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Objectives
•
Explain the effects of the Mexican–American
War on the United States.
•
Trace the causes and effects of the California
Gold Rush.
•
Describe the political impact of California’s
application for statehood.
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Terms and People
•
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement
formally ending the Mexican–American War,
included the sale of Mexican territory to the U.S.
•
Gadsden Purchase – 1853 sale of Mexican
territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S.
•
Wilmot Proviso – proposed law that would have
banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico
•
California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold
seekers into California in 1848 and 1849
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
forty-niners – those attracted to California by
the Gold Rush in 1849
•
placer mining – use of metal pans, picks, and
shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers
•
hydraulic mining – use of jets of water that
erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold
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What were the effects of the Mexican–
American War and the California Gold Rush?
The quick victory in the Mexican–American
War and gold in California fed into the
expansionists goals of Manifest Destiny.
The war also highlighted growing differences
between the North and South and set the
stage for future conflict.
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As a result
of the loss,
Mexico was
forced to sign
the Treaty of
Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
•
Mexico had to sell a third of
its territory to the United
States (1.2 million square
miles).
•
For $15 million, the U.S.
obtained California and New
Mexico. The Texas border
was set at the Rio Grande
River.
•
Mexico was humiliated and
remained bitter toward the
United States for decades.
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In 1853, the
United States
made the
Gadsden
Purchase.
•
Territory in southern Arizona
and New Mexico was
purchased from Mexico as
a potential route for a
transcontinental railroad.
•
The lands obtained from
Mexico increased the area of
the United States by a third.
•
The land formed New
Mexico, California, Nevada,
Utah, Arizona, and half of
Colorado.
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Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused
a debate over the expansion of slavery.
•
In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso suggested a ban
on slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico.
•
The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the
Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along
sectional lines.
•
The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before
Congress, which for decades tried avoid the topic.
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In 1848, gold was found
at Sutter’s Mill on the
American River near
Sacramento, California.
The resulting California Gold
Rush brought a mass-migration
of 80,000 fortune hunters west.
They were called forty-niners. Half
traveled overland; the rest either sailed around
South America or to Panama, where they crossed the
isthmus and caught ships up the coast.
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The Gold Rush attracted miners from South
America and China. California’s population grew
from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in 1852.
The first miners used metal pans,
shovels and picks to find gold along
river banks. Few became wealthy using
this method, called placer mining.
Merchants and traders made more
money selling goods to the miners than
the miners earned themselves.
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Life in the mining
camps was crude
and rough. Many
died of disease,
especially cholera
and dysentery.
Fights and violence
were common.
Only a few of
the miners were
women.
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•
Mining soon mechanized to
make it more efficient. One
method was to divert a river or
stream to expose the river bed.
•
Hydraulic mining employed
jets of water to erode gravel
hills into long lines of sluices
which caught the gold.
Hydraulic mining left heavy sediments in the river
and caused a great deal of environmental damage.
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Some tried “hard rock” mining, where men
searched for gold in deep tunnels supported
by wooden posts and beams.
Gold mining soon became too expensive for
individual miners.
The “democratic” era in the gold fields
did not last long. Individual prospectors
were soon replaced by wealthy investors
paying wages.
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White miners quickly asserted control
in California.
Minorities faced violence in the gold fields and
discrimination in the courts.
Native Americans were killed or lost their land.
Others found work on farms and ranches.
Old Mexican land titles were generally ignored.
Most of the original Californians were dispossessed.
The Chinese were targeted by a foreign miner’s tax
and mob violence.
Mexicans also had to pay a foreign miner’s tax.
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San Francisco became
the gateway to the
California gold fields.
After 1848, the city grew
rapidly from a tiny Spanish
settlement into the major
west coast American city.
Growth of San Francisco
Year
Population
1848
800
1849
25,000
1852
36,000
1860
57,000
Source: CIA World Factbook Online
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By October 1849,
California
prepared to
seek admission
into the Union.
Most Californians
opposed slavery so
California’s admission
as a free state would
tip the 15 slave and
15 free state balance
in the U.S. Senate.
Debate over the
spread of slavery into
the territories obtained
from Mexico became
a leading cause of the
Civil War.
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