Importation of Fresh Strawberry, Fragaria spp., Fruit with
Flower Calyx and Short Stalk from Jordan into the
Continental United States
A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment
March 8, 2010
Rev. 03
Agency Contact:
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300
Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Executive Summary
The Kingdom of Jordan has requested approval for imports into the continental United States of
fresh, field-grown strawberry fruit (Fragaria spp.) with calyces and short stalks. Because this
commodity has not been imported from Jordan before, the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) conducted a
pathway-initiated risk assessment to determine the risks associated with importing these
strawberries. APHIS analysts prepared a list of pests in Jordan that are known to be associated
with Fragaria spp., using standard sources, including documents submitted by Jordan, records of
intercepted pests, and scientific literature. We determined which quarantine pests were likely to
follow the pathway, and qualitatively analyzed them to determine the unmitigated risk each
poses to the United States. We found the following six quarantine pests that could be introduced
into the continental United States via this pathway:
Pest
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hübner
Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper)
Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein)
Monilinia fructigena Honey
Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)
Thrips major Uzel
Taxonomy
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Acari: Tetranychidae
Leotiomycetes: Helotiales
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
We rated all six pests with High Pest Risk Potential. We listed risk mitigation options for these
pests. The choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is part of the pest
risk management phase within APHIS and is not addressed in this document.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... ii
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Botany and Origin ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Worldwide Production ........................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Production in Jordan ........................................................................................................... 2
2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action ....................................................................................... 3
2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Fragaria spp. ........................................................ 3
2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions ................................................... 5
2.4. Pest Categorization-Identification of Pests of Fragaria spp. in Jordan.............................. 5
2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway ............................................................... 20
2.6. Consequences of Introduction........................................................................................... 21
2.7. Likelihood of Introduction ................................................................................................ 31
2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion .................................................................................. 34
3. Authors and Reviewers........................................................................................................... 34
4. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 34
5. Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 50
Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of fresh strawberry (Fragaria spp.)
from Jordan into the continental United States. ................................................................. 50
Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of strawberries into the United States. ............. 54
Appendix C. Decision sheets for Fragaria spp. ...................................................................... 55
Appendix D. Pest interceptions on Fragaria sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis, and F. vesca
entering the United States .................................................................................................. 57
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
1. Introduction
This risk assessment was prepared by analysts at the Center for Plant Health Science and
Technology (CPHST) office in Colombia, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We
examined potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh fruits of strawberry
(Fragaria spp.) from the Kingdom of Jordan into the continental United States. Strawberry fruit
from Jordan is intended to be exported with flower calyces and short stalks (EHKJ, 2004).
Leaving the calyx on the fruit is important to decrease perishability (Strand, 1994; Mitcham and
Mitchell, 2002).
This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on the risks that may be
associated with the importation of this commodity, and is qualitative in that risk is expressed in
descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than as probabilities or frequencies. The
methodology and rating criteria are explained in “Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk
Assessments, Version 5.02” (PPQ, 2000).
International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection
Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidance for conducting pest risk
analyses. The methods used in this plant pest risk assessment are consistent with this guidance
and are in accordance with the Framework for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #2).
Biological and phytosanitary terms used in this document are in accordance with those in the
Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). The guidelines describe three stages of
pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management).
A pest risk assessment is a component of an overall pest risk analysis; this document satisfies the
requirements of Stages 1 and 2.
1.1. Botany and Origin
Fragaria species belong to the Rosaceae family. The genus Fragaria contains fifteen strawberry
species that are distributed throughout the northern temperate regions of the world and one
species that extends into South America. Fragaria virginiana and F. chiloensis are native to the
Americas (CABI, 2007). There are five species of Fragaria native to or found in the United
States (F. x ananassa, F. bringhurstii, F. chiloensis, F. vesca and F. virginiana). Within these
five species there are 13 subspecies that are native or naturalized in the continental United States
(NCRS, 2008). Northeast Asia contains the largest number of species.
The hybrid F. ananassa Duchesne was obtained in Europe in the mid-18th century from the
crossing of F. virginiana Duchesne and F. chiloensis (L). This hybrid was rapidly cultivated by
growers around the world because it was superior in many ways to the wild species that were the
source of strawberry fruit (CABI, 2007). Other native species are still harvested from the wild,
but these rarely appear in markets because of their small size and poor shelf life. Indigenous
peoples of Chile selected and cultivated large-fruited clones of F. chiloensis that are still grown
in that region (CABI, 2007). Also, color variants of F. vesca are grown for ornamental purposes,
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
but only rarely for fruit. Today, wild species are mainly of interest for specific genes that they
can contribute to the octoploid F. x ananassa (CABI, 2007).
1.2. Worldwide Production
North America is the largest producer of strawberries (Perez and Pollack, 2007). Strawberry
production in California and Florida in 2007 was forecast to be 10,432,625 metric tons (2.3
billion pounds). California produced 88 percent of the U.S. crop in 2007, while Florida was
second with about 10 percent (Perez and Pollack, 2007).
Although fresh strawberry imports are a relatively small portion of what is consumed in the
United States, this volume has increased over the last five years (Perez and Pollack, 2007). In
2006, fresh strawberry imports were a record 69,581 metric tons, 25 percent greater than the
previous year (Perez and Pollack, 2007). For 2007, 157.7 million pounds (71,519 metric pounds)
were imported (Pollack and Perez, 2008). Almost all of those strawberries came from Mexico,
but other suppliers included Argentina, China, Chile, Canada, Ecuador, New Zealand, Peru, and
Poland (Perez and Pollack, 2007; Pollack and Perez, 2008).
1.3. Production in Jordan
In Jordan, strawberries are produced in 500 m2 (0.124 acre) plastic tunnels (Abu-El Samen,
2008). No open field plantations are used, but multi-span plastic tunnels are employed on a few
farms. All strawberry production uses drip irrigation. The major varieties produced are Anar,
Splinder, Camarosa, Ventana, Alpion, and C-scape. Transplants are produced in tissue culture
from California and Europe, or by local producers in Jordan. The tunnels are re-planted each
year. Commercial cultivars produce individual fruits weighing as much as 30-50 g, although 1020 g is typical (CABI, 2007).
The cultivated area for strawberries in Jordan was 41.4 ha (102.3 acres) in 2006 and 60 ha (148.3
acres) in 2007 (Abu-El Samen, 2008). Total production was 828 tons in 2006 and 1,200 tons in
2007. In 2007, 700 tons were produced in the Jordan Valley and 500 tons in the highlands (AbuEl Samen, 2008). Exports of strawberries from Jordan to the European Union and Jordan’s
neighboring countries—Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria—have increased rapidly in
recent years (DOS, 2006; Magnani et al., 2004).
Integrated pest management (IPM) practices are used in strawberry production in Jordan in
collaboration with GTZ (German Agency for Technical Cooperation)-Germany IPM projects.
Primary treatments include predators and parasites of insect pests and restricted pesticide
applications. The commonly used pesticides are Floromite (for management of red spider mites),
Proclaim (for insect pest management), Boscalid (fungal diseases), and Bellis (Boscalid
combined with pyraclostrobin) (fungal diseases) (Abu-El Samen, 2008; Sallato et al., 2007).
Soil fumigation with chemicals (e.g. MB and Dazomet) is practiced by farmers specially in the
establishing of a new farm or site in addition to soil solarization (Katbeh Bader, 2010).
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
2. Risk Assessment
2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
We conducted this commodity-based, pathway-initiated risk assessment in response to a request
made by the Kingdom of Jordan (EHKJ, 2004) to the USDA to authorize the importation of fresh
strawberry fruit (with flower calyx and short stalk) grown in Jordan (in the Jordan valley and
highlands) into the continental United States. The importation is a potential pathway for the
introduction of plant pests. USDA has regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and
vegetables from foreign sources into the United States (7 CFR § 319, 2007).
2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Fragaria spp.
The results of the weediness screening for Fragaria spp. did not prompt a weed-initiated risk
assessment (Table 1).
Table 1. Assessment of weediness potential of Fragaria spp.
Commodity scientific name: Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier [Rosaceae]
Common name: Strawberry
The Fragaria genus has 15 species, but only Fragaria × ananassa contributes significantly to
commercial production. It is the hybrid of two species: F. virginiana Duchesne from eastern
North America and F. chiloensis (L.) Duchesne from North and South America, which is still
grown in Chile (CABI, 2007). Fruits of wild native species are still harvested, but these rarely
appear in markets because of their small size and short shelf-life (CABI, 2007). Other species,
such as F. vesca, are mainly cultivated for ornamental purposes (CABI, 2007). Today, wild
species are mainly of interest for specific genes that they can contribute to the octoploid F. x
ananassa (CABI, 2007).
Synonyms: Fragaria × ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex Howell) Staudt (= F. × ananassa
nothosubsp. cuneifolia)
F. chiloensis var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Ser.
F. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Howell (= F. × ananassa nothosubsp. cuneifolia)
F. × magna auct.
Potentilla × ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Mabb. (NGRP, 2008)
Phase 1:
Fragaria spp. L. are reported in all states of the continental United States (NRCS, 2008).
The hybrid Fragaria x ananassa is reported in the following states: Alaska, Connecticut,
Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New York,
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Washington (NRCS, 2008).
Phase 2:
The species is listed in:
YES Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991a) as: F. indica (for
Mauritius), F. vesca, and F. virginiana (both for the United States).
NO
World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991b).
NO
World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997).
YES Weed Science Society of America (WSSA, 2007) as Fragaria virginiana.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
NO
NO
NO
Federal Noxious Weed List (PPQ, 2006).
Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).
Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and
Ritchie, 1988).
NO
Global Invasive Species Database (ISSG, 2008).
YES A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2003) as:
F. x ananassa: Naturalized, cultivation, escape, and casual alien. Cultivated medicinal
and culinary uses.
F. chiloensis: Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.
F. chiloensis ssp. lucida: Naturalized.
F. indica: Weed. Cultivated medicinal and culinary uses.
F. moschata: Cultivation escape. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.
F. muricata: Naturalized.
Fragaria spp.: Weed. Medicinal and culinary uses.
F. vesca: Weed, Naturalized. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.
F. vesca ssp. americana: Weed.
F. virginiana: Weed. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.
F. viridus: Weed.
NO
Invasive Species of the World (Weber, 2003).
YES Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas (Swearingen, 2008) as: F. vesca ssp. vesca
(NJ, invasive), F. chiloensis (HI, invasive).
NO
Noxious weeds in the United States and Canada (Rice, 2008).
NO
State Regulated Noxious Weeds (APHIS, 2007).
Other: Scientific literature, Internet sources, etc.:
NO
AGRICOLA (NAL, 2008), CAB (CABI, 2007), AGRIS (FAO, 2008).
NO
Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2007).
YES Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (USFWS, 2008a), as Fragaria vesca.
NO
Noxious weed list for Australian states and territories (Australian Weeds
Committee, 2007).
Phase 3:
Fragaria sp. and Fragaria x ananassa are widely prevalent in the continental United States
and the answer to four of the above questions is yes. In this case, we need to provide additional
comments on our findings (PPQ, 2000):
 Fragaria vesca and F. virginiana are listed as weeds of unknown importance in the
United States (Holm et al., 1991a), while Fragaria indica, Fragaria spp., F. vesca,
F. vesca ssp. americana, F. virginiana, and F. viridus are also considered weeds
(Randall, 2003)
 F. vesca ssp. vesca is invasive in NJ, and F. chiloensis is invasive in HI
(Swearingen, 2008)
 F. vesca is “present on Pacific islands” (USFWS, 2008a)
Conclusion: We proceeded with the pest risk assessment for the following reasons: 1)
Cropped strawberries are economically important (Wiersema and Leon, 1999); 2) cultivated
and wild strawberries (Fragaria spp.) grow in 49 states without being under official control;
and 3) Fragaria spp., as strawberry fruit, are currently permitted entry into the United States
from 88 countries (PPQ, 2008a).
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2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions
2.3.1. Current status
Strawberries are authorized to enter into the United States through all U.S. ports-of-entry from
88 countries (see Appendix B). Over the past few decades, no pest risk assessment has been
conducted for the importation of strawberries into the United States.
2.3.2. Decision history
From 1924 to 1994, the importation of strawberries into the United States was denied from the
following countries: Australia, French Guiana, Ghana, Guyana, Korea, Peru, the Philippines, and
Zimbabwe. The principal risks detected in decision sheets were 1) Halotydeus destructor, 2)
mites, 3) Dacus sp., and 4) Bactrocera sp. (CPHST, 2008).
Decisions without clear dates are as follows: Argentina (authorized entry via Miami), Belgium,
Cuba, Ecuador, England, Europe, France, French Guiana, Haiti, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico,
the Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru (rejected at South Pacific ports), Scotland, Switzerland
(decision unknown), Chile (approved), and the Philippines (denied) (CPHST, 2008). For further
details see Appendix C.
2.3.3. Pest interceptions
From 1984 to 2008, many different pests were intercepted on F. x ananassa, F. chiloensis,
Fragaria sp., and F. vesca at U.S. ports-of-entry (see Appendix D) (PestID, 2009).
2.4. Pest Categorization-Identification of Pests of Fragaria spp. in Jordan
2.4.1. Pest list
Below we present information on pests associated with Fragaria spp. (in any country) that occur
in Jordan and neighboring countries (Table 2). The data includes (1) the presence or absence of
these pests in the continental United States and pertinent citations for that distribution, (2)
pertinent citations supporting the association of the pest with Fragaria spp., (3) the association
of the pest with plant parts and pertinent citations showing that association, (4) the quarantine
status of the pest in the continental United States, and (5) whether the pest is likely to follow the
pathway into the United States on strawberry.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Table 2. Pests reported on Fragaria spp. and present in Jordan and neighboring countries.
