Essential Question #1:
How has Territorial Expansion been Justified?
Essential Question #2:
What Factors Promote Continental Expansion?
Essential Question #4:
What Responsibility does America have Towards
the Inhabitants of a Newly Acquired Territory?
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Treaty of Paris
 Granted the United States
independence
 Transferred the land from
the Atlantic coast west to
the Mississippi, and from
the Great Lakes south to
Florida, to the Americans
 Declared that the
Americans should pay any
debts owed to the British
Treaty of Paris 1783
Post - French & Indian War (1763-1776)
Land Ordinance of 1785
 By 1785, Congress needed to set up
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an orderly system for settling the
Northwest Territory.
The ordinance called for the land to
be surveyed and divided into
townships by base line and range
line.
Congress planned to sell sections to
settlers for $640 each.
One section in every township was
to be set aside to support public
schools.
It also allotted a section for
purpose of religion and no more
than two townships for a University.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
 This ordinance set up a government (a governor, a
secretary, and 3 judges) for the Northwest Territory
and allowed the region to be divided into separate
territories.
 Once a territory had a population of 60,000 free
citizens, it could petition Congress to become a
state.
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set up a way for new states to be admitted to the United
States.
Northwest territory became five states: Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
Pinckney’s Treaty
What factors promote territorial expansion?
The Louisiana Purchase
 Jefferson wanted to buy Louisiana:
 to expand U.S. land
 to appeal to Republican farmers
 Napoleon wanted to sell Louisiana:
 to leave behind the slave revolts and
disease of the Western Hemisphere
 to get money to expand his war chest
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Significance of the Louisiana
Purchase
 added all or part of 13 states
 opened the interior of the
continent to settlement
 helped transform the U.S. into
a world nation
 removed the French threat
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Lewis and Clark Expedition
 The Unknown Territory

Neither France or U.S. knew exact
size
 The Lewis and Clark Expedition
 45 men
 Hired a French fur trader and his
Shushonis wife named Sacagawea
Meriwether Lewis
Adams-Onis Treaty / Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)
 Settled the
boundary
dispute
between the
U.S. and Spain.
It also included
the purchase
of Florida at a
cost of
$5,000,000.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
 Clearly drawn boundary lines were drawn between Maine &
New Brunswick and also in the Great Lakes Region.
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Manifest Destiny
16
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Manifest Destiny
 Popular
belief that the United States was destined
to extend its territory to the Pacific Ocean.

Northerners: Troubled by economic instability and urban
crowding believed that expansion would lessen population
pressures and would create new markets for U.S. products.
• Northern whites who opposed slavery but did not want to see freed
blacks settle in the North.

