PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
1-3 YEARS
By: E
WHAT IS A TODDLER?
-Toddlers: Children from age of first steps, usually about 12 months, until the age of 3
-Toddlers need regular exercise to build muscle and use up excess energy.
Height and weight:
-A toddlers growth is slower than a babies. A toddler gains 1/2 lbs (0.2kg) per month.
-Hereditary shows:. An example would be tall versus short
PROPORTION AND POSTURE
•
-Posture improves during ages 1-3
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-until age 2, head, chest, and
abdomen have the same
circumference.
-By 2, child stands straighter and the
abdomen still protrudes and head is
still somewhat forward.
•
-Knees and elbows slightly bent.
•
- Age 3 back is straight and decreased
baby fat.
•
-Between 2 and 3, chest becomes
larger than head and abdomen.
•
-Arms, legs, and trunk get bigger at
this time and balance improves.
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Teeth
1 year olds have an average of 8 teeth.
At age 2, about 8 more teeth come in.
The last 4 teeth emerge around age 3.
The diet of the mother during pregnancy and breastfeeding
affect babies teeth.
The babies diet also affects how the teeth come in (lots of
calcium and vitamin D are good)
-Most teeth conditions are hereditary and dentists can often
fix it.
Caring for teeth:
- 18 months toddlers can begin brushing on their own. (using
a small, soft toothbrush)
- Children will still require adult help and dentists
recommend showing them how to floss.
Motor skills
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Large Motor Skills: abilities
that depend on the use and
control of the large muscles
of the back, legs, shoulders,
and arms. Walking, running,
and throwing are examples of
Large motor skills.
Manipulation: skillful use of
hands and fingers.
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Small Motor skills: abilities
that depend on the use and
control of the finer muscles
of the wrists, fingers, and
ankles. Examples are small
puzzles and knobs, holding
colours and paintbrushes, and
turning pages on cardboard
books. Also feeding
themselves and drinking from
a cup is a small motor skill.
These all require hand-eye
coordination.
Motor skills depend on the
child's temperament, and
ability to exercise and play.
1-2 year olds:
 13
months: they will be able to pull
themselves into a standing position using
a stable object.
 14 months: a child will be able to get up
on their own.
 15 months: a baby will be able to bend
down and pick up objects while standing.
A baby will also know how to walk.
 20 months: they will be able to graduate
onto running
WHAT 2 AND 3 YEAR OLDS DO…
Age 2:
A toddler will be able to eat finger foods.
Scribble and draw lines on a paper
Display interest in dressing and undressing themselves.
They will also be able to drink from a cup with minimal spilling.
Want to try to brush their own teeth.
Age 3:
Can throw and roll a ball.
turn doorknobs
draw lines and circles on a piece of paper
loves finger games (Head and shoulders, knees and toes…)
Loves to climb
learn to ride a tricycle
What do they eat?
• A 1 year old likes a variety of soft foods including yogurt,
mashed potatoes, and apple sauce. They go through a picky
stage and will not eat certain foods, but this only lasts for a
bit. Finger food is very popular for this age group.
• A 2 year old can be picky or easy to feed. They are either
messy or neat when they eat, and can learn to eat with a fork.
• A 3 year old can eat the same foods as the rest of the family;
just cut into smaller pieces. They need nutritional snacks
throughout the day to keep up with their energy!
* This is when children establish views on personal
hygiene.
* Toddlers consider bath more of playtime than
bathing time.
* 1 year olds can wash themselves by rubbing the
washcloth on themselves
* 2 year olds can wash, rinse, and dry themselves
fairly well.
* 3 year olds can bathe themselves with minimal
supervision
*Bath time!!!
• Children learn to dress themselves. Adults should encourage this
when a child shows interest.
• At 12 months a child begins pulling clothes off.
• At 18-24 months a child can undress completely.
• At 13-14 months a child usually shows interest in helping getting
dressed.
• At age 3 a child can dress independently
Sleeping patterns
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 As a baby, little children learn to develop a sleeping
pattern, but as they grow, it changes.
 At age 2 a child needs less sleep and may not be
willing to go to sleep as easily. They may no longer
need a morning nap but will require an afternoon
one.
 At age 3 the child may feel insecure at night. They
often develop a fear of the dark.
Toilet training!!!
 Most children begin at the ages of 18 months or 3 yrs.
There is no set age. They should start when they are
physically and emotionally mature enough.
 The child must be old enough to be able to control the
sphincter muscles, to control elimination.
 The child must be able to recognize that they have to go.
Physical Development and Child
Abuse
Abuse comes in many forms such as sexual, emotional, physical,
and neglect.
These types of abuse can affect a child's physical
development. A child may not grow to the height normal children
reach at a young age, or they may be obese or malnourished and
thin. A child who faces neglect at a young age may not be able to
walk or even smile at the age most toddlers can. They may not
have the motor skills that most toddlers acquire at a certain age,
and it may take them way longer to learn. They may not learn or
express interest in activities like getting dressed or potty training
at the same time as other toddlers do. They may also not be able
to attach to a mother figure and their brain may not grow as
intended as a result of any form of abuse.
Signs of Child abuse
1. Determine what kind of abuse you think is going on.
For Signs of physical abuse, check and see if the child tries and puts
up a fight when it's time to go to daycare, or appear frightened
around the caregiver or other adults
2. For signs of emotional abuse see if the child displays behavioral
problems or changes such as shunning a parent's affections — or,
alternately, becoming excessively clingy — or acting angry or
depressed
3.Some children may be facing sexual abuse and exhibit behavior
such as having pain, itching, bleeding, or bruises in or around the
genital area, having difficulty walking or sitting, possibly because of
genital or anal pain, suffering from urinary tract infections, or
suddenly start wetting the bed, being reluctant to take off his coat or
sweater, even on a hot day, or insist on wearing multiple
undergarments, or demonstrate sexual knowledge, curiosity, or
behavior beyond his age (obsessive curiosity about sexual matters,
for example, or seductive behavior toward peers or adults).
Have
And
References
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/physical_health_from_age_1_to_2_pbs
.html
http://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/long_term_consequences.cfm
#physical
http://www.wikihow.com/Recognize-Signs-of-Abuse-in-a-Toddler-or-Baby
Chapter 11 Child development textbook