Pest
Geographic
Reported on
Plant part Quaran1
distribution
Fragaria spp.
affected2
tine pest
ARTHROPODS
ARACHNIDA
Acari: Tarsonemidae
JO (EHKJ, 2004);
EHKJ, 2004;
N/A
No
Phytonemus pallidus
(Banks)
US (CABI, 2007)
INRA, 2008
Acari: Tenuipalpidae
JO (PestID, 2009);
MAG, 2008
N/A
No
Brevipalpus obovatus
Donnadieu
US (CABI, 2007)
Acari: Tetranychidae
Bryobia praetiosa Koch
JO (PestID, 2009);
Migeon and
N/A
No
US (Migeon and
Dorkeld, 2007
Dorkeld, 2007)
Migeon and
F (Poole,
Yes
Eutetranychus orientalis JO (CABI, 2007;
(Klein)
EPPO and CABI,
Dorkeld, 2007
1999); L
1997; Migeon and
(CABI,
Dorkeld, 2007)
2007;
NAPPO,
2001)
CABI, 2007
N/A
No
Tetranychus cinnabarinus JO (CABI, 2007;
(Boisduval)
Kasem and Yakob,
Syn: Tetranychus
1985); US (CABI,
telarius (L.)
2007)
Tetranychus urticae Koch JO (CABI, 2007;
CABI, 2007;
N/A
No
EHKJ, 2004; Migeon EHKJ, 2004;
and Dorkeld, 2007); Migeon and
US (CABI, 2007)
Dorkeld, 2007
INSECTA
Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae
Furth, 1980
L
Yes
Altica (Haltica) oleracea JO (Furth, 1980)
(L.)
(Cranshaw,
2006)
Follow
pathway
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
N/A
N/A
No3
1
We only considered the geographic distribution the continental United States, Jordan, and its neighboring countries: Israel,
Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. IS = Israel; IR = Iraq; JO = Jordan; EG = Egypt; SA = Saudi Arabia; SY = Syria; and
US = United States.
2
Plant parts: Fruit = F; Flower/Inflorescence = I; Leaf = L; Root = R; Shoot = Sh; Stem = S.
3
Altica (Haltica) oleracea is a flea beetle that feeds primarily on leaves. Because strawberries are harvested with the calyx
attached, this beetle may occur on exported fruit, but it has never been intercepted on strawberry from anywhere (PestID,
2009). Furthermore, we found no other reliable references that this pest attacks strawberry. “Flea beetles” are so-called
because they jump when disturbed, so overall this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Geographic
distribution1
Coleoptera: Curculionidae
JO (AQIS, 2008;
Hypera postica
(Gyllenhal)
EPPO, 1999); US
Syn: Phytonomus
(CABI, 2007)
variabilis Herbst.
Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae
JO (EHKJ, 2004);
Polyphylla fullo
(Linnaeus)
US (MA) (Herrmann
et al., 2006)
JO (AQIS, 2008)
Melolontha melolontha
Linnaeus
Diptera: Tephritidae
Ceratitis capitata
(Wiedemann)
Hemiptera: Aphididae
Aphis gossypii Glover
Aulacorthum solani
Kaltenbach
Brachycaudus helichrysi
Kaltenbach
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999;
PestID, 2009)
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
Plant part
affected2
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
CABI, 2007
N/A
No
N/A
EHKJ, 2004
R (INRA,
2008)
Yes
No
CABI, 2007;
Graham, 2008;
INRA, 2008;
Plant Health
Australia, 2005
F (CABI,
Yes
2007); L, R
(Graham,
2008; INRA,
2008)
No4
Liquido et al.,
1991; Thomas
et al., 2005
F5 (CABI,
2007)
Yes
No6
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007;
Strand, 1994
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007
N/A
No
N/A
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EHKJ, 2004;
CABI, 2007); US
Strand, 1994
(CABI, 2007)
JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007)
Macrosiphum euphorbiae JO (CABI, 2007); US
(Thomas)
(CABI, 2007; Strand,
1994)
IS (PestID, 2009;
Macrosiphum rosae
(Linnaeus)
CABI, 2007); EG;
US (CABI, 2007)
4
Melolontha melolontha is an external feeder of fruits and pods (CABI, 2007) but larvae feed mainly on roots, while adults
feed mainly on foliage (Graham, 2008; INRA, 2008). Adults are large (20-28 mm long, 12-13 mm wide) and have a dark
head and pronotum (Graham, 2008), so they should be easily detected and removed during post-harvest processing. Thus,
this insect is highly unlikely follow the pathway.
5
Strawberries are only a conditional host of C. capitata (Liquido et al., 1991; Thomas et al., 2005). Like many hosts of
Medfly, strawberries can be infested when grown near primary hosts (e.g., stone fruits or citrus) with large Medfly
populations (Steck, 2008). Ceratitis capitata has never been recorded on strawberries in Jordan (Katbeh-Bader, 2008), but
it has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry in various fruits from Jordan (PestID, 2009).
6
Because of the conditional host status of strawberry for Medfly, and other factors, we think Medfly is highly unlikely to
follow the pathway. Please see detailed discussion following the pest list.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Geographic
Reported on
distribution1
Fragaria spp.
Metopolophium dirhodum JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007
(Walker)
Myzus persicae Sulzer
JO (AQIS, 2008;
CABI, 2007;
CABI, 2007; EPPO, EHKJ, 2004
1999); US (CABI,
2007; Strand, 1994)
JO (CABI, 2007); US CABI, 2007
Sitobion fragariae
(Walker)
(Jensen et al., 1999)
Hemiptera: Coccidae
JO (AQIS, 2008;
CABI, 2007
Coccus hesperidum
(Linnaeus)
Ben-Dov, 2006;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007)
Hemiptera: Diaspididae
CABI, 2007
Diaspidiotus perniciosus IS (PestID, 2009);
(Comstock) Cockerell, US (CABI, 2007)
Danzig
Hemiptera: Lygaeidae
Nysius raphanus Howard IS (PestID, 2009);
Sweet, 2000
US (CABI, 2007;
Demirel and
Cranshaw, 2006;
Sweet, 2000)
Hemiptera: Margarodidae
Icerya purchasi Maskell JO (AQIS, 2008;
CABI, 2007
CABI, 2007); US
(CABI, 2007)
Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae
Planococcus citri (Risso) JO (Ben-Dov, 2006; Ben-Dov et al.,
CABI, 2007); US
2008
(CABI, 2007)
Planococcus longispinus JO (Ben-Dov, 2006; Ben-Dov et al.,
(Targioni Tozzetti)
Ben-Dov et al.,
2008
2008); US (Ben-Dov
et al., 2008)
Lepidoptera: Crambidae
JO (AQIS, 2008); US Maas et al., 1998;
Ostrinia nubilalis
(Hübner)
(CABI, 2007)
Robinson et al.,
2008
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Plant part
affected2
N/A
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Geographic
distribution1
Udea ferrugalis (Hübner) IS (PestID, 2009)
Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae
Anarsia lineatella Zeller JO (Ahmed, 1984;
AQIS, 2008; EPPO,
1999); US (CABI,
2007)
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
JO (CABI, 2007)
Acronicta rumicis
(Linnaeus)
Syn: Acronycta salicis
Curtis, A. diffusa Walker
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) JO (CABI, 2007;
Syn: Euxoa ipsilon
EHKJ, 2004); US
Hufnagel, Feltia ipsilon (CABI, 2007)
Hufnagel
Agrotis segetum Denis & JO (CABI, 2007)
Schiffermüller
Syn: Scotia segetum
Denis & Schiffermüller,
Euxoa segetum Denis &
Schiffermüller
JO (CABI, 2007)
Chrysodeixis chalcites
(Esper)
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
Flemish
Entomological
Society, 2008;
Fitter and Peat,
1994; Robinson
et al., 2008
Plant part Quaran- Follow
affected2
tine pest pathway
L (Flemish Yes
No7
Entomologic
al Society,
2008; Fitter
and Peat,
1994)
Robinson et al.,
2008
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007;
Robinson et al.,
2008
L (CABI,
2007)
Yes
No8
CABI, 2007;
EHKJ, 2004;
Robinson et al.,
2008
CABI, 2007;
Robinson et al.,
2008
N/A
No
N/A
L, R, S
(CABI,
2007;
DAFF,
2000)
Yes
No9
CABI, 2007
F, L (CABI, Yes
2007;
NAPPO,
2006)
Yes
7
Udea ferrugalis has been intercepted on commodities other than strawberries from Israel (PestID, 2009). The larvae are
very polyphagous on herbaceous plants, notably on leaves of Fragaria vesca (Fitter and Peat, 1994; Flemish
Entomological Society, 2008). Larvae of U. ferrugalis live in turned-down leaves and later between two spun leaves, and
they pupate in a cocoon in a partially cut section of the leaf (Flemish Entomological Society, 2008). Given this, this pest
seems unlikely to follow the pathway.
8
All stages of A. rumicis could be easily detected on the fruit, and are likely to be eliminated during post-harvest processing.
For example, full-grown larvae of the fifth instar reach about 40 mm in length and are dark brown, with an orange
epicranial margin. The body is brown with a segmentally interrupted dorsal black band (CABI, 2007). Consequently, we
do not expect this insect to follow the pathway.
9
Agrotis segetum could be detected by visual inspection because its eggs are stuck on plant residues and soil particles by a
putty-like substance secreted by the female (CABI, 2007). We think larvae will not remain under the clayx, because 1) they
are large, 45 to 50 mm, with recognizable coloring (INRA, 2008), 2) they pupate in the ground, and conceal themselves
there during the day, and 3) the calyx is not known to carry this pest during trade and transport (CABI, 2007).
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
9
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Helicoverpa armigera
(Hübner)
Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)
Syn: Heliothis zea
Boddie
Mamestra brassicae (L.)
Pseudaletia unipuncta
(Haworth)
Syn: Mythimna
unipuncta Haworth
Spodoptera exigua
(Hübner)
Spodoptera littoralis
(Boisduval)
Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)
Geographic
distribution1
JO (CABI, 2007)
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
PestID, 2009
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007)
JO (PestID, 2009)
Robinson et al.,
2008; Strand,
1994
CABI, 2007;
F (PestID,
Benuzzi and
2009); L
Antoniacci, 1995 (Freeman
and Nicoli,
2002)
CABI, 2007
N/A
Robinson et al.,
2008
No
N/A
Yes
No11
No
N/A
CABI, 2007;
Strand, 1994
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007;
INRA, 2008
CABI, 2007;
Strand, 1994
F, L (CABI, Yes
2007)
N/A
No
CABI, 2007;
Meijerman and
Ulenberg, 2004;
Robinson et al.,
2008
F (EPPO,
2002;
Meijerman
and
Ulenberg,
2004); I, L
(CABI,
2007)
Yes13
Yes
Steiner and
N/A
No
N/A
IS (CABI, 2007;
PestID, 2009); US
(CABI, 2007)
JO (Al-Abbadi, 2001;
CABI, 2007); US
(CABI, 2007)
JO (CABI, 2007; ElBarakat, 1980)
JO; US (CABI, 2007)
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
IS (Meijerman and
Cacoecimorpha
pronubana Hübner
Ulenberg, 2004);
JO12 (Fauna
Europaea Web
Service, 2004;
PestID, 2009); US
(OR) (CABI, 2007;
EPPO and CABI,
1999)
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
JO; US (PestID,
Frankliniella intonsa
Plant part
affected2
F (PestID,
2009)
N/A
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
Yes
No10
Yes
N/A
10
Helicoverpa armigera has been intercepted once on commercial cargo. We found no references indicating that Fragaria is
a normal host. Consequently, we do not expect it to be present on commercial shipments of strawberry fruits.
11
Mamestra brassicae is a serious pest attacking species of the genera Brassica, Chrysanthemum, Rumex, and Solanum
(Robinson et al., 2001; Szwejda, 2006; Zhang; 1994). It has been intercepted from Jordan only once, but not on
strawberries. Fragaria is a minor host, and the pest generally feeds on foliage (Benuzzi and Antoniacci, 1995; CABI,
2007; Freeman and Nicoli, 2002). Even if the calyx is included, we do not expect this pest to follow the pathway.
12
Cacoecimorpha pronubana is an important pest of Fragaria spp. It has been intercepted from Jordan only once, but is
present in Israel (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; PestID, 2009). Thus, we considered it present in Jordan.
13
Cacoecimorpha pronubana has a limited distribution in the continental United States, but is considered
reportable/actionable (PestID, 2009).
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
10
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
(Trybom)
Thrips (Frankliniella)
fuscipennis Haliday
Thrips major Uzel
Geographic
distribution1
2009)
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
Goodwin, 2005;
Buxton and
Easterbrook,
1988
JO, IS (Fauna
EPPO, 1998;
Europaea Web
Plant Health
Service, 2004;
Australia, 2008;
PestID, 2009); US
Steiner and
(ITIS, 2008)
Goodwin, 2005
JO (Fauna Europaea Buxton and
Web Service, 2004; Easterbrook,
1988; Plant
PestID, 2009)
Health Australia,
2008; Steiner and
Goodwin, 2005
Thrips tabaci Lindeman
JO; US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2009;
Gremo et al.,
1997
14
BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS
JO (AQIS, 2008;
KabadjovaErwinia amylovora
(Burrill) Winslow et al. EPPO, 1999); US
Hirstova et al.,
(CABI, 2007)
2006
JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007
Rhizobium radiobacter
(Beijerinck & van
Delden) Young et al.
