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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
Infancy and Childhood
• The Newborn
• Physical Development in Childhood
• Cognitive Development in Childhood
• Socioemotional Development in Childhood
• Moral Development in Childhood
• Influences of Parenting Styles on Child Development
• Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
The Newborn
• There are five states of arousal in which newborn babies spend their time; the five
stages are regular sleep, irregular sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness and crying.
• Newborns use crying as a means of communication - there are different cries to
illicit various responses from caregivers.
• There are several important reflexes that a newborn baby shows after birth; each
has a specific duration and function.Rooting/sucking, Moro, stepping and Babinski
are a few of the most common newborn reflexes.
• Some of the newborn's senses are well developed at birth, whereas others will
take months to fully develop.Touch is the most highly developed at birth, whereas
Newborn baby
vision is the least developed.
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
Physical Development in Childhood
• Gross motor skills are those skills that are part of movement and motor
development.
• Fine motor skills involve the coordination of small muscle movements, usually
involving the hands working in coordination with the eyes.
• Children meet a myriad of physical development milestones in the first few years
of life, from walking to drawing to self-feeding.
Toddler exploring her world
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
Cognitive Development in Childhood
• The brain grows and matures rapidly during early childhood, faster than any other
organ in a child's body.
• Through a process known as synaptic pruning, neurons that are not useful to the
brain die off, making room for more relevant connections to help a child learn.
• Piaget's preoperational and concrete operational define the development of
childhood.The preoperational stage focuses on the development of concept
through make-believe play and development of symbolism.The concrete
operational stage allows a child's thinking to become more logical and focused.
• Several key thinking processes emerge during this phase, including reversibility,
The anatomy of the brain
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seriation, and transitive inference.
• Reversibility is the capacity to go through a series of steps and mentally reverse
them, ending up back at the beginning.
• Seriation is the ability to order items by a quantitative dimension, such as height
or weight.
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
• Transitive inference is a relational concept in which children can understand how objects related to one another.
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
Socioemotional Development in Childhood
• Emotional self-regulation refers to a child's ability to change their emotional state
to either match that of others (social) or make the child more comfortable in a
particular situation (social and personal).
• Play is one way in which children develop relationships with others.Several types
of play exist, and each step builds upon the last in a three-step process.
• In order to demonstrate the importance of social and emotional development in
people, Harry Harlow studied the attachment patterns of Rhesus monkeys.
• Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than
milk and that this "contact comfort" was essential to the psychological
development and health of infant monkeys and children.
Food or Security?Harlow's study on monkeys'
attachment
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
Moral Development in Childhood
• Morality is a system of beliefs about what is right and good compared to what is
wrong or bad.
• Lawrence Kohlberg focused on the development of moral judgments in children
rather than on their actions.He divided his stages of moral understanding into
three levels, each with two stages (total of six stages).
• At the preconventional level, a child's sense of morality is externally controlled.At
the conventional level, children still believe they should follow rules, but not only
for themselves.
• At the postconventional or principled level, children can think of morals and values
in an abstract way and begin to realize some moral dilemmas do not have a clear-
Kohlberg's Moral Development
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cut, right or wrong answer.
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
Influences of Parenting Styles on Child Development
• Authoritarian parents tend to be very strict parents, whereas permissive parents
tend to be warm and loving parents, but do not set appropriate limits or rules.
• Authoritative parents set realistic expectations for their children, and they provide
their children with fair (or natural) consequences.
• Neglectful parents are often uninvolved in their children's lives or involved in a
negative way.
• Authoritative parenting is generally regarded as the most successful approach to
parenting, due to its high level of involvement and appropriate levels of control.
Mother and Child
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Human Development > Infancy and Childhood
Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development
• Gender typing starts well before a child knows his or her biological sex.
• Children learn at a young age that there are distinct expectations for boys and
girls.Known as gender stereotypes, these are the predetermined ways in which
members of a particular sex are supposed to act.
• Racial stereotypes also exist and can have detrimental effects on a child's
development.The United States is a highly racialized society, and children especially children of color - often become aware of the dynamics of racism from
a young age.
