the two top
chambers (atria) or
between the two
bottom chambers
(ventricles).
Symptoms
• Murmurs caused by defects in the heart do have
symptoms.
Those symptoms include:
• shortness of breath
• dizziness
• chest pains
• palpitations (a feeling that the heart is beating
faster or less regularly than normal)
• congestion of the lungs.
Diverticulitis – infected sac-like pouches
in the colon
• Diverticulitis is a
common digestive
disease particularly
found in the large
intestine.
• Diverticulitis develops
from diverticulosis,
which involves the
formation of pouches
(diverticula) on the
outside of the colon.
Diverticulitis results if one of these
diverticula becomes inflamed.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
(Brittle Bone Disease)
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
(abbreviated to OI and
sometimes known as Brittle
Bone Disease) is a genetic
bone disorder.
• People with OI are born
without the proper protein
(collagen) or the ability to
make it – usually because of a
X-ray of still born baby
deficiency of Type 1 collagen.
• People with brittle bone disease either
have less collagen than normal or the
quality is poorer than normal.
• As collagen is an important protein in bone
structure, this impairment causes those
with the condition to have weak or fragile
bones.
1 micrometre square
Normal collagen
Defective collagen
Osteoporosis: loss of bone
mineral density
• Osteoporosis is a disease of bone – leading to an increased risk of
fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced,
bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of
non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered.
Grading criteria
P1
Identify tissue types from sections
and/or photographs and be able to
identify abnormalities in the tissue.
M1
Explain how function is related to
structure for the main systems in the
body.
D1
Explain changes seen in the tissue
owing to disease.