TEST DATE: __________
NAME:
Regents Biology
Homework Packet
Unit 6: Cell Growth and Division

Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework
assignments.

(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.

Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in
ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.

The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review.
The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework
assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the
zero grade (0) will change to -5.
Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division
Read pages 272 – 304
p. 274 Vocab (3)
p. 279 Vocab (13)
p. 286 Vocab (5)
p. 292 Vocab (7)
p. 278 #1c
p. 284 #3a, 4b
p. 290 #2a
p. 297 #2a, 3a
Regents Review:
Pgs. 300 – 303
#1 – 28
Chapter 11.4: Meiosis
Read pages 323 – 329
p. 323 Vocab (7)
p. 329 #1b, 3a
Regents Review:
#1, 5, 9, 10
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
p. 275 Quick Lab:
#3DATA CHART: Surface Area to Volume
3-cm Cube
4-cm Cube
5-cm Cube
6-cm Cube
#4 Calculate (or do it) the number of 3-cm cubes that would fit into the volume of the 6-cm cube.
Calculate the total surface area of all the 3-cm cubes. Show all work.
Analyze and Conclude:
#1
#2
Mitosis
If cells continued to grow without dividing the cell’s volume would increase at a rate greater than the
surface area. The cell would not be able to exchange nutrients and wastes quick enough to survive. Cell
divisions are complex series of events to copy the nucleus and separate the cytoplasm.
MITOSIS:
• method of cell division in non-sex cells (somatic cells)
• involves one replication and one division of chromosome
material so the chromosome number in the two cells produced is
the same as in the parent
CELL CYCLE:
1. Interphase
• apparent "resting phase” cell carries on all normal metabolism
• the chromosomes exist as chromatin; chromosomes are NOT
distinguishable under the microscope
• often not classified as a mitotic stage
• 3 parts of interphase (takes up about 90% of cell cycle)
G1 - growth one phase S - synthesis phase G2 - growth phase two 2. Prophase:
• ________________ begin to separate; they are
connected by spindle fibers made of protein
• chromosomes can now be distinguished
• nucleus breaks apart with nucleolus and nuclear
membrane disappearing
• chromosomes appear coiled; sister _____________
• _______________ = kinetochore: holds the
chromatids together
3. Metaphase:
• centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
connected by the spindle
• each doubled chromosome moves to the
_______________ of a cell along a spindle fiber
4. Anaphase:
• centromeres replicate and each doubled
chromosome separates to form two chromosomes
• in late Anaphase cytoplasmic division begins =
_______________
• cell membrane begins to pinch in
5. Telophase:
• spindle apparatus disappears
• ____________________ reforms around 2 new
nuclei containing the diploid number of
chromosomes
• centrioles replicate in late Telophase
• cell division occurs in late Telophase
How does mitosis differ in plants?
1. No centriole in plants.
2. Plant cells do not pinch in half. Cytoplasmic
division is accomplished by a
forming
between 2 daughter cells.
Results of Mitosis
1. The same chromosome number is retained from
generation to generation.
2. Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the
chromosomes of the parent cell.
3. The ratio of cellular surface area to cytoplasmic
volume is much improved.
Diffusion and osmosis can occur much more easily.
Cancer: uncontrolled cellular mitotic divisions
Identify each phase of mitosis and a
distinguishing characteristic of that
phase
1. _________________
2. _________________
6. _________________
MITOSIS PHASES
1. How are the daughter
cells similar to each other?
2. How are the daughter
cells similar to the parent
cell?
5. _____________
3. How are the daughter
cells different from the
parent cell?
3. _________________
4. _________________
Meiosis
In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is responsible for forming
with half the number
of chromosomes of a normal cell. It is said that the sex cells have the haploid number, n, of chromosomes. This
is a necessary process because during fertilization the nuclei of 2 sex cells combine. This combination, n + n,
restores the diploid number of chromosomes and maintains the correct species number.
Meiosis ONLY occurs in the gamete producing cells of the gonads (ovaries: female testes: male).
Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes (eggs and sperms).
Chromosomes:
• Chromosomes exist in pairs in body cells. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
For humans 2n = 46 chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
• homologous chromosomes: the 2 members of a pair of chromosomes; contain genes for the same traits
• diploid number: the number of chromosomes found in the double set of chromosomes found in all body
cells (2n)
• haploid (monoploid) number: 1/2 the diploid number of chromosomes
found in the egg and sperm cells of a species
The diploid chromosome number of a species is maintained from one generation to the next through the
processes of
and
.
Meiosis:
• Meiosis is a
division. The number of chromosomes is reduced in half, 2n  n.
This results because the cell divides twice.
• Same phases as mitosis, it just happens
.
First Meiotic Division:
1. Each single stranded chromosome is replicated during the non-dividing resting period.
This results in double stranded homologous chromosomes being formed.
2. Chromosomes shorten and thicken with the spindle apparatus being formed.
3.
chromosomes pair up side by side in a double line at the center of the cell
These homologous chromosome pairs are called tetrads. Synapsis and crossing over occurs.
: the meeting of two homologous chromosome pairs
: the two pairs of homologous chromosomes
: the exchange of chromosome pieces in the tetrad