CABI, 2007;
Strawberry green petal IS (CABI, 2007;
phytoplasma (16S
Spiegel and Frank,
Spiegel and
rRNA taxonomic group 1982; Weintraub et Frank, 198215
I, subgroup C)
al., 2007); US
(CABI, 2007; Maas,
1998)
14
15
Plant part
affected2
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
N/A
No
N/A
I, F (Buxton Yes
and
Easterbrook,
1988; Steiner
and
Goodwin,
2005)
N/A
No
Yes
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
Bacterial classification and nomenclature are written according to Euzéby (2008).
This phytoplasma is leafhopper-borne and vectored. Species which vector the phytoplasma include Aphrodes bicincta,
Euscelis lineolata, E. plebejus, andMacrosteles fascifrons. Of these, A. bicincta and E. lineolata are present in the
Mediterranean basin (McKamey, 2001). Euscelis incisa ochreata Haupt 1927a: 27a: 27 [n.subsp. of plebejus] is the only
one present in Israel (McKamey, 2001). However, we did not include these vectors here because we found no information
that they are present in Jordan or its neighboring countries.
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
11
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Geographic
distribution1
FUNGI and CHROMISTANS16
Alternaria alternata (Fr: JO17 (Ali-Shtayeh et
Fr) Keissl.
al., 1989; Bashan et
(Ascomycetes:
al., 1991), US
Pleosporales)
(CABI, 2007)
Aspergillus niger Tieghem JO (AQIS, 2008;
(Eurotiomycetes:
EPPO, 1999); US
Eurotiales)
(CABI, 2007)
Botryotinia fuckeliana (de JO (AQIS, 2008;
Bary) Whetzel
EPPO, 1999); US
Syn: Botrytis cinerea
(CABI, 2007)
Pers.: Fr.
(Leotiomycetes:
Helotiales)
Cladosporium
cladosporioides
(Fresen.) G.A. de Vries
(Dothideomycetes:
Capnodiales)
Colletotrichum acutatum
J.H. Simmonds
(Ascomycetes:
Phyllachorales)
Didymella lycopersici
Klebahn
Syn: Phoma lycopersici
Cooke
(Dothideomycetes:
incertae sedis)
Fusarium oxysporum
Schlechtendahl
(Ascomycetes:
Hypocreales)
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
Plant part
affected2
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
CABI, 2007
N/A
No
N/A
Farr et al., 2007; N/A
Gubler and
Converse, 1993
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 1989; Farr
et al., 2007;
Gubler and
Converse, 1993;
Manaaki Whenua
- Landcare
Research, 2007;
Strand, 1994
EG, IS (CABI, 2007; Koike et al., 2003 N/A
PestID, 2009); US
(CABI, 2007; Farr et
al., 2008)
No
N/A
No
N/A
No
N/A
IS (Freeman and
Katan, 1997), US
(CABI, 2007)
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
Farr et al., 1989; N/A
Farr et al., 2007;
Manaaki Whenua
- Landcare
Research, 2007
No
N/A
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 2008
JO; US (CABI, 2007) Gubler and
Converse, 1993
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007)
16
Fungal classification and nomenclature are written according to Index Fungorum (CABI, 2008), NCBI Taxonomy
(National Library of Medicine, 2008) and SMML (Farr et al., 2007).
17
Bashan et al.(1991) found infested wild beets in Israel on sites just across the Jordan River from Jordan.
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
12
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Gibberella avenacea R.J.
Cook Anamorph):
Fusarium avenaceum
(Fr.: Fr.) Sacc.
(Ascomycetes:
Hypocreales)
Gibberella zeae
(Schweinitz) Petch
Syn: Fusarium roseum
Link, Fusarium
graminearum Schwabe
(Acomycetes:
Hypocreales)
Glomerella cingulata
(Stoneman) Spaulding &
H. Schrenk
Syn: Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides (Penz.)
Penzig & Saccardo
(Ascomycetes:
Phyllachorales)
Gnomonia comari P.
Karst. (Ascomycetes:
Diaporthales)
Macrophomina
phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.
(Ascomycetes: Incertae
sedis)
Monilinia fructigena
Honey
Syn: Monilia fructigena
(Aderhold & Ruhland)
Honey
Anamorph: M.
fructigena Pers.:Fr.
(Leotiomycetes:
Helotiales)
Mycosphaerella fragariae
(Tulasne) Lindau
Syn: Ramularia brunnea
Peck (Dothideomycetes:
Capnodiales)
Rev. 03
Geographic
distribution1
IR, IS, EG; US
(CABI, 2007)
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
CABI, 2007
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007)
Farr et al., 1989; N/A
Farr et al., 2007
No
N/A
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007)
Farr et al., 1989; N/A
Farr et al., 2007;
Manaaki Whenua
- Landcare
Research, 2007;
Smith, 2006
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
EG, IR, IS, SY, US
(CABI, 2007)
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 2008
No
N/A
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999)
CABI, 2007;
Mackie and
Kumar, 2005;
SENASA, 2007
JO (EHKJ, 2004);
US (CABI, 2007)
EHKJ, 2004; Farr N/A
et al., 1989;
Manaaki Whenua
- Landcare
Research, 2007
IS; US (CABI, 2007; CABI, 2007
Punithalingam, 1974)
March 8, 2010
Plant part
affected2
N/A
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
F (Mackie
Yes
and Kumar,
2005)
No
Yes
N/A
13
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Nectria haematococca
(Berk. & Broome)
Samuels & Rossman
Anamorph: Fusarium
solani (Martius)
Saccardo (Ascomycetes:
Hypocreales)
Penicillium
aurantiogriseum
Dierckx
Syn: Penicillium
cyclopium
(Ascomycetes:
Eurotiales)
Penicillium expansum
Link
Syn: Penicillium
glaucum Link
(Ascomycetes:
Eurotiales)
Phytophthora
citrophthora (R.E. Sm.
& E.H. Sm.) Leonian
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)
Phytophthora cryptogea
Pethybr. & Laff.
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)
Phytophthora fragariae
C.J. Hickman
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)
Phytophthora nicotianae
Breda de Haan
Syn: P. nicotianae var.
parasitica (Dastur) G.
M. Waterh., P.
parasitica Dastur, P.
parasitica var.
nicotianae (Breda de
Haan) Tucker
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)
Rev. 03
Geographic
distribution1
JO (Abu-Blan et al.,
1990; AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007)
Reported on
Plant part
Fragaria spp.
affected2
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 1989 ; Farr
et al., 2007
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
JO (Grishkan et al.,
2003); US (Farr et
al., 2008)
Gubler and
N/A
Converse, 1993;
Maas, 1998
No
N/A
IS, EG, SA (CABI,
2007); US (CABI,
2007)
CABI, 2007;
N/A
Gubler and
Converse, 1993;
Maas, 1998
No
N/A
JO (AQIS, 2008;
CABI, 2007; EPPO,
1999); US (CABI,
2007)
JO; US (CABI, 2007)
Farr et al., 2007; N/A
Gubler and
Converse, 1993
No
N/A
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 2007
No
N/A
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007; EPPO
and CABI, 1997)
Farr et al., 1989; N/A
Farr et al., 2007;
Manaaki Whenua
- Landcare
Research, 2007;
SENASA, 2007
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 1989; Farr
et al., 2007
No
N/A
No
N/A
JO (AQIS, 2008;
CABI, 2007; EPPO,
1999); US (CABI,
2007)
March 8, 2010
14
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Podosphaera aphanis18
(Wallr.) U. Braun & S.
Takamatsu
Syn: Oidium fragariae
Harz, P. aphanis var.
aphanis (Wallr.),
Sphaerotheca aphanis
(Wallr). U. Broun, S.
aphanis var. aphanis
(Wallr). U. Broun, S.
macularis f. sp.
fragariae (Harz) Jacz.
(Ascomycetes,
Erysiphales)
Podosphaera fuliginea
(Schltdl.) U. Braun & S.
Takam.
Syn.: Sphaerotheca
fuliginea (Schltdl.)
Pollacci, S. humuli var.
fuliginea (Schltdl.) E.S.
Salmon (Leotiomycetes:
Erysiphales)
Podosphaera macularis
(Wallr.) U. Braun & S.
Takam.
Syn: Sphaerotheca
humuli (DC.) Burrill, S.
macularis (Wallr.) Lind
(Leotiomycetes:
Erysiphales)
Pythium debaryanum R.
Hesse (Oomycetes:
Pythiales)
Pythium irregulare
Buisman (Oomycetes:
Pythiales)
Pythium myriotylum
Drechsler (Oomycetes:
Pythiales)
18
Geographic
distribution1
IS (Amsalem et al.,
2006; Voytyuk et al.,
2007); US (Dugan
and Glawe, 2008;
Farr et al., 2008;
Pscheidt, 2008a)
Reported on
Plant part
Fragaria spp.
affected2
Amsalem et al., N/A
2006; Braun,
1995; Braun and
Takamatsu,
2000; Braun et
al., 2002; Maas,
1998; Pertot et al,
2007
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
JO (Al-Jaa'freh,
1990); US (Farr et
al., 2007)
Farr et al., 1989
N/A
No
N/A
JO (EHKJ, 2004);
US (CABI, 2007)
EHKJ, 2004;
Mukerji, 1964
N/A
No
N/A
JO (Abu-Blan et al.,
1990); US (CABI,
2007)
EG, IR, IS; US
(CABI, 2007)
CABI, 2007;
N/A
Gubler and
Converse, 1993
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 2008
No
N/A
No
N/A
IS (CABI, 2007); US CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
(CABI, 2007; Farr et et al., 2008
al., 2008)
No
N/A
Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanis is an antonym of P. aphanis (Braun, 2008).
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
15
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Pythium ultimum Trow
(Oomycetes: Pythiales)
Rhizopus stolonifer
(Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill.
(Zygomycetes:
Mucorales)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
(Libert) de Bary
(Leotiomycetes:
Helotiales)
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.
Teleomorph: Athelia
rolfsii, (Curzi) Tu &
Kimbr., Corticium
rolfsii Curzi
(Basidiomycetes:
Polyporales)
Thanatephorus cucumeris
(A.B. Frank) Donk
Syn: Rhizoctonia solani
J.G. Kühn
(Agaricomycetes:
Cantharellales)
Verticillium dahliae
Klebahn
(Sordariomycetes:
Phyllachorales)
Mollusca
Agriolimax reticulatus
Muller
Syn: Deroceras
reticulatum Muller
(Limacidae)
Rev. 03
Geographic
Reported on
distribution1
Fragaria spp.
JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr
et al., 1989; Farr
et al., 2007
JO (Al-Mughrabi,
CABI, 2007
2003); US (CABI,
2007)
Plant part
affected2
N/A
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007; Farr N/A
et al., 1989; Farr
et al., 2007;
Gubler and
Converse, 1993;
Manaaki Whenua
- Landcare
Research, 2007
Gubler and
N/A
Converse, 1993;
Maas, 1998
No
N/A
No
N/A
Farr et al., 1989; N/A
Farr et al., 2007;
Gubler and
Converse, 1993;
Manaaki Whenua
- Landcare
Research, 2007
IS, JO (CABI, 2007; CABI, 2007
N/A
Tsror et al., 2001);
US (CABI, 2007)
No
N/A
No
N/A
IS (PestID, 2009);
US (CABI, 2007)
No
N/A
JO (Abu-Blan et al.,
1990; AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI 2006)
JO (AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(Farr et al., 2008)
JO (Abu-Blan, et al.,
1990; AQIS, 2008;
EPPO, 1999); US
(CABI, 2007; Farr et
al., 1989)
INRA, 1998
March 8, 2010
N/A
16
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Geographic
distribution1
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
NEMATODES19
Aphelenchoides fragariae
(Ritzema Bos) Christie
(Aphelenchoididae)
Ditylenchus dipsaci
(Kühn) (Anguinidae)
Plant part
affected2
JO (AQIS, 2008;
CABI, 2007;
N/A
EPPO, 1999); US
Ferris, 2008
(CABI, 2007)
JO; US (CABI, 2007) EPPO, 2007;
N/A
Ferris and
Caswell-Chen,
1997; Ferris,
2008; UC-ANR,
2005
N/A
Helicotylenchus digonicus JO; US (Wouts and Celal, 2004
Thorne and Malek
Yeats, 1994)
(Hoplolaimidae)
Park et al., 2005 N/A
Helicotylenchus dihystera JO (PestID, 2009);
Cobb et al.
US (CABI, 2007)
JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007
N/A
Helicotylenchus
pseudorobustus
(Steiner) Golden
(Hoplolaimidae)
Heterodera ciceri Volvas JO (CABI, 2007)
Ferris and
R (CABI,
et al. (Heteroderidae)
Caswell-Chen,
2007)
1997
Longidorus elongatus (de JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007;
N/A
Man) Micoletzky
Ferris, 2008
(Longidoridae)
JO; US (CABI, 2007) Ferris and
N/A
Meloidogyne incognita
(Kofoid & White)
Caswell-Chen,
Chitwood
1997; UC-ANR,
(Meloidogynidae)
2005
JO; US (CABI, 2007) Ferris and
N/A
Meloidogyne javanica
(Treub) Chitwood
Caswell-Chen,
(Meloidogynidae)
1997; Ferris,
2008; UC-ANR,
2005
JO (CABI, 2007); US Ferris and
N/A
Merlinius brevidens
(Allen)
(CABI, 2007;
Caswell-Chen,
(Belonolaimidae)
Wehunt et al., 1989) 1997; Ferris,
2008
19
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
No
N/A
No
N/A
No
N/A
No
N/A
Yes
No
No
N/A
No
N/A
No
N/A
No
N/A
Nematode classification and nomenclature are written according to Ferris (2008).
