Name: _____________________________
1. ____________—the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring
2. __________—a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
3. ______________—the scientific study of heredity
4. ______________—The Father of Genetics. Used pea plants to study the way traits are passed from parent to offspring. He was the first to use mathematics of probability to explain heredity.
5. __________—a section of DNA on a chromosome, contains the set of instructions for each characteristic from the parent of the offspring. They control an organism’s form and function.
6. ____________—alternate form of a gene for a trait; two or more forms of the same gene, they may be dominant or recessive.
7. ___________________—stronger trait; covers up the recessive trait, the trait that always appears in firstgeneration offspring.
8. ___________________—weaker trait; covered up by the dominant trait, the trait that seems to recede in the background in first-generation offspring. Ex: sickle cell anemia
9. __________________—the mathematical chance that an event will occur.
10. _______________—a tool to predict the chances of a trait by using the allele combinations.
11. ______________________—an organism that has 2 different alleles for a trait.
12. ______________________—an organism that has 2 identical alleles for a trait.
13. _______________—the genetic characteristic, the organism’s genetic makeup.
14. _______________—the physical characteristic, how your genetic makeup makes you look.
15. ______________________—place where genes are found
16. _______________—takes place in sex cells, the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. Four sex cells produced.
17. ___________________—these 4 nitrogen bases make up part of the DNA molecule. Bases are Adenine,
Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.
18. ___________________—discovered that DNA was two chains of molecules in spiral form.
19. ___________________—first to make a model of the structure of DNA.
20. __________—genetic material of an organism, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, chemical that contains the instructions for cells to make the necessary protein. It has a structure like a twisted ladder made up of nucleotides.

21. ________________—The shape of the DNA molecule (also called a twisted ladder) and it is made up of sugar phosphate molecules.
22. ________________—permanent change in a gene or chromosome, changes the appearance or function of the organism.
23. _________________—four kinds of bases that make up the rungs of DNA. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
24. ____________________________—a gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome.
25. ______________________—the process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation.
26. _________________________________—Scientists identified the DNA sequence of every gene in the human genome. Genome is all of the DNA in one cell of an organism.
27. ___________________—a person who has one recessive allele for a trait and one dominant allele. Carrier can pass the recessive allele on to his or her offspring. In sex-linked traits, only females can be carriers.
28. ________________________________—experimenting with biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene can be used to genetically alter plants, manufacture proteins, and repair damaged genes.
29. ________________—an unspecialized cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell, such as a blood cell.
30. _________________________—a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
31. ________________________—a reproductive process involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
32. __________________—a form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
33. __________________—a cell with half the original number of chromosomes

Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_____ 1. A homozygous individual could have a Bb genotype.
_____ 2. In Mendel’s experiments, purple flowers are dominant over white flowers.
_____ 3. Heredity is the science of genetics.
_____ 4. In Mendel’s initial experiments, white flowers disappeared after the first parental crosses.
_____ 5. It was his knowledge of genes that allowed Mendel to interpret his data correctly.
_____ 6. Having naturally light or dark skin is part of your phenotype.
_____ 7. Different alleles account for much of the variation in the characteristics of organisms.
_____ 8. Mendel showed that factors controlling different characteristics are inherited independently.
_____ 9. Mendel came up with the idea that two factors control a characteristic, such as pod color.
_____ 10. Mendel developed three laws of inheritance.
_____ 11. The expression of an organism’s phenotype produces its genotype.
_____ 12. After he published his work, Mendel achieved great fame among scientists.
_____ 13. Through his experiments, Mendel was able to prove some aspects of the blending theory of inheritance.
_____ 14. A Dd genotype has two different alleles.
_____ 15. Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants.

Punnett square worksheet
Complete the following problems. List the parent genotypes, draw and fill in a Punnett square, and then list the offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
1.
A homozygous dominant brown mouse is crossed with a homozygous tan mouse (tan is the recessive color).
2.
A heterozygous white (brown fur is recessive) rabbit is crossed with a homozygous brown rabbit.
3.
Two homozygous red flowers (white flowers are recessive) are crossed.
4. A heterozygous tall plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant (short is the recessive size).
5.
A heterozygous blue flower is crossed with a homozygous black flower.

Punnett Square Practice Worksheet
1) For each of the genotypes (AA, Aa or aa) below determine what the phenotype would be.
Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers.
PP_____________ Pp____________ pp_______________
Hairy knuckles are dominant to non-hairy knuckles in humans.
HH_____________ Hh ___________ hh _________________
Bobtails in cats are recessive. Normal tails are dominant.
TT _____________ Tt _________ tt _____________
Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds in pea plants.
RR______________ Rr _____________ rr ____________
No-cleft chin is dominant. Cleft chin is recessive.
CC ___________ Cc __________ cc _____________
2) For each of the following write whether it is homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive.
AA
GG
TT
Ff
Pp
Tt
Aa
Ii aa gg tt
Oo
Use the following information for questions 3-5:
In dogs, the gene for fur color has two alleles. The dominant allele (F) codes for grey fur and the recessive allele
(f) codes for black fur.
3) The female dog is heterozygous. The male dog is homozygous recessive. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes of their possible puppies by using a Punnett Square.

FF:
Genotypes:
Ff: ff:
Phenotypes:
Black fur: Grey fur:
4) The female dog has black fur. The male dog has black fur. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes of their possible puppies by using a Punnett Square.
Genotypes:
FF:
Ff: ff:
Phenotypes:
Black fur:
Grey fur:
5) The female dog is heterozygous. The male dog is heterozygous. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes of their possible puppies by using a Punnett Square.
Genotypes:
FF:
Phenotypes:
Black fur:
Ff: ff:
Grey fur:
Use the following information for questions 6-8:
In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant (E). White eyes are recessive (e).
6) If the female fly has white eyes and the male fly has homozygous dominant red eyes, what are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of their offspring?

Genotypes:
EE:
Phenotypes:
Red Eyes:
Ee: ee: White Eyes:
7) If the female fly has EE and the male fly has EE, what are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of their offspring?
Genotypes:
EE:
Phenotypes:
Red Eyes:
Ee: ee: White Eyes:
8) If both flies are heterozygous, then what are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of their offspring?
Genotypes:
EE:
Ee: ee:
Phenotypes:
Red Eyes:
White Eyes:

Use the following for questions 9-11:
In dogs, there is an hereditary deafness caused by a recessive gene, “d.” A kennel owner has a male dog (Gilbert) that she wants to use for breeding purposes if possible. The dog can hear.
9) What are the two possible genotypes of Gilbert?
10) If the dog’s genotype is Dd, the owner does not wish to use him for breeding so that the deafness gene will not be passed on. This can be tested by breeding the dog to a deaf female (dd). Draw two Punnett squares to illustrate these two possible crosses.
11) In each case, what percentage/how many of the offspring would be expected to be hearing? deaf? How could you tell the genotype of this male dog? Also, using Punnett square(s), show how two hearing dogs could produce deaf offspring.
Use the following for questions 12-13:
Having a widow’s peak like dominant.
Wentworth Miller is
Not having a widow’s peak, like Rihanna, is recessive.
12) If Wentworth Miller is Aa, and he and Rihanna had children, what are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of their children?
13) Look at the phenotypes of Beyonce and Jay Z. If these two had children, could they have children with a widow’s peak? Why or why not? Use a Punnett Square to explain your answer.