The Skeleton
From the Greek, meaning “dried up”
20% of body mass
Bones, Joints, Cartilage, Joints, &
Ligaments
Axial skeleton
• Skull
– Cranial bones
– Facial bones
• Vertebral Column
• Thorax
Cranial bones
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Frontal
Parietal (2)
Occipital
Temporal (2)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Frontal
• Frontal sinus
• supra-orbital ridge (margin)
• supra-orbital foramen (or
notch)
• frontal suture (usually only
present in fetal skull)
• coronal suture (between
frontal and anterior border
of parietals)
Parietal bones
• sagittal suture
• lambdoid suture
• squamous suture
Occipital
• occipital condyles
• foramen magnum
• nuchal lines
Temporal
• squamous portion
• external acoustic
(auditory) meatus
• mastoid process
• styloid process
• petrous portion
• zygomatic process
Sphenoid
• greater and lesser
wings
• pterygoid
processes
• sella turcica
• sinuses
Ethmoid
• perpendicular plate
• crista galli
• cribriform
(horizontal) plate
• superior and middle
concha
• sinuses
Facial bones
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Paired bones
Maxillae
Zygomatic
Nasals
Lacrimals
Palatines
Inferior conchae
• Unpaired bones
• Mandible
• Vomer
• nasal bones
• lacrimal bones
Zygomatic bones
• orbital
process
• temporal
process
• maxillary
process
Maxilla & Palatine Bones
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sinus
alveolar ridge (margin)
infra-orbital foramen
palatine processes
Mandible
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ramus
condyle
angle
body
Coronoid
process
• Alveolar
ridge
Facial Bones (continued)
• Vomer
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Sinuses
Hyoid bone
Ribs
• True Ribs – First 7
pairs (connect to
sternum directly)
• False Ribs – last 5
pairs
– Floating ribs – the
last two false ribs are
called floating ribs
because they don’t
attach in the front at
all
Sternum
• Manubrium
• suprasternal
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(jugular) notch
sternal angle
body
xiphoid process
clavicular notch
Vertebrae:
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Lamina
Pedicles
Centrum
spinous process
superior and
inferior articulating
processes
• vertebral foramen
• intervertebral
foramen
Vertebrae: Continued
• Cervical Vertebrae (7)
– bifid spinous process
– transverse foramina
– C1 = atlas
– C2 = axis with odontoid process
• Thoracic (12)
– downward sharp spinous process
– articulating facets on centrum and
transverse processes for ribs
• lumbar (5)
– massive centrum
– short, wide spinous process
• Sacral: (5) fused
– sacral canal
– auricular surface
– sacral foramen
– median sacral crest
– sacral hiatus
– sacral promontory
– apex
• Coccyx: (1-4) fused
Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle
• Clavicle - sternal end,
acromial end
• Scapula
– Spine
– supraspinatus fossa,
– infraspinatus fossa
– acromion process
– coracoid process
– vertebral border
– axillary border
– glenoid cavity
Bones of the Upper Extremity
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Head
• Neck:
surgical/anatomical
• Greater/ Lesser tubercle
• Intertubercular groove
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Epicondyles medial/lateral
• Trochlea
• Capitulum
• Coronoid fossa
• Olecranon fossa
Humerus
Radius
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Head
Neck
Shaft
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process
Ulnar notch
Ulna
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Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
Coronoid process
Styloid process
Head
Bones of the Wrist and Hand
• Carpals - 8 wrist
bones
• Metacarpals - 5
hand bones
• Phalanges - 14
finger bones
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
(OS COXAE)
• Consists of
three bones:
• Ilium
• Ishium
• Pubis
ILIUM
• Iliac crest
• Anterior superior iliac
spine
• Greater sciatic notch
• Sacroiliac joint
ISCHIUM
• Ischial tuberosity
• Lesser sciatic
notch
• Acetabulum
• Obturator foramen
PUBIS
• Pubic symphysis
Male Pelvis
Larger, heavier
Heart -shaped
Deep pelvis
Tilted forward
< 90 degree angle
/ Female Pelvis
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Smaller, lighter
More oval
Shallow pelvis
Flared more
>90 degree angle
Bones of the Thigh and Leg
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula
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Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Shaft
Linea aspera
Epicondyles
Condyles
Intercondylar notch
or fossa
• Patellar surface
FEMUR
TIBIA
• Tibial condyles
• Tibial
tuberosity
• Medial
malleolus
• Shaft
FIBULA
• Head
• Shaft
• Lateral
malleolus
Patella - Kneecap
• Tarsals - 7 ankle bones
– Talus
– Calcaneus
• Metatarsals - 5 foot
bones
• Phalanges - 14 toe bones
– proximal
– middle (medial)
– distal
Bones of the
Ankle and
Foot