• Race is also highly linked to class, and children of color are still statistically much
more likely to lack access to basic resources and experience economic hardship.
Newborn gender socialization
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Appendix
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Human Development
Key terms
• authoritarian One who commands absolute obedience to his or her authority.
• authoritative Having a commanding style.
• colic Severe pains that grip the abdomen or the disease that causes such pains (due to intestinal or bowel related problems).
• dexterity Skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands.
• empathy The capacity to understand another person's point of view, or the result of such understanding.
• gender The socio-cultural phenomenon of the division of people into various categories according to their biological sex, with
each having associated roles, clothing, stereotypes, etc.; those with male sex characteristics are perceived as "boys" and
"men", while those with female sex characteristics are perceived as "girls" and "women."
• Lawrence Kohlberg (1927 – 1987) An American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development.
• maternal deprivation Loss of the mother due to death or separation.
• morality Recognition of the distinction between good and evil or between right and wrong; respect for and obedience to the
rules of right conduct; the mental disposition or characteristic of behaving in a manner intended to produce morally good
results.
• myelination The production of a coating of myelin around an axon
• neglectful Tending to neglect; failing to take care of matters which require attention.
• neonatal Of or pertaining to the period of time immediately following birth, or to the newborn.
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Human Development
• neurotransmitter Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse
between two neurons.
• permissive Giving, or predisposed to give permission; lenient.
• posture The way a person holds and positions their body.
• race A group of sentient beings, particularly people, distinguished by common heritage or characteristics:
• stereotype A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image.
• synapse The junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a muscle or gland cell, over which nerve
impulses pass.
• temperament a person's normal manner of thinking, behaving or reacting
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Human Development
Newborn baby
The newborn baby requires a great deal of care to develop.
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Human Development
Toddler exploring her world
By manipulating the world around them, children learn and grow physically, with both gross and fine motor skills.
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Human Development
Jean Piaget
Piaget's theory of cognitive development is still widely used and accepted today.
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Human Development
The anatomy of the brain
The brain grows and matures rapidly during early childhood, faster than any other organ in a child's body.
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Human Development
Mother with child
Mother to child attachment plays a key role in the emotional and social development of children.
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Human Development
Food or Security?Harlow's study on monkeys' attachment
Short documentary part on the controversial studies performed by Harry Harlow and his assistants."Food or security, what will it be for the
monkey".Harlow's research emphasized the importance of "contact comfort" for young monkeys, as well as humans.
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YouTube. "Food or Security? Harlow." Youtube License http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsA5Sec6dAI View on Boundless.com
Human Development
Kohlberg's Moral Development
Diagram outlining the stages in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
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Human Development
Mother and Child
Authoritative parents are highly involved in their child's life, growth and development.
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Human Development
Newborn gender socialization
Parents tend to start socializing children to a certain gender type beginning at birth.
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Human Development
The newborn baby's reflex that aids in survival by assisting them
to find a nipple for food is known as ______.
A) Rooting/sucking
B) Moro
C) Babinski
D) Stepping
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Human Development
The newborn baby's reflex that aids in survival by assisting them
to find a nipple for food is known as ______.
A) Rooting/sucking
B) Moro
C) Babinski
D) Stepping
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Human Development
The development of dexterity is dependent on the development
of:
A) Gross motor skills.
B) Hand-eye coordination.
C) Walking independently.
D) Flexibility in the arms and legs.
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Human Development
The development of dexterity is dependent on the development
of:
A) Gross motor skills.
B) Hand-eye coordination.
C) Walking independently.
D) Flexibility in the arms and legs.
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Human Development
By the age of 3, most children can perform all of the following
tasks EXCEPT:
A) Building a 8-block tower
B) Tying shoes without assistance
C) Kicking a ball
D) Balancing on one foot for a few seconds
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Human Development
By the age of 3, most children can perform all of the following
tasks EXCEPT:
A) Building a 8-block tower
B) Tying shoes without assistance
C) Kicking a ball
D) Balancing on one foot for a few seconds
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Human Development
Advanced functions in the brain, such as integrating sensory
information and action planning, develop due to which process?