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
17
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Geographic
distribution1
EG, IS, SA (Galper
Pratylenchus penetrans
(Cobb) Chitwood and
et al., 1990), US
Oteifa (Pratylenchidae) (CABI, 2007)
Pratylenchus thornei Sher JO; US (CABI, 2007)
& Allen
(Pratylenchidae)
Pratylenchus vulnus Allen EG, IS; US (CABI,
& Jensen
2007)
(Pratylenchidae)
Scutellonema brachyurus JO (PestID, 2009);
(Steiner) Andrássy
US (CABI, 2007)
VIRUSES AND VIROIDS20
JO; US (CABI, 2007)
Apple mosaic virus
(ApMV) (Bromoviridae:
Ilarvirus)
EG (Ragab et al.,
Strawberry mild yellow
edge virus (SMYEaV) 2008), IS (CABI,
(Flexiviridae:
2007; ICTVdB Virus
Potexvirus)
Descriptions, 2006);
US (CABI, 2007)
IS (CABI, 2007;
Strawberry mottle virus
(SMoV) (Tentative new Spiegel, 1986), US
family: bipartite
(Pscheidt, 2008b)
picorna-like viruses:
unclear genus)21
EG (Ragab et al.,
Strawberry pallidosis
virus (SPaV)
2008), US
(Closterovirideae:
(Tzanetakis et al.,
Crinivirus)
2004)
Strawberry necrotic shock IS, US (CABI, 2007;
virus (formerly Tobacco Maas, 1998;
streak virus-strawberry Tzanetakis et al.,
strain) (Bromoviridae: 2004)
Ilarvirus)
Reported on
Fragaria spp.
CABI, 2007
Plant part
affected2
N/A
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
Ferris and
Caswell-Chen,
1997
CABI, 2007
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
Biosecurity New N/A
Zealand, 2007;
CABI, 2007
No
N/A
CABI, 2007;
Tzanetakis and
Martin, 2005
CABI, 2007
N/A
No
N/A
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007;
N/A
Thompson et al.,
2002
No
N/A
Maas, 1998
N/A
No
N/A
CABI, 2007;
Maas, 1998
N/A
No
N/A
20
Viral nomenclature is written according to NCBI (National Library of Medicine, 2008) and viral taxonomy and acronyms
are written according to Van Regenmortel et al. (2005).
21
Thompson et al. (2002) propose including SMoV as a tentative member of the Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV)-like lineage of
picorna-like viruses. The close identity of SMoV and SDV-like viruses with the aphid transmissible RTSV suggests they
form a new group between the Sequiviridae and the Comoviridae, or within the Comoviridae.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Geographic
distribution1
JO (EPPO and CABI,
Tomato ringspot virus
(ToRSV) (Comoviridae: 1997); US (CABI,
Nepovirus)
2007)
Reported on
Plant part
Fragaria spp.
affected2
Diekmann et al., N/A
1994
Quaran- Follow
tine pest pathway
No
N/A
2.4.2. Pest list discussion
Pests in Jordan on other commodities. We included pests intercepted from Jordan on
commodities other than strawberries because they are reported to be Fragaria spp. pests. We
included them even if they are quarantine pests for Jordan (Plant Protection Division, 2007;
EPPO, 1999). Examples include Agrotis segetum, Brevipalpus obovatus, Ceratitis capitata,
Coccus hesperidum, Frankliniella intonsa, Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus, Mamestra
brassicae, Pratylenchus thornei, Scutellonema brachyurus, Tetranychus urticae, Thrips
fuscipennis, and T. major (PestID, 2009).
Pests in neighboring countries on other commodities. We also included pests intercepted from
Jordan’s neighboring countries on commodities other than strawberries if they were pests of
strawberries (PestID, 2009). We think assuming that these pests may also be present in Jordan is
reasonable. Examples include Agriolimax reticulatus, Anarsia lineatella, Aphis gossipii,
Aulacorthum solani, Botrytis cinerea, Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites,
Cladosporium cladosporoides, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Glomerella cingulata, Helicotylenchus
digonicus, Hypera postica, Icerya purchasi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, M. rosae, Nysius
raphanus, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Spodoptera exigua, S. littoralis, Trichoplusia ni, and Udea
ferrugalis (PestID, 2009).
Quarantine pests in neighboring countries on other commodities. We did not include pests
present or intercepted from Jordan’s neighboring countries if they were quarantine pests for
Jordan (Plant Protection Division, 2007). These pests are as follows:
 Diplocarpon earlianum (fungus), from Israel (CABI, 2007; Sivanesan and Gibson, 1976)
 Frankliniella occidentalis (insect), intercepted from Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon (PestID,
2009)
 Rhodococcus fascians (bacterium), from Egypt and Israel (CABI, 2007; Goethals et al.,
2001; Putnam and Miller, 2007; Zutra et al., 1994)
 Strawberry crinkle virus (SCrV) from Israel (CABI, 2007; Brunt, 1996)
 Thrips palmi (insect), intercepted from Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic (PestID, 2009)
Spodoptera litura. This pest has been intercepted from Israel, but we did not include it
because all records from this country and Jordan were found to be misidentifications (Pogue,
2008).
Pests not following the pathway. Quarantine pests listed that were not chosen for further
analysis may be potentially detrimental to the agriculture or natural environment of the
United States; however, a variety of reasons exist for not further analyzing these pests. Some
of the pests are associated with plant parts other than commodity, such as roots, bulbs, or
inflorescence. Other pests are not expected to be associated with the commodity during
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19
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
harvest and processing because of their inherent mobility, large size or disturbance by human
activity. For some of the pests, association with the host is only known under laboratory
conditions or artificial infestation. In such cases, the data are placed in the table mostly for
information purposes.
Medfly. Strawberry is considered an “unlikely” or only “occasional” host of Medfly (Steck,
2008; Thomas et al., 2005; Weems, 1981). Strawberry is only infested by Medfly if they are
grown near primary hosts that have large Medfly populations (Steck, 2008). This may
explain the only report of a natural field infestation, which was in a garden in Hawaii
(Kobayashi and Fujimoto, 1975, as cited by Liquido et al., 1991). Other reports are either
laboratory reports or listings (INRA, 2009; Liquido et al., 1991; Thomas et al., 2005; Weems,
1981), not original source reports. Therefore, the listings may be based on the lone 1975 field
infestation in Hawaii. PPQ has long permitted the entry of strawberries without specific
mitigation measures for Medfly from many countries where it occurs (e.g., Israel, Morocco,
Turkey, France, Spain), and it has only been intercepted one time on Fragaria fruit at a U.S.
port-of-entry (PestID, 2009). That was in passenger baggage from Hungary, not on
commercial fruit. This lack of interceptions suggests that commercial strawberry fruit are
unlikely to be infested with Medfly.
In Jordan Medfly has never been recorded on strawberries (Katbeh-Bader, 2008). Strawberry
crops are mainly grown in the middle part of the Jordan Valley, while citrus, the main host of
Medfly in Jordan, is mainly grown in the northern part of the valley (Katbeh-Bader, 2008).
To suppress the population levels of Medfly in the country, Jordan is a member of a regional
project (with the Palestinian Authority and Israel) entitled "Strengthening the Area-Wide
Control of Medfly Using Sterile Insect Technique" in cooperation with IAEA (Katbeh-Bader,
2008). Jordan also uses environmentally safe materials such as GF120 as bait spraying to
suppress populations.
Based on this evidence, we think that Medfly is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of
export-quality strawberry fruit from Jordan, so it was not further analyzed.
2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
We analyzed the quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway [i.e., be included in
commercial shipments of strawberry] (Table 3) in detail below [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)].
Table 3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further analysis.
Pest
Taxonomy
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hübner Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper)
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein)
Acari: Tetranychidae
Monilinia fructigena Honey
Leotiomycetes: Helotiales
Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
Thrips major Uzel
Thysanoptera: Thripidae
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
2.6. Consequences of Introduction
Using our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), we assessed the Consequences of Introduction in five risk
elements. We summarized the values for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest below
(Table 4).
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
Cacoecimorpha pronubana is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and is
present in many countries in Europe (e.g., Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany,
Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Serbia and
Montenegro, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom), Asia (Israel and Japan),
and Africa (Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Morocco, South Africa, and Tunisia)
(CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). It is present in the United States only in
Oregon. In Europe, the insect has likely reached the limits of its natural range,
and often maintains populations in northerly countries in greenhouses (CABI,
2007). The worldwide distribution of C. pronubana corresponds to Plant
Hardiness Zones 5-11 (Magarey et al., 2008), and most hosts occur in the United
States in these zones (NRCS, 2008). Thus, we rated this element as High.
Risk Element #2: Host Range
Cacoecimorpha pronubana has been reported on 141 species in 47 families
(Castresana et al., 1996). Dianthus caryophyllus is the most seriously affected,
although other species have suffered serious infestations (CABI, 2007). Larvae of
C. pronubana are very polyphagous and a very important pest on greenhouse
grown strawberries (Alford, 1984). Other hosts include apple (Malus), cherry,
olive (Olea), plum, currant, gooseberry (Ribes), blueberries (Vaccinium
crymbosum), and vegetables such as peas (Lathyrus) (Meijerman and Ulenberg,
2004; Molina, 1988). Cacoecimorpha pronubana attacks ornamental plants such
as Coronilla spp., Chrysanthemum morifolium, Cupressocyparis leylandii,
Cytisus spp., Euphorbia spp., Fuchsia spp., Ilex aquifolium, Laurus nobilis,
Ligustrum vulgare, Mahonia aquifolium, and Petunia spp. (Meijerman and
Ulenberg, 2004). Additional hosts include Acacia spp., Acer spp., Allium porrum,
Brassica spp., Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Citrus spp., Citysus spp., Coriaria
spp., Cupressus spp., Daucus carota, Jasminum spp., Laurus nobilis, Ligustrum
spp., Solanum lycopersicum, Mahonia spp., Pelargonium spp., Picea spp., Pinus
halepensis, Pisum sativum var. arvense, Populus spp., Rhododendron, Rosa spp.,
Rubus spp., Salix spp., Solanum tuberosum, Syringa vulgaris, Trifolium spp.,
Vicia faba, and V. faba var. major (Alford, 1984; Alford, 1995; Burballa et al.,
1995; CABI, 2007; Castresana et al., 1996; EPPO and CABI, 1997; EPPO,
2004a; Siscaro et al., 1988; Vrie, 1991). Many of these hosts are wild and
cropped plants in the continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Therefore, we
rated the Host Range risk element as High.
Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
At a mean temperature of 15°C the complete life cycle of C. pronubana takes
123-147 days, but only 28-44 days at 30°C (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Eggs are
Rev. 03
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Risk ratings
High (3)
High (3)
High (3)
21
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Risk ratings
laid in batches of 150-250. Each female can lay up to 700 eggs, which hatch after
8-51 days (CABI, 2007; Castresana et al., 1996). In the northern United
Kingdom, adults emerge in April, then fly and deposit eggs until June. The
second generation can appear in mid-August and fly until the end of September
or the beginning of October. In glasshouses with a minimum temperature of 15°C
(59°F), it has three to five generations per year (CABI, 2007). In North Africa, it
has five or six generations per year.
Adults of C. pronubana can disperse locally, but international trade is the
principal method for long-distance dispersal (CABI, 2007), as evidenced by 371
interceptions at U.S. ports from 1984 to 2008 (PestID, 2009). First instars can be
carried by the wind. Thus, we rated it High for Dispersal Potential.
High (3)
Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
Strawberries are often attacked by C. pronubana (Meijerman and Ulenberg,
2004). Its larvae burrow into the flesh beneath the calyx. Attacks on strawberry
tend to be most severe on protected crops. Cacoecimorpha pronubana causes
serious damage in various horticultural and ornamental crops in the open air and
in glasshouses (Castresana et al., 1996), and particularly in the latter in northern
countries (e.g., Poland) (EPPO, 1997).. Despite being polyphagous, in the
Mediterranean area serious damage from C. pronubana is confined mainly to
carnation crops, where losses have been reported since the 1920s. In France in
1972-1973, 25-35 percent of carnations were affected, and export losses were
valued at about 100,000 French francs ($22,337). In Morocco, C. pronubana
took 20 years to develop into a widespread pest on citrus (EPPO and CABI,
1997). In Algeria, it is found mainly on lemons, but is not considered a serious
pest. In Italy (Sicily), C. pronubana attacks mainly olives, citrus weeds, and roses
(EPPO and CABI, 1997; Siscaro et al., 1988). The pest can also attack shoots of
young pine trees, threatening forestry nurseries (Castresana et al., 1996).
Wider establishment of C. pronubana in the continental United States would likely
lead to the implementation of chemical control (Alford, 1995), lower yield of host
crops, lower value of host crop commodities, and cause the loss of foreign and
domestic markets. Consequently, we rated Economic Impact as High.
