 YOU ONLY HAVE TO DO ONE STYLE – NOT BOTH!
 CHOOSE EITHER
MLA
OR APA
APA Citations and Bibliographies
 Important ethical concept
 Avoiding plagiarism and integrating source material
into your own work are important college skills
 Two parts to giving credit:
1. Creating a bibliography
2. Integrating source material correctly
 Paraphrasing, quoting, summarizing
 In-text citations within your writing, including a signal
phrase such as “According to Smith, …”
 Giving credit is called “documentation”
 Essential to college success
 Many undergraduate research papers consist largely
of quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material
from others who are experts in the field being
studied.
 Using original research (experiments, surveys,
primary studies, etc.)
 Unique interpretations and synthesis
 You can demonstrate mastery of the material
 Citing experts gives your conclusions validity
 Allows others to learn from your research and findings
 Build on previous research
 Producing new knowledge and adding to scholarship in
the field
 Two kinds of citations
 Bibliographic citations
 A list at the end of the paper, speech, presentation that lists all the
sources you cited (quoted, paraphrased, or summarized) within the
paper
 Includes information needed to locate the item
 In-text citations
 When quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, or referring to the
words, thought, or ideas of other, use a short reference within the
text or in a footnote (depending on the citation style) is used
 Refers your reader to a specific item (and often a specific place
within that item) listed in the bibliography
 Just two of many formats used
 Both are used at DSU (along with Chicago in just a
few classes)
 Concepts are the same for APA, MLA, and other
styles:
 Clearly note the source of words, thoughts, or ideas
 Give an accurate, precise, uniform description of the
source material
 Used in:
 Social sciences
Psychology, sociology, etc.
 Communication
 Education
 Health sciences
 Requires you to select a citation style
 Use APA
If you are planning on majoring in
Communication, Education, Health Sciences,
or Social Sciences (psychology)
 Use MLA
For all other majors at DSU
 Format determines the exact content of citations in all styles
 Common material formats include
 Print
 periodical article or book
 Online book (e-book)
 Online periodical article (from a database or a web site)
 Journal, magazine, newspaper
 Web site
 Video recording
 Personal interview / personal communication
 Bibliography – References
 Citations within your writing – in-text citations
 Format of material
 Print or online
 If online, how you accessed the item can be important
 Library database
 In Module 8, link to printable APA Guide and/or sample
APA References
 We have created online guides for both MLA and APA styles to
help you answer the questions in Quiz 8 and 9, and write
bibliographies in the future.
 Go to Library Homepage >
Research Guides > Citation Guide > MLA or APA
 Includes basic Works Cited information, many formats,
parenthetical citations
 The current APA Style Guide is available at the Reference
Desk
The APA Style Guide has the basic rules, more examples, and some of the
in-text citations. Please refer to the Style Guide when taking the Quiz and
doing the assignment.
 All citations should be double spaced
 Indent after the first line of each entry
 Entries are not numbered
 Alphabetize by the first word of the entry
 If an element is not present, omit it
 Capitalize ONLY the first word of a title, the first word of a
subtitle, and proper nouns in titles of books and articles, no
matter how they appear in a database or catalog
 Italics must be used for book and periodical titles
 If no author is listed, begin with title (if they have signed
the article as anonymous then use anonymous as the
author)
 Enter author's last name followed by first and middle
initials
 List up to seven (7) authors;
 Eight (8) or more authors, use only the first six and then
ellipses (…) and the name of the last author.
 Use the abbreviations p. or pp. only for multi-page
newspaper articles, encyclopedia entries, and chapters
or articles in edited books
 Do not use the abbreviation p. or pp. (or any other
abbreviation) for magazine and journal articles
 Use p. for one page articles, pp. for multiple page
articles
 List the city of publication, and the use two-letter
abbreviations for states when needed. Example:
Lexington, KY
 List the city of publication, and spell out the
country name. Example: Cambridge, England
 For items found in full text online, access information in
APA requires one of the following (in order of preference):
1. Use DOI if available (no period at end of citation)
2. If no DOI, and from database then just use the same
format as the print format
3. If no DOI and from open web site - not from a database,
use URL of the homepage (no period at end of citation). Use
access date if from a personal webpage or wiki.
 Dates are in Year, Month Day format
(e.g. 1999, December 20)
 Examples in this module are not doublespaced, but your References list should be
double-spaced
 Examples in this module do not show
indented lines after the first line, but yours
should be indented
 Authors are formatted the same in all material formats.
 List only the first (and middle if available) initials of all authors
 List all authors with the last name first
 Example: Smith, J. D.