A) The death of unused neurons.
B) The connecting of neighboring neurons.
C) The creation of new neurons.
D) The disconnecting of neighboring neurons.
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Human Development
Advanced functions in the brain, such as integrating sensory
information and action planning, develop due to which process?
A) The death of unused neurons.
B) The connecting of neighboring neurons.
C) The creation of new neurons.
D) The disconnecting of neighboring neurons.
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Human Development
A researcher shows a child a ball of clay. Next, the researcher
rolls it up into a thin rod and then breaks it into 10 pieces. The
child is able to determine that if rolled back into a single ball, the
ball of clay would look the same as it did originally. Which
cognitive ability does the above description represent?
A) Reversibility
B) Assimilation
C) Deferred imitation
D) Hypothetical thinking
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Human Development
A researcher shows a child a ball of clay. Next, the researcher
rolls it up into a thin rod and then breaks it into 10 pieces. The
child is able to determine that if rolled back into a single ball, the
ball of clay would look the same as it did originally. Which
cognitive ability does the above description represent?
A) Reversibility
B) Assimilation
C) Deferred imitation
D) Hypothetical thinking
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Saylor OER. "Psychology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Psychology/
Human Development
Jack notices that Molly is taller than George, and that George is
taller than Alice. He understands that that means that Molly is
taller Alice due to:
A) Conservation
B) Transitivity
C) Classification
D) Reversibility
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Human Development
Jack notices that Molly is taller than George, and that George is
taller than Alice. He understands that that means that Molly is
taller Alice due to:
A) Conservation
B) Transitivity
C) Classification
D) Reversibility
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Human Development
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development explain how a child
mentally develops from birth to adolescence. Which of the
following is a key feature of these four stages?
A) Some children skip over or abbreviate certain stages.
B) Each later stage incorporates abilities developed in the previous
stages.
C) The stages do not necessarily happen in the same order.
D) Each stage is similar to the one previous.
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Human Development
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development explain how a child
mentally develops from birth to adolescence. Which of the
following is a key feature of these four stages?
A) Some children skip over or abbreviate certain stages.
B) Each later stage incorporates abilities developed in the previous
stages.
C) The stages do not necessarily happen in the same order.
D) Each stage is similar to the one previous.
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Human Development
Harry Harlow performed experiments with __ and determined that
___.
A) Monkeys; there is an innate need for comforting and nurturing in
primates (including humans)
B) Ducks; the existence of critical periods as seen through the imprinting
process
C) Infants; intellectual stimulation facilitates cognitive development
D) Rats; enriched environments lead to better outcomes
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Human Development
Harry Harlow performed experiments with __ and determined that
___.
A) Monkeys; there is an innate need for comforting and nurturing in
primates (including humans)
B) Ducks; the existence of critical periods as seen through the imprinting
process
C) Infants; intellectual stimulation facilitates cognitive development
D) Rats; enriched environments lead to better outcomes
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Human Development
When David was three years old and Matthew took his ball, he
threw himself on the ground and cried loudly. Now, David no
longer throws a temper tantrum when Matthew takes his ball.
David has learned:
A) Empathy.
B) Altruistic Behavior.
C) Emotional self-regulation.
D) Parallel play.
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Human Development
When David was three years old and Matthew took his ball, he
threw himself on the ground and cried loudly. Now, David no
longer throws a temper tantrum when Matthew takes his ball.
David has learned:
A) Empathy.
B) Altruistic Behavior.
C) Emotional self-regulation.
D) Parallel play.
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Human Development
If a child struggles to understand how a person could commit an
unlawful act, even if it benefits the greater good of society, he or
she is in what stage of moral development?
A) Interpersonal cooperation
B) Punishment and obedience
C) Social-order maintenance
D) Universal ethical principle
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Human Development
If a child struggles to understand how a person could commit an
unlawful act, even if it benefits the greater good of society, he or
she is in what stage of moral development?