High (3)
Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
The host genera of C. pronubana contain one or more species listed as threatened
or endangered within the continental United States. These include the endangered
species Allium munzii (CA), Cupressus abramsiana (CA), Prunus geniculata
(Rosaceae; FL), Rhododendron chapmanii (Ericaceae; FL), Trifolium amoenum
(CA), T. stoloniferum (AR, IL, IN, KS, KY, MO, OH, WV), and T. trichocalyx
(CA) (USFWS, 2008b). Examples of threatened species are C. goveniana ssp.
goveniana (CA) and Euphorbia telephioides (FL). Wider establishment of C.
pronubana in the United States could also stimulate chemical control and
biological control programs, as happened in 2001 in nursery stocks (Green,
2002). Based on this evidence, we rated Environmental Impact as High.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Chrysodeixis chalcites
Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
Chrysodeixis chalcites is primarily distributed in southern Europe and the
Mediterranean, and the Middle East to southern Africa (CABI, 2007). This pest is
native in the following countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
Denmark, France (including Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta,
the Netherlands, Portugal (including Madeira), Romania, Serbia and Montenegro,
Spain (including the Canary Islands), Sweden, Switzerland, and the United
Kingdom in Europe; Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey in
Asia; and Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius (including the Rodriguez Island), Morocco,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
in Africa (CABI, 2007). Host plant species are widely distributed in the
continental United States (NRCS, 2008). The potential areas where C. chalcites
could be established correspond to Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 (PERAL. 2008b).
Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward the total. Consequently,
the risk rating for Host-Climate for C. chalcites is Medium.
Risk Element #2: Host Range
Chrysodeixis chalcites is a polyphagous pest with 34 host plant species in 19
families. The primary hosts of C. chalcites include beans, tobacco, tomatoes,
cotton, cruciferae species, maize, soybeans, potatoes, and greenhouse crops
(CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Passoa, 1995; Zhang, 1994). The most
important crops belong to the following families: Apiaceae, Asteraceae,
Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae,
Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae,
Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae (CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Singh et al.,
2003). We rated C. chalcites High for Host Range.
Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
Under natural conditions, C. chalcites is polyvoltine, with up to eight or nine
generations per year in Egypt (CABI, 2007). Males live, on average, about 11
days, and female longevity is about 12 days. The number of eggs oviposited per
female can vary considerably: means were 149-385 at 20°C, 640 at 25°C, and
405 eggs at 30°C (CABI, 2007). Females lay up to 1060 eggs (Amate et al.,
1998). Although C. chalcites has been recorded in northern Europe, winter
mortality prevents continual establishment, but it extends its distribution by
establishing in glasshouses (CABI, 2007). A massive migratory dispersion of this
pest has been recorded (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004). Fruit and leaves of plants can
also carry the larvae long distances in trade (CABI, 2007), and several hundred
interceptions of C. chalcites larvae have been recorded on different commodities
(PestID, 2008). Overall, we rated it High for Dispersal Potential.
Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
Chrysodeixis chalcites and closely related species defoliate plants and feed on
flowers and fruits (CABI, 2007; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1991). This pest also
attacks crops under glasshouse production (Amate et al., 1998). Control measures
Rev. 03
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Risk ratings
Medium (2)
High (3)
High (3)
High (3)
23
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Chrysodeixis chalcites
Risk ratings
for C. chalcites include pheromone trapping, chemical, and biological treatments
(CABI, 2007), but mainly insecticides (Medina et al., 2007; Thomas, 2004).
Those practices increase production costs (NAPPO, 2006). Chrysodeixis
chalcites is considered a pest of national concern in the United States (CAPS,
2007), and its introduction and establishment in the United States will lead to
loss of potential markets. Our risk rating for Economic Impact is High.
High (3)
Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
Chrysodeixis chalcites is reported to attack species in 18 plant families. Families
containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the continental
United States include Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus and H. schweinitzii),
Fabaceae (Trifolium amoenum, T. stoloniferum, and T. trichocalyx), and
Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum) (USFWS, 2008).
When C. chalcites is introduced, eradication programs are started (CFIA, 2006),
likely using chemical and biological control. Our risk rating is High.
Eutetranychus orientalis
Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
Eutetranychus orientalis is found in tropical savannahs and deserts where
humidity is sufficient for egg survival (CABI, 2007). The species is present in
Asia (from Turkey and Iran, to India, Japan, and China), Africa, and Europe
(EPPO and CABI, 1997). It can establish in United States Plant Hardiness Zones
8-11 (Magarey et al., 2008), where one or more of its hosts are present (NRCS,
2008). Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward to total.
Therefore, our risk rating for Climate-Host Interaction is Medium.
Risk Element #2: Host Range
Citrus species are the main hosts of E. orientalis. In Egypt, lemons (C. limon),
mandarins (C. reticulata) and oranges (C. sinensis) are all attacked. It also attacks
a wide range of other crops, including almonds (Prunus dulcis), bananas (Musa
paradisiaca), cassava (Manihot esculenta), cotton (Gossypium sp.), eggplant
(Solanum melongena), figs (Ficus carica and F. macrophylla), guavas (Psidium
guajava), luffa (Luffa sp.), mulberries (Morus sp. and Morus alba), olives (Olea
europaea), pawpaws (Carica papaya), peaches (Prunus persica), pears (Pyrus
sp. and P. comunis), Plumeria (Plumeria alba), quinces (Cydonia oblonga),
Castorbean (Ricinus communis), sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), sweet potatoes
(Ipomoea batatas), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), watermelons
(Citrullus lanatus), Alstonia glaucescens, and over 50 other plant species in
different families (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). Thus, we rated it High.
Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
For E. orientalis, optimum conditions are 21°C (69.8°F) and 59-70 percent
relative humidity (RH), although development proceeded between 18 and 30°C
(64.4 and 86°F) and between 35 and 72 percent RH. High temperatures and
humidity favor the development of E. orientalis, particularly the egg, which is
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
Risk ratings
Medium (2)
High (3)
High (3)
24
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Eutetranychus orientalis
sensitive to low humidity (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Females have a mean
lifespan of 15.2 days, and lay between 6 and 8 eggs per day, with a maximum of
35 eggs per female (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). Under optimal
conditions, 25-27 generations per year are possible (CABI, 2007).
Risk ratings
In general, wind currents are the main means of dispersal for E. orientalis. In
international trade, this pest might be carried on plants (EPPO and CABI, 1997).
Consequently, our risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High.
High (3)
Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
Eutetranychus orientalis is an important pest of citrus. In India, out of seven
Eutetranychus pests on citrus, only E. orientalis was a major pest in all areas
(CABI, 2007). This mite causes defoliation and dieback of twigs in nurseries and
orchards, resulting in premature fruit drop, lowering the yield of host crops
(PPQ, 2002). Its activity is enhanced under dry conditions. The presence of this
pest requires implementation of control programs which increase production
costs. Eutetranychus orientalis is on the EPPO A2 list (CABI, 2007). It is not
known to occur in the Western Hemisphere and its introduction into the United
States can cause loss of foreign and domestic markets. Consequently, our risk
rating for Economic Impact is High.
High (3)
Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
Endangered species of the genera Prunus (e.g., P. geniculata, FL), Manihot (e.g.,
M. walkerae, TX), and Ziziphus (e.g., Z. celata, FL) are potential hosts (USFWS,
2008b) of E. orientalis. Biological and/or chemical control programs are likely to
be implemented if the mite is introduced. Successful examples include control
with predatory mites and a parasitic fungus in Jordan and Israel (CABI, 2007).
Acaricides are commonly used for chemical control of this mite (CABI, 2007).
Consequently, we rated it High for Environmental Impact.
Monilinia fructigena
Risk ratings
High (3)
Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
Monilinia fructigena is found throughout western and southern Europe,
extending into the Scandinavian countries, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet
Union, the Middle and Far East, India, North Africa and South America (CABI,
2007; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Mordue, 1979). Monilinia fructigena
survives a wide range of climatic conditions, evident from its distribution in
countries with cold winters, as well as subtropical to tropical conditions. Based
on its current distribution it would be likely to survive in a large area of the
continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Cultivated host species, such as
Capsicum spp. and Malus spp., are grown in more than six Plant Hardiness Zones
of the continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Climatic conditions and
distribution of potential hosts are suitable for the survival and establishment of
this fungal pathogen in the Plant Hardiness Zones 5 to 10 of the continental
United States (NRCS, 2008; Magarey et al., 2008). Thus, we rated this High.
Rev. 03
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25
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Monilinia fructigena
Risk Element #2: Host Range
Monilinia fructigena infects multiple species, including: Berberidaceae: Berberis
(Barberries); Betulaceae: Corylus avellana (European filbert); Cornaceae:
Cornus mas (Cornelian cherry); Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki (Oriental
persimmon); Ericaceae: Rhododendron (Azalea), Vaccinium (Blueberries);
Menispermaceae: Ficus carica (Common fig) ; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava
(Common guava); Rosaceae: Amelanchier canadensis (Downy serviceberry),
Chaenomeles japonica (Flowering quince), Cotoneaster, Crataegus laevigata
(English hawthorn), Cydonia oblonga (Common quince), Eriobotrya japonica
(Loquat), Fragaria, Fragaria x ananassa (cultivated strawberry), Malus pumila
(Paradise apple), Malus spp. (Apples), Mespilus germanica (Medlar), Prunus
(Stone fruit), Prunus armeniaca (Apricot), Prunus avium (Sweet cherry), Prunus
cerasus (Sour cherry), Prunus domestica (Plum), Prunus dulcis (Almond),
Prunus persica (Peach), Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn), Prunus spp. (Cherries,
Peaches, Plums), Pyrus spp. (Pears), P. communis (European pear), Rosa spp.
(Roses), Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry), R. occidentalis (Black raspberry),
Sorbus aucuparia (Mountain ash); Solanaceae: Capsicum (Peppers), Solanum
lycopersicum (Tomato); and Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera (Grapevine) (Batra, 1991;
CABI, 2007; Liberato and Miles, 2007; Mordue, 1979; Van Leeuwen and Van
Kesteren, 1998). Consequently, we rated Host Range as High.
Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
Conidia of M. fructigena form on mummified fruit and blighted twigs at
temperatures of >5°C. At 20°C, sporulation takes place about 12 hours after
soaking, and minimum moisture content of mummified fruit in which sporulation
can take place at 26°C is 21 percent (CABI, 2007). Mycelial growth stops at 3035°C, and mycelia are killed at 50°C (CABI, 2007). Sporogenous hyphae of M.
fructigena produce a large number of long-lived conidia that are disseminated via
air and water (CABI, 2007; Mordue, 1979; Van Leewen, 2000). Aerial dispersal
of conidia spreads spores over a wide range, while water splash dispersal may
spread spores short distances, to other parts of the same plant or sometimes
between adjacent plants (CABI, 2007; Van Leewen, 2000). Animals, including
birds, and insects such as wasps (Vespula spp.), beetles (especially Nitidulidae),
Diptera (particularly Drosophila spp.), and some Lepidoptera are vectors of this
pathogen (CABI, 2007; Mackie and Kumar, 2005). Apparently healthy harvested
fruit can be contaminated with spores, or may be latently infected (CABI, 2007;
Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Mackie and Kumar, 2005), allowing long-distance
transport of the pathogen. Monilinia fructigena has been intercepted 1209 times
at U.S. ports-of-entry, mostly on fruits (PestID, 2009). Thus, we rated Dispersal
Potential High for M. fructigena.
Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
The brown rot disease caused by M. fructigena seriously damages fruit crops in
temperate regions (van Leeuwen and van Kesteren, 1998), but economic losses
vary by crop (Batra, 1991; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Ogawa and English,
1995; Van Leewen, 2000). Control measures are usually not warranted, other
than sanitation for apples or pears (Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Wounding
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
Risk ratings
High (3)
High (3)
Medium (2)
26
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Monilinia fructigena
agents such as insects and birds may facilitate the underlying disease dynamics,
and controlling these agents may minimized crop losses (van Leeuwen and van
Kesteren, 1998). For Prunus, protective fungicide treatments, reducing sources
of inoculum, controlling insects which wound fruits, and post-harvest handling
to minimize fungal development are components of control programs (CABI,
2007; Van Leewen, 2000). Apparently healthy harvested fruit may be latently
infected or contaminated with M. fructigena spores (Batra, 1991; CABI, 2007).
Fruit rot that develops in transit, storage, or at the market reduces quality, which
impacts foreign market availability (Batra, 1991; CABI, 2007; Van Leewen,
2000). Introduction of the pathogen may result in domestic or international
quarantine measures, but typically does not initiate species-specific control
programs (CABI, 2007). Thus, we rated this risk element Medium.
Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
Monilinia fructigena can attack native plants federally listed as Threatened or
Endangered (e.g., Prunus geniculata, Berberis spp., Rhododendron chapmanii),
and state-listed protected species (e.g., seven species of Amelanchier, seven
species of Cornus), which provide food for mammals and terrestrial birds
(NRCS, 2008). As stated above, control programs for M. fructigena are rarely
used. Consequently, we rated Environmental Impact as Medium.
Risk ratings
Spodoptera littoralis
Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
Spodoptera littoralis is present throughout the Mediterranean countries including
Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy, as well as the Middle East, Israel, Egypt, and
Africa. It has been introduced into central and southern Europe (CABI, 2007;
Zhang, 1994). In the continental United States, the pest could establish in
Hardiness Zones 8 to 11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Because of its small size, Zone
11 does not count toward the total. Our risk rating for Host-Climate is Medium.
Risk Element #2: Host Range
Spodoptera littoralis is a pest of greenhouse crops and vegetables (CABI, 2007;
Zhang, 1994). The host range includes over 40 families, with at least 87 species
of economic importance (CABI, 2007), such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), beans
(Phaseolus spp.), carrots (Daucus carota), citrus (Citrus spp.), cotton
(Gossypium spp.), grapes (Vitis spp.), onion (Allium cepa), peppers (Capsicum
annuum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum), and various grasses (CABI, 2007). Based on this
evidence, we rated the Host Range as High risk.
Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
The lifecycle of S. littoralis can be completed in about five weeks (EPPO and
CABI, 1997). This species produces ten generations each year, but only seven
generations in greenhouses (Fraval, 1997). Females lay 1000-2000 eggs in
masses of 100-300 (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Fecundity is reduced by high
temperatures and low humidity; the greatest numbers of eggs (about 960) are
Risk ratings
Medium (2)
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Medium (2)
High (3)
High (3)
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Spodoptera littoralis
Risk ratings
produced at 30°C (86°F) and 90 percent RH (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Newly
laid eggs of one strain of S. littoralis survived exposure to 1°C (33.8°F) for eight
days (EPPO and CABI, 1997).
According to Salama and Shoukry (1972, cited by EPPO and CABI, 1997), the
moths can fly 1.5 km in four hours overnight, facilitating dispersion and
oviposition on different hosts. In international trade, eggs or larvae may be
present on planting material, cut flowers, or vegetables (Table 5) (EPPO and
CABI, 1997). Thus, we rated Dispersal Potential as High.
High (3)
Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
Spodoptera littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural lepidopteran pests
within its subtropical and tropical range. Year-round, it attacks crops such as
cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, potatoes, and tomatoes (EPPO and CABI, 1997).
These crops are widespread in the continental United States (NRCS, 2008).
The establishment of S. littoralis would increase costs because of the chemical,
biological, or other control methods that would be used. In addition, this pest
could cause the loss of international and interstate markets since it would be
considered a quarantine pest by other countries (EPPO and CABI, 1997). This
pest is considered a pest of national concern in the United States for soybean and
oat production (CAPS, 2007). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for
Economical Impact for S. littoralis is High.
Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
Spodoptera littoralis attacks families containing Endangered and Threatened
plant species present in the continental United States, such as Amarantaceae
(Amaranthus pumilus), Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus, H. schweinitzii,
Senecio franciscanus, and S. layneae), Cactaceae (Opuntia treleasei), Fabaceae
(Trifolium amoenum, T. stoloniferum, T. trichocalyx), Fagaceae (Quercus
hinckleyi), Liliaceae (Allium munzii), Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita okeechobeensis
ssp. okeechobeensis), Rosaceae (Prunus geniculata), and Verbenaceae (Verbena
californica) (USFWS, 2008b). Establishment of this pest could lead to chemical
and biological control programs being implemented. Our risk rating for
Environmental Impact is High.
High (3)
Thrips major
Risk ratings
High (3)
Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction
Thrips major has a holarctic distribution and is present in Africa, Europe, and
Northern Asia (excluding China) (Alavi et al., 2007; Jenser et al., 2005; The Bay
Science Foundation, 2008). Thrips major can survive in glasshouse crops (EPPO,
2004b; Vierbergen, 2001). Threshold developmental temperatures for
populations of T. major are 4°C-11°C (Stacey and Fellowes, 2002). This pest
could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 3 to 11 of the continental United States
(Magarey et al., 2008). Consequently, we rated it High.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Thrips major
Risk ratings
High (3)
Risk Element #2: Host Range
Thrips major attacks temperate fruits (apricots, apple, plums, pear, wild pear,
sweet cherry, and peach) in higher elevations (600m) (Tunç, 1996). This pest also
attacks Citrus sp. (Bournier, 1963). Other hosts of T. major include species in
numerous plant families, as follows: Achillea spp., Asphodelus spp., Bellis sp.,
Beta vulgaris, Brassica oleracea, Buxus spp., Calycotoma villosa, Calystegia
sepium, Calluna spp., Capsicum spp., Chenopodium spp., Clematis vitalba,
Cydonia oblonga, Diplotaxis spp., Eriobotrya japonica, Euphorbia spp.,
Fragaria sp., Ligustrum ovalifolium, Lobularia maritima, Lythrum spp.,
Phaseolus sp., Pisum sativum, Polygonum aubertii, Pyrus sp., Rosa spp., Rubus
fruticosus (blackberry), Salix sp., Solanum nigrum, Thalictrum sp., and Vicia
faba. (Bournier, 1963; Buxton and Easterbrook, 1988; Childers, 1997; EPPO,
2004c; González-Zamora et al., 1994; Gremo et al., 1997; Loomans, 2006;
Mound, 2007b; Plant Health Australia, 2008; Pobożniak, 2005; Steiner and
Goodwin, 2005; Tekşam and Tunç, 2007; Terry, 1997: Trdan, 2001; Tunç, 1996;
Vos et al., 1991; Wnuk and Pobożniak, 2003). Hence, the risk rating is High.
High (3)
Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential
On citrus in North Africa, at a threshold temperature of 20°C (68°F), T. major
females lay 3-4 eggs per day within flowers and stems, with a total of about 100
eggs. Its life cycle takes from 40 to 45 days (Bournier, 1963).
The pronymph and nymph stages of T. major are semi-mobile, but the insects can
move if ecological conditions become stressful. The males move quicker and fly
more easily than the females (Bournier, 1963). All thrips stages may be dispersed
by the movement of infested plants or plant parts that can disseminate this pest
(EPPO, 2004b; Murphy and Ferguson, 2004), as shown by numbers of
interceptions (Table 5). The repeated unintended introduction of thrips through
international trade has contributed to their high invasion success (Morse and
Hoddle, 2005; Kumm, 2002). Consequently, the risk rating is High.
Medium (2)
Risk Element #4: Economic Impact
Thrips major is a pest of strawberries (EPPO, 1998; Buxton and Easterbrook
1988; Linder et al., 2000; Steiner and Goodwin, 2006; Steiner, 2008). It causes
severe fruit distortion in late-season fruits, which dwarfs and twists fruits as
achenes and the surrounding areas fail to develop. Distorted fruit is downgraded,
causing financial losses (Buxton and Easterbrook, 1988). In apples, lemons,
nectarines, strawberries, and oranges, Thrips spp. injure plants through bronzing,
silvering, fruit discoloration, flower abortion, malformation of epidermis or
distortion of fruits, and russeting around seeds caused by thrips feeding on late
fruit (Bournier, 1963; EPPO, 1998; EPPO, 2004b; EPPO, 2004c Kirk, 1984;
Steiner, 2008; Tommasini and Burgio, 2004). This damage lowers market grade
and value (Morse and Hoddle, 2005; Steiner and Goodwin, 2005). Leaf feeding
also diminishes plant vigor and fruit yield (EPPO, 1998). T. major is an
important pest in greenhouses (Sauer, 1997; Vierbergen, 2001). Their presence
promotes the application of pesticides and the release of biological controllers
such as native predatory mites (Bournier, 1963; NSW Department of Agriculture,
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Thrips major
Risk ratings
1973; Steiner and Goodwin, 2005; Steiner and Goodwin, 2006). Management
practices are likely to increase crop production costs. Establishment of this pest
in the United States is unlikely to cause export market loss, because imported
strawberries are likely to be treated for thrips as an external feeder when found at
ports-of-entry (See Appendix A) (PPQ, 2009). Therefore, we rated Economic
Impact as Medium.
High (3)
Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact
Thrips major is a pest of families containing Endangered and Threatened plant
species present in the continental United States, such as Buxaceae (Buxus vahlii),
Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia haeleeleana, E. telephioides), Fabaceae (Vicia
menziesii), Polygonaceae (Polygonum hickmanii), Ranunculaceae (Clematis
morefieldii, C. socialis, Thalictrum cooleyi), Rosaceae (Prunus geniculata), and
Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum, S. incompletum, S. sandwicense) (USFWS,
2008b). The establishment of these pests could lead to the implementation of
chemical and biological control programs (EPPO, 2004b; Parker and Skinner,
1997). Therefore, our risk rating for Environmental Impact is High.
Table 4. Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.
Pest
Risk Elements
Climate-host Host
interaction
range
Dispersal
potential
Econ.
Impact
Cacoecimorpha
High (3)
High (3) High (3)
High (3)
pronubana
Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2)
High (3) High (3)
High (3)
Eutetranychus
Med (2)
High (3) High (3)
High (3)
orientalis
Monilinia fructigena
High (3)
High (3) High (3)
Med (2)
Spodoptera littoralis
Med (2)
High (3) High (3)
High (3)
Thrips major
High (3)
High (3) High (3)
Med (2)
a
Low is 5-8 points, Medium is 9-12 points, and High is 13-15 points
Environ.
Impact
Cumulative
risk ratinga
High (3) High (15)
High (3) High (14)
High (3) High (14)
Med (2) High (13)
High (3) High (14)
High (3) High (14)
Table 5. Organisms intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry, and no. of individuals of different stages
found (if applicable), from 1984 to 2008 on any commodity and from different countries.
Organism
Interceptions Individuals found (no.)
(no.)
Immatures Pupae Adults Eggs
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
386
476
4
11
Chrysodeixis chalcites
271
285
20
18
Eutetranychus orientalis
2
Monilinia fructigena
192
Spodoptera littoralis
116
188
5
2
Thrips major
2522
563
615
7,676
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
2.7. Likelihood of Introduction
We rated each pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First,
we estimated the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub-element #1). Secondly, we
estimated pest opportunity using five biological features (sub-elements #2-6). Details of the
rating criteria are explained in PPQ (2000). We summarized our ratings and the overall value for
the Likelihood of Introduction below (Table 6).
2.7.1. Quantity of Commodity Imported Annually
Volume imported is assessed in terms of the number of 40-foot long sea shipping containers
expected (approximately 18,143 kg, or 40,000 pounds) (FAS, 2008). In Jordan in 2007,
strawberries were cultivated on roughly 60 ha (148.3 acres) and yielded 1200 tons of fruit (AbuEl Samen, 2008). The Jordanian embassy (EHKJ, 2004) expects to export about 500 tons
(1,102,311 lbs) of strawberries from Jordan to the continental United States per year. This may
increase depending on the market demand and possible increases in cultivated area. This equals
an annual imported volume of nearly 27 containers, which is Medium risk.
2.7.2. Survive Post-Harvest Treatment
Fruit marketed as fresh fruit are harvested as mature or three-quarters mature fruit with the calyx
(or cap) and short stem attached. The post-harvest process for Jordanian strawberries is as
follows. The fruit are collected in “field boxes” and graded first in the field. Within one hour,
fruits are moved in refrigerated trucks at approximately 0°C (32°F). to warehouses. The fruit is
taken to the quality control room, where it is graded again and culled to remove unwanted fruit.
Fruit are then placed in “exportation boxes” of different sizes depending on the destination
requirements, but generally in containers of 250-400 g holding one layer of fruits. Boxes are
filled in perforated cardboard cases and move to the precooling room (at 0ºC) for 30-60 min
(Abu-El Samen, 2008). They are then moved to cold rooms at 0-5°C (32-41°F) and stay there for
1 to 2 days. Finally, fruits are moved in refrigerated trucks to the airport. All exports to Europe
are sent via direct flights that take from 4-6 hours (Abu-El Samen, 2008). Jordan indicated that
the phytosanitary measures used for the exportation of strawberries into the United States are
exclusionary screening, crop scouting and trapping, insect growth regulators (novel pesticides),
conventional pesticide application, and good ventilation (EHKJ, 2004). Based on this
information, our considerations and ratings for the pests follow.
Lepidoptera. Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis
larvae burrow into the flesh beneath the shelter of the calyx. Small neonate larvae may escape
detection during normal post-harvest procedures. However, the presence of later instars on fruit
would probably be detected due to the presence of frass and visible feeding damage (CABI,
2007). Consequently, we rated the likelihood of survival for these pests as Medium.
External feeders. The mite, Eutetranychus orientalis, and the Thrips spp. are tiny external
feeders that could be concealed beneath the calyx. The egg stages of these pests will be difficult
to detect, and the calyx, sepals, and stem parts on the fruit would likely provide shelter. The postharvest information available for this commodity in Jordan does not include detailed practices to
manage and mitigate these pests. Consequently, we rated E. orientalis and Thrips spp. High.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Monilinia fructigena. Healthy fruit at harvest could be contaminated with M. fructigena spores,
and decay may occur during storage and marketing (Byrde and Willets, 1977). Latent infections
do not produce early symptoms of disease, and differentiating the fungus is not possible until the
fruit begins to ripen (CABI, 2007). Some post-harvest treatments to reduce M. fructigena
development are described for different fruits (CABI, 2007), but Jordan did not include these
practices. Thus, our risk rating for M. fructigena is High.
2.7.3. Shipment Survival
Pallets of cooled strawberries will be shipped from Jordan to the United States on 12-14 hour,
non-stop flights (Abu-El Samen, 2008). In addition, pallets of cooled strawberries can be
wrapped with plastic and carbon dioxide can be injected into the pallet. Carbon dioxide slows
respiration and mold development and prolongs the shelf life of fruit. Given this, we do not
expect shipping to significantly affect quarantine pests present in the shipment, either due to time
or low temperatures. Interceptions of all pests (Table 5) corroborate this idea. Specifically, we do
not expect that there would be mortality associated with shipping, nor would Lepidoptera larvae
undergo significant changes in size or maturity.
Monilinia fructigena growth is reduced at temperatures of 5ºC or less, but this by itself does not
eliminate the pathogen (CABI, 2007).
Thus, our rating for all pests for this sub-element is High.
2.7.4. Undetected at Port-of-Entry
Estimating the probability that these pests will not be detected at the port-of-entry involves the
consideration of pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment.
