Lindsey
Psychology Study Guide: FINAL EXAM
REMEMBER: All PowerPoint notes are on my website and all information can be found in book!
Be able to define and apply the following terms:
Chapter 1 Terms
Applied Science
Basic Science
Cognitive
Hypothesis
Introspection
Physiological
Psychiatry
Psychology
Aversive control
Avoidance conditioning
Behavior modification
Classical conditioning
Conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Discrimination
Escape conditioning
Chapter 2 Terms
Extinction
Feedback
Generalization
Learning
Negative reinforcement
Neutral stimulus
Operant conditioning
Primary reinforcers
Central Processing
Concept
Confabulation
Creativity
Directed thinking
Eidetic memory
Feature extraction
Image
Input
Chapter 3
Insight
Long-term memory
Memory
Mnemonic devices
Non-directed thinking
Output
Proactive interference
Recall
Recognition
Biofeedback
Consciousness
Hallucinations
Hypertensions
Chapter 7
Hypnosis
LSD
Marijuana
Meditation
Accommodation
Anal stage
Assimilation
Conservation
Critical Period
Developmental psychology
Electra complex
Genital stage
Chapter 8
Grasping reflex
Identification
Imprinting
Latency stage
Maturation
Object permanence
Oedipal conflict
Oral stage
Phallic stage
Representational thought
Role taking
Rooting reflex
Schemas
Separation anxiety
Socialization
Androgynous
Asynchrony
Authoritarian Families
Authoritative Families
Conformity
Democratic Families
Chapter 9
Identity Crisis
Initiation Rites
Laissez-Faire Families
Menarche
Permissive Families
Puberty
Rationalization
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Sex Identity
Sex Role
Social Learning Theory
Reinforcement
Response chains
Secondary reinforce
Shaping
Token economy
Transfer
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Recombination
Repression
Retrieval
Retroactive interference
Selective attention
Sensory storage
Short-term memory
Symbol
Posthypnotic suggestion
REM Sleep
Ageism
Closed awareness
Decremental model of aging
Generativity
Chapter 10
Menopause
Mutual pretense awareness
Open awareness
Stagnation
Case study
Central tendency
Control group
Correlation
Correlation coefficient
Cross-sectional studies
Dependent variable
Descriptive statistics
Chapter 20 Terms
Experimental group
Frequency distribution
Histogram
Independent variable
Inferential statistics
Longitude studies
Naturalistic observation
Population
Why study psychology?
Suspected awareness
Thanatology
Sample
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Statistics
Survey
Validity
Variable
Variance
Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology
As humans, psychology covers what?
2 ways psychologists believe behavior should be studied
What is the scientific method?
What are the 4 goals of psychology?
What is the difference between basic and applied science?
Describe what the 1) following individuals have done to impact psychology and if so, 2) what
discipline they are associated with:
Copernicus:
Wundt:
Galton:
Galileo:
James:
Pavlov:
Descartes:
Freud:
Skinner:
EGO:
SUPEREGO
What is dream analysis?
What are the following?
ID:
Based on a scenario, be able to assess and summarize the scenario and choose an approach to draft
an explanation of the person’s behavior. Use psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, or
biological. Study the case study on worksheet “Causes of Behavior: A Case Study” or the scenario
from the quiz.
For each of the descriptions of the work of psychologists listed below, identify the specialty it
describes (Specialties in psychology worksheet)
1. Studies the causes of manic depression
2. Studies the effect of light and dark environments on the visual abilities of kittens.
3. Conducts research on when a child can most effectively learn a second language
4. Studies the emotional changes that occur as a child matures
5. Conducts research on the effect of prejudice on newly-arrived immigrants
6. Designs a more efficient work space for a small company
7. Treats individual who is depressed
8. Presents a program at the local hospital for expectant parents
9. Counsels a couple considering divorce
10. Tests children for learning disabilities
Chapter 20: Psychology Research
What are the 5 APA Code of Ethics?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A theory cannot be accepted until it has been what?
A psychologists wants to know how the desire to get into college affects the attitudes of high-school
juniors and seniors. What would the psychologists do?
What must samples represent?
How can a psychologist avoid a biased sample?
What would be the correlation between test scores and studying?
Why would a researcher choose experimentation over other research methods?
What is the difference based on the experiment involving a control group and experimental group
regarding variables?
**Be able analyze scenarios and identify the independent and dependent variable (Experimental
method worksheet)
What is necessary in all experiments?
**Be able to analyze a scenario (Thinking Drunk, Driving Drunk) and classify certain groups and
variables
What are examples of naturalistic observation?