A) Interpersonal cooperation
B) Punishment and obedience
C) Social-order maintenance
D) Universal ethical principle
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Human Development
A 9-year-old boy who regularly disrupts his class, doesn't make
high grades, and often leaves his toys outside to be ruined by rain
most likely has parents who are too:
A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) neglectful.
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Human Development
A 9-year-old boy who regularly disrupts his class, doesn't make
high grades, and often leaves his toys outside to be ruined by rain
most likely has parents who are too:
A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) neglectful.
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Human Development
Which of the following are children of color statistically more likely
to experience?
A) greater access to good education systems
B) lack of access to gender-specific programs
C) lack of access to basic healthcare
D) early gender typing at birth
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Human Development
Which of the following are children of color statistically more likely
to experience?
A) greater access to good education systems
B) lack of access to gender-specific programs
C) lack of access to basic healthcare
D) early gender typing at birth
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Human Development
Which of the following would be an example of a gender
stereotype?
A) A boy's father pushing him to play sports
B) A boy signing up for a home economics class
C) An Asian American being in an advanced math class
D) A girl wanting to listen to rock music and work on cars
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Human Development
Which of the following would be an example of a gender
stereotype?
A) A boy's father pushing him to play sports
B) A boy signing up for a home economics class
C) An Asian American being in an advanced math class
D) A girl wanting to listen to rock music and work on cars
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Human Development
Attribution
• Wiktionary. "colic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colic
• Wiktionary. "neonatal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neonatal
• Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Development: birth through death." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Development:_birth_through_death
• Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Development: birth through death." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Development:_birth_through_death
• Wikipedia. "Infant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant
• Wiktionary. "posture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posture
• Wiktionary. "dexterity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dexterity
• Wikibooks. "Introduction to Psychology/Child and Adolescent Psychology/Infants and Toddlers." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Psychology/Child_and_Adolescent_Psychology/Infants_and_Toddlers
• Wikipedia. "Child development stages." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages#Physical_4
• Wikipedia. "Child development stages." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages#Physical_4
• Wikipedia. "Child development stages." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages#Physical_4
• Wikipedia. "Fine motor skill." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_motor_skill
• Wikipedia. "Gross motor skill." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_motor_skill
• Connexions. "Student development: Physical development during the school years." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m37626/latest/
• Wiktionary. "myelination." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myelination
• Wiktionary. "neurotransmitter." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neurotransmitter
• Wiktionary. "synapse." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synapse
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Human Development
• Wikibooks. "SL Psychology/Genetic interplay." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/SL_Psychology/Genetic_interplay#The_Developing_Brain
• Wikibooks. "Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Knowing/Brain Research." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Social_and_Cultural_Foundations_of_American_Education/Knowing/Brain_Research#Early_Childh
ood
• Wikipedia. "Cognitive development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development
• Wikiversity. "Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Emotion/Children." CC BY-SA
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Textbook/Emotion/Children#Social_interaction_and_emotional_developm
ent
• Wikipedia. "maternal deprivation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maternal+deprivation
• Wiktionary. "empathy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/empathy
• Wiktionary. "temperament." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/temperament
• Wikipedia. "Harry Harlow." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Harlow
• Connexions. "Emotional, Social and Personality Development." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m33455/latest/
• Wikibooks. "Professionalism/Using Animals in Research." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professionalism/Using_Animals_in_Research
• Wikipedia. "Lawrence Kohlberg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence+Kohlberg
• Wiktionary. "morality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morality
• Wikibooks. "Applied History of Psychology/Moral Development." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_History_of_Psychology/Moral_Development
• Connexions. "Student development: Moral development: forming a sense of rights and responsibilities." CC BY 3.0
http://cnx.org/content/m37630/latest/
• Wiktionary. "neglectful." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neglectful
• Wiktionary. "permissive." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/permissive
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• Wiktionary. "authoritarian." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/authoritarian
Human Development
• Wiktionary. "stereotype." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stereotype
• Wiktionary. "race." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/race
• Wiktionary. "gender." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gender
• Connexions. "Race and Ethnicity in the United States." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42866/latest/
• Wikipedia. "Child development." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development
• Connexions. "Gender." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42871/latest/
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com