E. orientalis and Thrips major) are minute external feeders, which could be concealed beneath
the calyx or in packing materials. They may escape detection at low population densities or in
the egg stage despite color differences. Because of this, we rated the risk of not detecting E.
orientalis, and Thrips spp. as High.
Although the Lepidoptera are internal feeders, the later instars are large and feeding damage
would be relatively easy to detect during normal inspection procedures. Interception data
corroborates this (Table 5). Thus, for this sub-element we rated the risk for Cacoecimorpha
pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis as Low.
Commodities infected with M. fructigena have been intercepted, but latent infections are difficult
to detect (Luo et al., 2001). Thus, we rated the risk of not detecting this pathogen to be High.
2.7.5. Imported or Moved to Area with Environmental Suitability for Survival
Strawberries are the fifth most consumed fresh fruit in the United States (Boriss et al., 2006). We
assume that the demand for strawberries is proportional to the size of the consumer population in
potential markets, and that imports might be concentrated in certain regions of the United States,
not all of which may be conducive to pest survival. Imported strawberries from Jordan are likely
to be sold in most states of the continental United States; except California and Florida where
strawberries have a surplus production that allow its net exportation (Garret, 2008). Even after
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
accounting for this, the relatively wide distributions of the pests here (at least Zones 8-11) still
meant the population in the other states was 35 percent or more of the total. Thus, for all pests
we rated the risk of being moved to suitable areas as High.
2.7.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction
Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis are all mobile as
larvae (CABI, 2007), and could reach new hosts when discarded in compost piles or elsewhere.
Their larvae can develop successfully on numerous species, and adult females will oviposit on
numerous plants species (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Zhang, 1994). These Lepidoptera can
also fly to search for hosts (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004; Vajgand et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; EPPO
and CABI, 1997). We rated the risk of these Lepidoptera pests contacting host material suitable
for reproduction as High.
The mite Eutetranychus orientalis has a wide host range (CABI, 2007). However, this pest
attacks citrus, cotton, bananas, guavas, and other crops of warmer climates with limited in
distribution in the United States (NRCS, 2008). Thus, these hosts are less likely to be
encountered and colonized within the pest’s potential range (PERAL, 2008). We rated the risk
for this mite as Medium.
The Thrips spp. have a wide host range of temperate fruits, including citrus (see above). Most of
these hosts are harvested or wild distributed in the continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Pests
on discarded fruit could survive and come in contact with hosts available. Consequently, we
rated thrips High.
Monilinia fructigena infects multiple plant species, most of which are present in the continental
United States (CABI, 2007; NRCS, 2008). Spores disperse long-distances by air, insects,
infected tissues, and in water (CABI, 2007; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Thus, this pathogen is
likely to contact suitable hosts. We rated M. fructigena High for this sub-element.
Table 6. Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. The rating for “Quantity Imported
Annually,” was Medium for all pests, while the ratings for “Survive shipment,” and “Moved to
suitable habitat” were High for all pests.a
Pest
Risk sub-elements
Cumulative
b
Survive postNot detected at Contact host risk ratings
harvest treatment port-of-entry
material
Cacoecimorpha pronubana Med (2)
Low (1)
High (3)
Medium (14)
Chrysodeixis chalcites
Med (2)
Low (1)
High (3)
Medium (14)
Eutetranychus orientalis
High (3)
High (3)
Med (2)
High (16)
Monilinia fructigena
High (3)
High (3)
High (3)
High (17)
Spodoptera littoralis
Med (2)
Low (1)
High (3)
Medium (14)
Thrips major
High (3)
High (3)
High (3)
High (17)
a
These ratings add a total of 8 pts (= 2 + 3 + 3) to the total of the other columns
b
Low = 6-9, Medium = 10-14, High = 15-18 points.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion
The sums of the cumulative ratings for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of
Introduction indicate that all species have High or Medium Pest Risk Potentials (Table 7). The
PPQ Guidelines state that a High pest risk potential means that specific phytosanitary measures
are strongly recommended and that port-of-entry inspection is not considered sufficient to
provide phytosanitary security. The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risk is undertaken
as part of risk management and is not addressed in this document.
Table 7. Pest risk potentials.
Pest
Consequences of Likelihood of Pest Risk Potentiala
Introduction
Introduction
Cacoecimorpha pronubana High (15)
Medium (14) High (29)
Chrysodeixis chalcites
High (14)
Medium (14) High (28)
Eutetranychus orientalis
High (14)
High (16)
High (30)
Monilinia fructigena
High (13)
High (17)
High (30)
Spodoptera littoralis
High (14)
Medium (14) High (28)
Thrips major
High (14)
High (17)
High (31)
a
Low: 11 - 18 points, Medium: 19 - 26 points, High: 27 - 33 points
3. Authors and Reviewers
3.1. Authors
USDA-APHIS-CPHST Colombia
N. Arciniegas, Risk Analyst
O. P. Parfait, Risk Analyst
E. Florez, Risk Analyst
3.2. Reviewers
USDA-APHIS-CPHST-PERAL
C. Devorshak, Entomologist
L. M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
5. Appendices
Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of fresh strawberry (Fragaria spp.)
from Jordan into the continental United States.
The quarantine significant pests that are present in Jordan strawberries and follow the pathway
were identified by structuring a database with phytosanitary information from Jordan that was
compiled in research institutes, searching worldwide scientific literature, previous APHIS
commodity risk assessments, U.S. port interception records, and additional information provided
by the exporting country.
Even if the commodity is subject to port-of-entry inspections, the quarantine pests discussed in
this assessment will require additional mitigation measures. The pests are the internal feeders
Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis; the external pests
Eutetranychus orientalis, Thrips major; and the pathogen Monilinia fructigena. We gave these
pests High Pest Risk Potentials.
Pest risk management is the decision-making process of reducing the risk of introduction of a
quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #11). The appropriate level of protection for an importing
country can be achieved by the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such as inspection
or quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. If no single measure is likely to reduce
pest risk to an acceptable level, then a combination of measures may be needed. The
combination of specific phytosanitary measures that provides overlapping or redundant
safeguards is called a “systems approach.” Systems approaches vary in complexity; however, all
require the integration of two or more measures that act independently of each other, with the
cumulative effect of achieving the desired level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 2007: ISPM
#14). Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) uses systems approaches for the importation of
many commodities; including Unshu oranges from Japan (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008); tomatoes
from Central America, Chile, Spain, France, Morocco, and Western Sahara (7 CFR § 319.56-28,
2008); and peppers from Israel (7 CFR § 319.56-24, 2008). These programs have performed
successfully for many years.
Specific mitigations may be selected from a range of pre-harvest and post-harvest options, and
may include other safeguarding measures. Measures may be added, or the strength of measures
increased, to compensate for uncertainty. At a minimum, for a measure to be considered for use
in a systems approach, it must be: 1) clearly defined, 2) efficacious, 3) officially required
(mandated), and 4) subject to monitoring and control by the responsible national plant protection
organization (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #14).
Below we present a list of mitigation options for these pests (Table A7). These options are based
on current existing fruits and vegetables regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, 2008; PPQ, 2009) for
approved strawberries Fragaria spp. and mitigation options specific to the quarantine pests of
concern that could apply to strawberries.
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Table A7. Risk mitigation options for strawberries from Jordan.
Measure(s)
Pests
Efficacy
Pest-free areas or All
These are viable alternatives to post-harvest
places of
processes and quarantine treatments (NAPPO,
production
2004). They could be used as sole mitigation
measures, or as a component of a systems approach.
They may meet the appropriate level of
phytosanitary protection and should be in
compliance with the international standards (IPPC,
2007: ISPM #s 10 and 14).
Areas of low pest All
This may satisfy requirements for the appropriate
prevalence
level of protection alone, or in combination with
other measures (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #22). Practices
need to comply with the international standards
(IPPC, 2007: ISPM #29). The proposed work plan
should include trapping or sampling (monitoring) to
demonstrate efficacy. Additional measures may be
required to reach appropriate level of protection.
Control measures All
A combination of field level controls (insecticidal
at production site:
sprays, natural enemies, trapping, sanitation,
including
resistant plants, etc.) followed by inspection, sorting,
inspections and
and culling at the packinghouse should reduce the
monitoring
presence of quarantine pests. Field control of
quarantine pests could help meet requirements for
areas of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2007: ISPM
#10).
Field surveys should be conducted at regular
intervals during the growing season to determine the
presence or absence of pests. In the case of internal
feeding insects, fruit sampling should include fruit
cutting.
Irradiationa
Rev. 03
Visual inspection at the port-of-entry for these pests
is a part of the regular inspection measures but
additional mitigation alternatives are necessary
(IPPC, 2007: ISPM#23).
Cacoecimorpha
Practices should be in compliance with the
pronubana
international standards (IPPC, 2007: ISPM # 18).
Chrysodeixis
Approved for plant pests of the class Insecta, except
chalcites
pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera (400
Spodoptera littoralis Gray) (PPQ, 2008b).
Thrips major
Monilinia fructigena Gamma irradiation on apples reduces rot caused by
M. fructigena (CABI, 2007). Research is needed to
demonstrate efficacy for strawberries.
March 8, 2010
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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Measure(s)
Efficacy
This is approved for this pest in grapes from
Romania, carambola from Taiwan, pear (Ya variety)
and sand pear from China, and litchi from India (7
CFR § 305.2, 2008). Research is required to
determine efficacy of this treatment for this pest in
strawberries.
Methyl Bromide
Thrips major
This is available for several fruits, including berries,
Fumigation (T101)
to mitigate this pests. However, we found no
information on its availability in strawberries (PPQ,
2008b).
Methyl Bromide
Spodoptera littoralis Lettuce from Spain (PPQ, 2008b), but we found no
Fumigation at
information on its availability for these pests in
NAP-tarpaulin or
strawberries.
chamber (T101-n2)
Methyl Bromide
Thrips major
On strawberries for external feeders (PPQ, 2008b).
Fumigation at
NAP-tarpaulin or
chamber (T101-z2)
Methyl Bromide
Eutetranychus
Hitchhikers and surface pests such as thrips, aphids,
Fumigation at
orientalis
scale insects, leafminers, spider mites, lygaeid bugs,
NAP-tarpaulin or Thrips major
ants, earwigs, surface feeding caterpillars and slugs.
chamber (T104-aTemperatures used for strawberry are 10°C (50°F),
1)
maximum dosage (3 lb/1,000 ft3), and exposure
period of 1.5 hours (PPQ, 2008b).
Integrated control All
Research is required to demonstrate efficacy.
program and
monitoring
Systems Approach All (including fungi) This includes at least two or more of the abovementioned practices (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #14). This
measure, which is a combination of mitigation
alternatives, meets the appropriate level of
phytosanitary protection and confidence when
supporting evidence is available.
Point-of-entry
All
Should be used in combination with field
sampling and
management of pests.
inspection
including fruit
Fruit cutting is necessary to detect internal feeders:
cuttings
C. chalcites, C. pronubana S. littoralis
Approved
Monilinia fructigena Research is required to develop effective procedures
Procedures
to mitigate this pathogen in strawberries. This
pathogen is included as a target pathogen to be
mitigated after following the import requirements
Rev. 03
Pests
Eutetranychus
orientalis
March 8, 2010
52
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Measure(s)
Pests
Efficacy
for fragrant pear from China based on 7 CFR §
319.56-39 (2008) and an operational work plan. The
requirements are:
● A phytosanitary certificate issued by Entry-Exit
Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s
Republic of China with the additional declaration,
"All fruit in this shipment complies with the
APHIS-AQSIQ (General Administration of
Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine)
work plan for the exportation of fragrant pears
(Pyrus sp. nr. communis) from the People’s
Republic of China."
● Cartons must bear a legible stamp that identifies
each of the following: The fruit, the packinghouse
name or number, and the orchard number.
● If quarantine significant pests are found,
applicable treatment schedules apply. If no
approved treatment schedule is available, the
shipment must be destroyed or re-exported (PPQ,
2008a).
a
The high level of security afforded by a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large
volume of an infested commodity, as demonstrated in a fruit fly study by Powell (2003). For this
reason, quarantine treatments should be used in conjunction with efforts to maintain pest
populations in production zones below specified densities as would satisfy requirements for the
establishment of areas of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2005a).
This document does not establish specific work plans or evaluate the reliability of a specific
program or systems approach; it provides information regarding known mitigation measures. The
specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan,
is beyond the scope of this document. A detailed examination and selection of appropriate
phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is
undertaken as part of the APHIS risk management phase. APHIS risk management programs are
risk-based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation methods.
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
53
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of strawberries into the United States.
Table B1. Countries from which strawberries can enter the United States (PPQ, 2008a).
Albania
France
New Zealand
Antigua and Barbuda
French Guiana Nicaragua
Argentina
Georgia
Norway
Armenia
Germany
Panama
Australia
Greece
Paraguay
Austria
Grenada
Peru
Azerbaijan
Guadalupe
Poland
Bahamas
Guatemala
Portugal
Barbados
Guyana
Romania
Belarus
Haiti
Russian Federation
Belgium
Honduras
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Belize
Hungary
Saint Lucia
Bermuda
Ireland
Saint Vincent and Grenadines
Bolivia
Israel
Serbia
Bosnia and Herzegovina Italy
Slovakia
Brazil
Jamaica
Slovenia
Bulgaria
Japan
Spain
Cayman Islands
Kazakhstan
Sweden
Chile
Korea
Switzerland
Colombia
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Costa Rica
Latvia
Trinidad and Tobago
Croatia
Lithuania
Turkey
Czech Republic
Macedonia
Turkmenistan
Denmark
Martinique
Ukraine
Dominica
Mexico
United Kingdom
Dominican Republic
Moldova
Uruguay
Ecuador
Montenegro
Uzbekistan
El Salvador
Montserrat
Venezuela
Estonia
Morocco
Finland
Netherland
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
54
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Appendix C. Decision sheets for Fragaria spp.