Southerners: Hungry for more land for cotton production
also supported manifest destiny.
•
Expansion would actually help end slavery in the Upper South by
shifting the slave population westward.
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Support for westward expansion
 saw manifest destiny as God’s will
 argued that it would stabilize the economy,
lessen population pressures, and create new
markets
 saw expansion as a way to provide more land
for cotton
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Migration West
 White Americans sought cheaper lands or to make a
new start.
 African Americans wanted to escape persecution in
the South.
 Scandinavians had “America Fever.”
 Irish moved west after building railroads.
 Russian Mennonites moved after losing exemption
from military.
 Chinese came during Gold Rush and turned to
farming.
“Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains” (1868) Albert Bierstadt
Through landscape paintings such as this, many people were getting their first glimpse of the
western United States. If you had never seen pictures of this part of the country, how do you
think you would react to this painting?
Objectives:
 How did mountain men extend the fur trade and western
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
settlement?
What were the effects of U.S. settlement in Oregon Country?
What difficulties did U.S. settlers face on the Oregon Trail?
How did American Indians respond to white settlement in
Oregon?
What were some characteristics of the Mormon communities
in Utah, and how did these characteristics lead to conflicts
with the U.S. government?
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Difficulties on the Oregon Trail
 harsh weather
 poor food
 American Indian attacks
 general discomfort
Opponents of westward expansion
 argued that the land
was already claimed
 argued that
additional land
would make the
United States too
big
Mormon communities in Utah
 structured around canals to irrigate desert soil
 cooperative distribution of land
 cooperative building of schools, meetinghouses, and
homes
 practice of polygamy
 appointment of Mormon leaders to high offices in
the territorial government
 The U.S. government disliked polygamy and the
appointment of Mormon leaders to high office
.
Objectives:
 How did supporters and opponents of
westward expansion defend their views?
 Why did the Mexican government encourage
American settlement in Texas?
 What events led to the Texas Revolution?
 What problems did Texas face after gaining
its independence?
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Mexico encouraged American settlement
 to create a buffer zone against American
Indian nations
 to attract new citizens
 to prevent a possible U.S. invasion
What factors promote territorial expansion?
The Texas Revolution
 Mexico closed Texas to
U.S. immigration and
importation of slaves.
 Santa Anna was elected
president of Mexico
and established
dictatorial control.
 Stephen F. Austin was
jailed.
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Problems in Texas
 relatively small population
 poor infrastructure
 widespread economic problems
 many conflicts with American Indians
 discrimination against Tejanos
Objectives:
 How did the annexation of Texas affect U.S.-
Mexican relations?
 How did the United States defeat Mexico in
the Mexican War?
 What were the terms of the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo?
 What problems confronted Mexican
Americans after the Mexican War?
What factors promote territorial expansion?
U.S. annexation of Texas led to war with
Mexico.
 General Stephen Kearny seizes control of
New Mexico.
 Californians rise in the Bear Flag Revolt.
 U.S. Marines capture Monterey.
 General Winfield Scott lays siege to Mexico
City.
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 Mexico gave up all claims to Texas.
 Mexico surrendered vast territory known as the
Mexican Cession.
 The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million
and pay damages claimed by U.S. citizens against
Mexico.
 The United States agreed to grant full citizenship
to Mexicans living in the Mexican Cession.
Objectives:
 How did the Spanish settle California?
 How and why did the forty-niners migrate to
California?
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Spanish settlement
 Spanish priests established
missions.
 Soldiers assisted the priests.
 Soldiers married American
Indian women.
 Spanish officials recruited
artisans to immigrate and
teach American Indians
herding and carpentry.
What factors promote territorial expansion?
Forty-niners
The forty-niners came to California
by land on the California Trail and
by sailing down the eastern
seaboard to Central America, going
overland to the Pacific Ocean, and
then sailing north to San Francisco.
They came because gold had been
discovered at Sutter’s Mill.
Discovery of Gold at Sutter’s Mill (January 24, 1848)
Discovery of Gold at Sutter’s Mill (January 24, 1848)
 James Marshall an
employee at John
Sutter’s Mill
discovered a few flakes
of Gold that sparked
the California Gold
Rush.
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Purchased from Mexico
for the price of $10
million. Southern
congressmen had hoped
to use the land to build
the 1st Transcontinental
RR.
Santa Anna was removed
by the Mexican people
after they learned of the
sale of their land yet
again
What responsibility does America have towards the inhabitants of
a newly acquired territory?
Problems for Mexican
Americans
 loss of land
 prejudice
 violence
What responsibility does America have towards the inhabitants of
a newly acquired territory?
Effects of U.S. settlement
 conflicts with American
Indians
 violence
 international conflicts
SECTION 1
Three government land acts increased non-Indian settlement of the Great Plaines
SECTION 2
Western Farmers
Homestead
Act
permitted
“any citizen
or intended
citizen” to have
160 acres of land
Pacific
Railway Act
gave lands to
railroad companies
to develop a
transcontinental
railroad linking the
East and West
coasts
Morrill
Act
granted more than
17 million acres of
land to be sold to
finance the
construction of
agricultural and
engineering
colleges
Desert of Grass - To many, the Great Plains was nothing more than a dreadful stretch of
land. Lack of rain in the area meant that little would grow there, so settlers were content to
pass it by. Others saw this area as a large pasture for grazing their cattle.
It has been said that from the 1840s until the end of the 19th century, “railroad
progress held the key to American prosperity.” In 1840 there were only about
3,000 miles of railroad track in the United States. By 1860 there were nearly 10
times that many miles of track, and the rush was on to reach the newly
flourishing regions west of the Mississippi. The incentive to build railroads came
from the federal government, which gave railroads millions of acres of public
land on either side of a railroad’s right of way. Then the railroads could sell this
land to raise money for construction. The amount of land awarded to a railroad
company building through a territory was often twice that offered to a
company laying track in a state. On the transparency, the dark purple areas
along railway routes indicate the amount of land actually received by railroads.
What results/consequences would exist due to railroad expansion west? Who would
benefit? Who or what would be affected negatively by this form of Western
Expansion and Industrialization?
Before the Civil War, the South was
largely agricultural, supplying food
and particularly cotton to the
nation and the world. After the
war, however, Southern agriculture
was turned upside down. Because
many countries had increased their
cotton production, Southern cotton
was no longer king. Falling cotton
prices and mounting planters’ debts
caused many banks to fail,
devastating the Southern economy.
Nevertheless, these economic
problems led to greater economic
diversification in the South.
Industry began to spring up and
tobacco production took hold. By
the early 20th century, Southern
agriculture was starting to
rebound.
The starting line for the first Oklahoma Land Rush, April 22, 1889.