What is the cardinal rule of naturalistic observation?
What is a single-blind experiment?
What is a double-blind experiment?
Chapter 2: Learning
Define and give examples of superstition
What is conditioning?
What are the 3 basic types of learning?
Describe Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dogs and salivation, the Office with Jim and Dwight.
Indicate the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR in each.
Pavlov
UCS
UCR
NS
CS
CR
The Office (Can view on YouTube)
UCS
UCR
NS
CS
CR
**Be able to indicate the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR in situations (refer to Classical Conditioning
worksheet)
What was the outcome of the “Little Baby Albert” experiment?
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
**Be able to analyze situations and indicate the spontaneous behavior (sb), stimulus (s), response
(r), consequences (c) (refer to Operant Conditioning worksheet)
What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?
Give an example of modeling:
Chapter 3: Memory and Thought
What are the 3 steps of information processing?
1.
2.
3.
Describe James McConnell’s Molecular Theory regarding RNA and flatworms
What psychologists Holistic Theory focused on memories being stored in whole brain?
Types of memory
What is declarative (explicit) memory?
What is Procedural memory?
What is sematic memory?
What is eidetic memory?
What is episodic memory?
What is Photographic memory?
What is Flashbulb memory?
1. Sensory memory
Describe the stages of Memory
2. Short-term memory
3. Long-term memory
What is chunking?
What is encoding?
What is the inference (inhibition) theory?
Describe amnesia:
What is anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
Chapter 7: Altered State of Consciousness
Altered state of consciousness involved what?
Is sleep an altered state of consciousness?
Describe the 4 stages of sleep before entering REM
Stage 1
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 4
Describe REM sleep in detail:
As the night wears on, what do dream become?
A large percentage of out dream are what?
What are nightmares and why do they occur?
What did Sigmund Freud argue about dreams and what they represented?
Life Span Unit
Chapter 8: Infancy & Childhood
What is the one question developmental psychologists seek to answer?
When does development begin in an infant?
How do psychologists measure capabilities of newborn infants?
Piaget spent years observing, questioning, and playing games with babies and young children. What
did Piaget conclude?
Describe each stage of Jean Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development
Stage 1:
Stage 3:
Stage 2:
Stage.4
Be able to identify each stage (Application of Stages of Cognitive Development worksheet)
Emotional Development
Goslings, when born, go through a critical period, how many hours after birth is considered the
critical period?
Describe in detail, Harry Harlow’s experiment with Rhesus monkeys
What did Harlow discover later on in life about the monkeys raised without real mother?
What occurs around age 3?
Human Babies
According to one psychologist, children who are separated from their mothers during the early
period may never be able to do what?
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Sigmund Freud believed that all children are born with what?
In the first few years of life, boys and girls have similar experiences with erotic pleasures through
what?
What is the major conflict that comes between ages 3-5?
Theory of Psychosocial Development
What did Erikson believe about childhood experiences?
Describe Stages of Psychosocial Development
Stage 1: Oral-Sensory: Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2: Muscular-anal: Autonomy vs. Doubt
Stage 3: Locomotor-genital: Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4: Latency: Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 5: Puberty-adolescence: Identity vs.
Role Confusion
Describe the 6 stages of Moral Development
Stage 1
Stage 3
Stage 2
Stage 6: Young adulthood: Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Stage 7: Adulthood: Generativity vs.
Stagnation
Stage 8: Old age: Ego integrity vs. Despair
Stage 4
Stage 5
Stage 6
Chapter 9: Altered State of Consciousness
What is adolescence?
Is adolescence a carefree time to act on ideals unburdened by practical concerns or is adolescence a
time of crisis, rebellion, and unhappiness? Your opinion and why?
Why do adults feel threatened by youth?
Why might adolescents provoke a negative reaction from their parents?
Regarding theories of adolescence, what does the following psychologist say?
G. Stanley Hall:
Margaret Mead:
Robert Havighurst:
Regarding puberty, what takes place in boys and girls respectively?
Erik Erikson’s Theory of the Identity Crisis
What are the 4 factors of the identity crisis?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Describe 4 Adolescent personality types
Identity moratorium adolescents
Identity confused adolescents
Identity foreclosure adolescents
Identity achievement adolescents
Is adulthood a time when a person matures fully into what he or she is or is it a time when life
closes in and what was once possibility is now limitation?
Describe Levinson’s Theory of Male Development?
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stage 3:
Describe the age-thirty crisis:
Describe the empty-nest syndrome
List and explain five stages of death and dying
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.