Table C1. Decision sheets for entry of strawberries into the United States (CPHST, 2008). The
symbol “—” indicates data were not available or legible, and entries where the decision was
unclear were not listed.
Year Country
Decision
Ports-of-entry Reasons/Conditions
(region)a
1924 Mexico
Approved
—
1926 Holland
Approved
—
1928 Peru
Disapproved —
1932 Ecuador
Approved
N, S
1932 Mexico
Approved
SAG
1939 England
Approved
NA
Subject to inspection
1940 Japan
Approved
All
1942 Mexico
Approved
All
1946 France
Approved
—
b
1947 Argentina
Approved
NA
Accepted from Miami
1947 Jamaica
Approved
NA
1947 South
Approved
—
America
1948 Australia
Approved
—
T&E movement to Canada via
Honolulu, San Francisco, and NP ports,
subject to usual certification and
marking requirements for Australian
fruit
1948 New Zealand Approved
All
1949 New Zealand Approved
—
1950 Belgium
Approved
NY
1950 France
Approved
All
1950 Italy
Approved
NY
1950 Switzerland
Approved
NY
1951 Europe
Approved
All
1951 Haiti, Central Approved
—
and South
America, and
West Indies
1951 Scotland
Approved
All
1967, Israel
Approved
All
Requires certification that strawberries
1968
were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite
1969 Australia
Disapproved —
Risk of introducing red-legged earth
mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
55
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Year
Country
1970 b Australia
1971
1973,
1974
Australia
(Queensland
only)
Australia
(Tasmania)
1982, Morocco
1988
1986 b Ghana
1986
Zimbabwe
1988 b Korea
1991
1991 c
French
Guiana
Nicaragua
1992 b Korea
Decision
Ports-of-entry Reasons/Conditions
(region)a
Disapproved Guam
a. No approved treatment if infested
with mites.
b. No approved treatment available if
strawberries found infested with mites
for arrival in Guam.
Approved
All
Requires certification that strawberries
were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite
Approved
All
Requires certification that strawberries
were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite
Approved
All
Commercial shipments only, subject to
inspection. Treatment if pest found.
Disapproved All
Lack of specific information on pests of
strawberry in Ghana
Disapproved —
Lack of available information on pests
of strawberry in Zimbabwe
Disapproved All
A complex of insect pests for which
there is no acceptable treatment
Disapproved —
Trapping of Dacus sp. in Guyana
Approved
All
Approved
All
Requires certification that strawberries
were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite
a. Requires certification that
strawberries were produced in an area
free of red-legged earth mite.
b. From September 15 through May 31.
Subject to inspection
Trapping of Bactrocera sp. in Guyana
No approved treatment
1994 Guyana
Disapproved —
1994 Philippines
Disapproved All
c
—
Chile
Approved
All
—
Philippines
Disapproved —
No approved treatment
a
Ports-of-entry, or regions, are: All, NA = North Atlantic, NY = New York, NP = North Pacific,
S =South, SA = South Atlantic, SAG = South Atlantic & Gulf, and SP = South Pacific.
b
This entry combines information from two separate sheets to make a complete record.
c
Another entry exists for this year and country, but the information in that entry was either the
same or unclear.
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
56
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Appendix D. Pest interceptions on Fragaria sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis, and F. vesca
entering the United States
Table D1. Pest interceptions on Fragaria spp. from 1985 to 2008 (PestID, 2009).
Pest
Origin
Interceptions Where found
(no.)
Acaridae, species of
Italy, New Zealand
4 Baggage
Acrididae, species of
Chile
1 Permit cargo
Agallia sp.
Chile
1 Permit cargo
Agriolimacidae, species of New Zealand
1 Permit cargo
Agriolimax reticulatus
New Zealand, Romania
5 Baggage, General cargo
Agriolimax sp.
Poland
1 Baggage
Agromyzidae, species of
Guatemala
1 Permit cargo
Agrotis sp.
Chile, Ecuador
3 Permit cargo
Agrypnus sp.
New Zealand
1 Permit cargo
Aleyrodes lonicerae
Czech Republic, Italy
2 Baggage, Permit cargo
Aleyrodidae, species of
Mexico, New Zealand,
3 Baggage, Permit cargo
Philippines
Allantus sp.
Polland
1 Baggage
Alternaria sp.
Canada, China
2 Baggage, Permit cargo
Amorbia sp.
Costa Rica, Mexico
6 Baggage, Permit cargo
Amphideritus sp.
Ecuador
1 Permit cargo
Anchonus sp.
Costa Rica
1 Permit cargo
Anystidae, species of
New Zealand
1 Permit cargo
Aphididae, species of
Argentina, Australia,
56 Baggage, General cargo,
Colombia, Costa Rica, El
Permit cargo
Salvador, Mexico, The
Netherlands, New Zealand,
Russia, Unknown
Aphodiinae, species of
Australia
1 Permit cargo
Arctiidae, species of
Unknown
1 Baggage
Arhyssus sp.
Mexico
2 Permit cargo
Aspidiotus sp.
Fiji
1 Permit cargo
Aulacorthum solani
New Zealand
1 Permit cargo
Blaptinus sp.
Guatemala, Mexico
2 Permit cargo
Cecidomyiidae, species of Russia
1 Baggage
Ceratitis capitata
Hungary
1 Baggage
Cercospora sp.
Sweden
1 Baggage
Chaetosiphon fragaefolii
Argentina, Australia, New
4 Permit cargo
Zealand
Chaetosiphon sp.
New Zealand
7 Permit cargo
Chaetosiphon thomasi
New Zealand
18 Permit cargo
Chironomidae, species of Australia
1 Baggage
Chrysomelidae, species of New Zealand, Unknown
6 Baggage, Permit cargo
Chrysomelinae, species of New Zealand
1 General cargo
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
57
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Origin
Cicadellidae, species of
Cladosporium sp.
Coccidae, species of
Coleoptera, species of
Colletotrichum acutatum
Conoderus exsul
Conoderus sp.
Conotrachelus sp.
Copitarsia sp.
Australia, Chile, Germany
China
France
Colombia
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
Costa Rica
Argentina, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Guatemala
Cornu aspersum
New Zealand
Corticariidae, species of
Australia
Corylophidae, species of
The Netherlands
Corythucha ciliata
United States of America
Corythucha unifasciata
Mexico
Cossoninae, species of
New Zealand
Cryptorhynchinae, species New Zealand
of
Ctenopseustis obliquana
New Zealand
Curculionidae, species of Colombia, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Latvia, New Zealand
Delochilocoris caliginosus Guatemala
Deroceras laeve
New Zealand
Deroceras panormitanum Australia
Deroceras sp.
New Zealand
Drosophilidae, species of China, Japan
Elateridae, species of
New Zealand
Eotetranychus sp.
Israel
Epiphyas postvittana
Australia, New Zealand
Epiphyas sp.
New Zealand
Epitragus sp.
Colombia
Eumolpinae, species of
New Zealand
Eupodidae, species of
New Zealand
Frankliniella cestrum
Chile
Frankliniella intonsa
Japan
Frankliniella occidentalis Australia, New Zealand
Frankliniella panamensis Ecuador
Frankliniella schultzei
Argentina, Bolivia
Frankliniella sp.
Argentina, Australia, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Peru,
Unknown, Venezuela
Galgupha albipennis
Chile
Rev. 03
March 8, 2010
Interceptions
(no.)
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
13
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
Where found
Baggage, Permit cargo
Baggage
Stores
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
5 Permit cargo
11 Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
5 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
2 Permit cargo
2 Baggage, Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
35 Permit cargo
2 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
7 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
7 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
2 Permit cargo
25 Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo, Stores
1 Permit cargo
58
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Origin
Geometridae, species of
Gryllus sp.
Gymnetron sp.
Haplothrips aculeatus
Helicotylenchus
rotundicauda
Helicoverpa armigera
Helicoverpa punctigera
Helicoverpa sp.
Heliothis sp.
Hemiptera, species of
Heteroptera, species of
Hoplia sp.
Lagriinae, species of
Lepidoptera, species of
Liorhyssus sp.
Listroderes sp.
Listronotus bonariensis
Lithraeus egenus
Lycaenidae, species of
Lygaeidae, species of
Lygaeoidea, species of
Mexico, New Zealand
Mexico
New Zealand
Russia
Argentina
Macrosiphum sp.
Microtheca sp.
Miridae, species of
Mollusca, species of
Mordellidae, species of
Mycosphaerella fragariae
Mycosphaerella sp.
Neopamera sp.
Noctuidae, species of
Nodonota sp.
Nyssius sp.
Oecophoridae, species of
Olethreutinae, species of
Pentatomidae, species of
Rev. 03
New Zealand
Australia
Australia, Chile, New Zealand
New Zealand
France
Australia, New Zealand
Costa Rica
New Zealand
Mexico
Chile
Chile
New Zealand
Chile
Mexico
Chile, Japan, New Zealand
Costa Rica, Ecuador,
Guatemala, New Zealand, Peru
New Zealand
Argentina
Australia, Ecuador, Mexico
New Zealand
Italy
Poland
Poland
Mexico
Argentina, Australia, Bolivia,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Guatemala, Lebanon,
Mexico, New Zealand,
Venezuela
Venezuela
Argentina, Australia, Chile,
Ecuador, Mexico, New
Zealand, Peru
Chile
New Zealand
Argentina, Australia, Mexico,
March 8, 2010
Interceptions
(no.)
5
1
4
1
1
Where found
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage
Baggage
Baggage
1
1
27
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
10
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage, Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage
Baggage, Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
74
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage, Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage
Baggage
Baggage
Permit cargo
Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
24 Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
2 Permit cargo
13 Permit cargo
59
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Origin
Interceptions Where found
(no.)
New Zealand
Pentatomoidea, species of Chile, New Zealand
Pheidole sp.
Colombia
Pityophthorus sp.
Mexico
Planococcus citri
United States of America
Planotortrix excessana
New Zealand
Platynota sp.
Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
Prietocella barbara
Australia
Proba sp.
Costa Rica
Protorthodes sp.
Colombia
Prytanes sp.
Mexico
Pseudococcidae, species of Australia, New Zealand,
Poland
Pseudococcus calceolariae New Zealand
Pseudopachybrachius
New Zealand
basalis
Pseudopamera sp.
Mexico
Psyllidae, species of
New Zealand
Psylliodes sp.
Guatemala
Pupisoma orcula
Philippines
Pyraustinae, species of
New Zealand
Ramularia brunnea
Slovakia
Ramularia sp.
Ecuador
Ramularia tulasnei
Mexico
Rhyparochromidae,
Australia
species of
Rotylenchus fallorobustus Poland
Sciaridae, species of
The Netherlands, New Zealand
Scolopostethus affinis
Soviet Union
Scolopostethus decoratus Germany
Scolytidae, species of
Mexico
Scolytinae, species of
New Zealand
Scythrididae, species of
Chile
Sitona sp.
Australia, New Zealand
Sitophilus sp.
New Zealand
Sminthuridae, species of
Russia
Sonchus arvensis
Australia
Sonchus asper
New Zealand
Sonchus oleraceus
Australia, New Zealand
Sparganothis sp.
Spodoptera exigua
Spodoptera frugiperda
Rev. 03
Costa Rica
New Zealand
Mexico
March 8, 2010
3
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
6
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage, Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Mail
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage, Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage
Permit cargo
Baggage
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
12
Baggage
Permit cargo
Baggage
Baggage
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Baggage
Permit cargo
Baggage
Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
60
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan
Pest
Origin
Spodoptera sp.
Stegobium paniceum
Syrphidae, species of
Tapinoma
melanocephalum
Tarsonemidae, species of
Tarsonemus sp.
Tetranychus ludeni
Tetranychus sp.
Japan, Peru, Spain
New Zealand
Guatemala
Bahamas
Thripidae, species of
Thrips major
Thrips obscuratus
Thrips sp.
Thrips tabaci
Thyreocorinae, species of
Thysanoptera, species of
Tineidae, species of
Tipula sp.
Tomicus minor
Tortricidae, species of
Tortricinae, species of
Tydeidae, species of
Tydeus sp.
Tyrophagus sp.
Vallonia excentrica
Rev. 03
Canada
Belgium, Russia, Unknown
New Zealand
Australia, Ecuador, Mexico,
New Zealand, Poland,
Thailand
Argentina, Colombia, Mexico,
New Zealand, Poland
Denmark
New Zealand
Hawaii
New Zealand
Costa Rica
Mexico
New Zealand
Russia
New Zealand
Australia, Costa Rica,
Germany, Guatemala, Mexico,
New Zealand, Venezuela
Argentina, Australia, Chile,
Costa Rica, Mexico, New
Zealand, Venezuela
New Zealand
Italy
New Zealand
Switzerland
March 8, 2010
Interceptions
(no.)
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
12
Where found
Baggage, Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
Stores
Permit cargo
Baggage, Stores
Permit cargo
Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
14 Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
1 Stores
42 Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
1 Mail
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Permit cargo
1 Baggage
1 Permit cargo
56 Baggage, Permit cargo
33 Baggage, General cargo,
Permit cargo
1
1
1
1
Permit cargo
Baggage
Permit cargo
Permit cargo
61