 Two authors are separated with a comma and an ampersand ( & )
 Example: Smith, J. D., & Jones, R. L.
 Three authors are formatted with commas and an ampersand ( & )
 Example: Smith, J. D., Jones, R. L., & Harper, S. G.
 List up to seven (7) authors;
 Example: Smith, J. D., Jones, R. L., Harper, S. G., Harris,
K., Thompson, L. C., Nelson, G. A, & Brown, W. L.
 Eight (8) or more authors, list the first six and then
ellipses (…) and the last author’s name.
 Example: Smith, J. D., Jones, R. L., Harper, S. G., Harris,
K., Thompson, L. C., Nelson, G. A., … Brown, W. L.
 If there is no author’s name but they say Anonymous,
then use Anonymous as the author’s name.
 If there is no author’s name nor does it say anonymous
then use the title first and then the date.
 Authors that are organizations, corporations,
government entities, etc.
 Do not invert or use abbreviations.
 Examples:
 United States Department of Commerce.
 General Motors Corporation.
 American Civil Liberties Union.
Author’s Last Name, First Initial Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title: Subtitle of book.
City of publication, State of publication: Publisher.
Where do you find the citation information for a printed book?
Look on the Cover of the book and the title page first. If you still need more
information then go to the verso page (copyright page)
Book Cover
Title Page
Verso Page
Author’s Last Name, First Initial Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title: Subtitle of the book.
City, State: Publisher.
Where do you find the citation information for an e-book?
Look on the Cover of the book and the title page first. If you still
need more information then go to the verso page (copyright page) and
database’s information panel.
Title page and database’s information panel
Verso page
Author’s Last Name, First Initial Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor’s first
initial. Middle Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Title: Subtitle of the book (pp. page numbers of the chapter).
Place of publication: Publisher.
Where do you find the citation information for a printed book?
Look on the Cover of the book, title page, and table of
contents first. If you still need more information then go to the verso
page (copyright page)
Cover
Title
Verso
Table of contents
Author’s Last name, First Initial Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title of entry. In Editor’s
first Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia. City, State: Publisher.
Where do you find the citation information?
Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article,
at the bottom of the site, and the encyclopedia’s home page for
the year, editor, and URL.
End of article
Beginning of article
Encyclopedia’s home page
Author’s Last Name, First Initial Middle Initial. (Date of publication). Title: Subtitle of the article. Name of
newspaper, p. Page number.
Where do you find the citation information?
Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article, at the
top and bottom of the site.
Title: Subtitle of the article. (Date of publication). Title: Subtitle of the magazine, Volume number,
page number.
Where do you find the citation information?
Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article, in
the database’s citation.
Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of publication). Title: Subtitle of the article. Title:
Subtitle of Journal, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. doi: Number
Where do you find the citation information?
Look at the beginning of the article, end of the article, in the
database’s citation
 There are two elements absolutely necessary for any
APA web site citation:
 Name (or title) of site
 Complete URL (Internet address)
 Dates
 Date of retrieval is necessary for personal websites,
wikis, and blogs.
 If no date of publication is found then use n.d.
Author’s Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial (Date of publication). Title: Subtitle of Website.
Retrieved Date of retrieval (if needed), from URL of home page
Where do you find the citation information?
Look at the top of the website, bottom of the website, and
in the browser’s search bar
 “The APA's in-text citations provide at least the author's last
name and the date of publication. For direct quotations and
some paraphrases, a page number is given as well …
Ordinarily, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the date of
publication in parentheses. Put the page number (preceded by
"p.") in parentheses after the quotation.”
 The exact format of the publication date depends on the type
of source. For books and journal articles, use just the year of
publication. For articles from weekly magazines and daily
newspapers, use the complete date in this format: 2001,
December 12. Remember, the purpose of the in-text citation
is to lead your reader to the specific entry in the References
list and then to the specific place within the work.
 If the information derived from more than one page in the
work, page numbers in APA citations are written out in their
entirety.
 Examples: 3-4; 5-15; 23-29; 431-439; 497-503, 1129-1143.
The APA Style Guide has the basic rules, more examples, and some of the
in-text citations. Please refer to the Style Guide when taking the Quiz and
doing the assignment.
 You’re now ready to take Quiz 8.
 If you use the APA format for this quiz, you must use the
APA format for Quiz 9.
 It’s located in Module 8 APA. Although the quiz is open
book, remember that the Final Exam is not, so you’ll need to
actually be learning the content not just filling in the
bubbles.
 If you have any questions or run into any problems, please
let us know.
 This class is much easier for students who work quickly
through the modules. Don’t be afraid to work ahead and get
the entire class done!