Crossing over increases the variability of the offspring. This is why the offspring of sexual reproduction
show many variations.
4. Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
: the separation of the homologous chromosome pairs during the first division of meiosis
: the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate
results from the nondisjunction of chromosome 21 - this results in the
afflicted individual having an extra 21st chromosome. Changes in the chromosome number of an
individual usually results from nondisjunction.
5. Cytoplasmic division of the cell occurs; ends the first stage of meiosis; each daughter cell contains the diploid
number of chromosomes.
Second Meiotic Division:
• similar to mitosis but no replication occurs
• the diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the
number in this division
1. Spindle apparatus is synthesized with homologous chromosomes lining up at the equator.
2. Centromeres are replicated
3. Each single stranded chromosome separates and moves toward opposite poles of the cell.
4. Cytoplasmic division of the cell occurs.
Results of Meiosis:
1. The diploid number (2n) of chromosomes is reduced by 1/2
to the monoploid number. (n)
2. Specialized reproductive cells (eggs and sperms) are formed.
3. The distribution of homologous chromosomes is random -variations frequently occur.
Variations rarely occur in
.
Variations often occur in
.
Mitosis is associated with growth and asexual reproduction.
Meiosis is associated with sexual reproduction.
Meiosis and fertilization are necessary for
reproduction.
Gametogenesis:
• Spermatogenesis - the production
of sperm (one successful meiotic
division produces 4 sperm)
After 2nd division the cells grow flagella
Sperm structure: smaller than the egg or ovum but capable of locomotion with its flagellum
• Oogenesis - the production of ova or
eggs
1 egg and three polar bodies are
produced in one meiotic division
The egg is much larger than polar
bodies; cell conserving materials
thus
Asexual Reproduction: all methods of asexual reproduction involve mitosis
1. binary fission - involves an equal division of both the organism cytoplasm
and nucleus to form two identical organisms
2. budding - involves one parent dividing its nucleus (genetic material)
equally, but cytoplasm unequally
3. sporulation (spore formation) - is reproduction involving specialized single
cells coming from one parent
4. regeneration – involves the formation or re-growth of an organism from a
piece of the parent organism.
5. vegetative propagation – natural and non-natural processes by with plats can
reproduce asexually.
6. cloning – a laboratory technique using a single cell from an organism to
produce a genetically identical organism.
Mitosis & Meiosis Review Questions:
1. Why is it important to ensure that the DNA of each
cell is copied before cell
division takes place?
2. Explain the relationships between DNA, a gene, a
chromosome, and the nucleus of a cell.
3. At one time, interphase was called the “resting
phase”. Why do you think scientists gave this name
to that particular phase of the cell cycle? Explain why
the term is somewhat misleading.
4. What is meant by the term “homologous
chromosomes?”
5. Distinguish clearly between:
a) centrosome and centromere
b) chromatin and chromosome
c) chromosome and chromatid
d) haploid and diploid numbers
6. Explain why the process of meiosis is necessary
for sexual reproduction.
7. List and describe five ways in which meiosis
differs from mitosis.
8. With respect to meiosis, what is crossing over and
synapsis? Why are they important?
9. In what two ways is genetic variety ensured in the
formation of gametes during
the process of meiosis?
10. A mule is the offspring of a donkey and a horse
and is sterile. Go to Google and type: “mule
chromosomes” into the search box and explain: why?
Mitosis Diagrams
Diagram the actions of 3 homologous pairs of chromosomes (6 chromatids) during mitosis. Show the actions of
the chromosomes during each phase of mitosis and describe the key events of each phase.
Interphase [G1]
Interphase [S]
What is the key event of the S
phase?______________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Prophase
What are the key events of
Prophase?___________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___
Metaphase
What is the key event of
Metaphase?__________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
____
Anaphase
What are the key events of
Anaphase?__________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
____
Telophase and Cytokinesis
What are the key events
Telophase?__________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
____
Understanding the Conceptes: Answer each of the following questions.
1. List the four stages of mitosis in their proper sequence.
2. Describe what happens in metaphase of mitosis.
3. How is mitosis in plant cells different than in animal cells?
4. How is telophase of mitosis the reversal of prophase?
5. Where in the cell does most of the activity occur during mitosis?
6. What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
7. What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
8. What is the purpose of mitosis?
9. List five methods of asexual reproduction.
Reading Enrichment:
Cancer
There are hundreds of billions of cells in the body of a human adult. Every minute several billion of
these cells die. While these cells are dying, the body, through asexual reproduction, is producing an equal
number of new cells. The production of new cells is, therefore, a controlled process that keeps the total number
of living cells in a healthy adult constant. Like normal cells, cancer cells also reproduce by asexual
reproduction. However, unlike normal cells, the reproduction of cancer cells goes on at an uncontrolled rate. As
more and more cancer cells are formed, they invade the surrounding tissue and interfere with the normal
functioning of the organs that are formed from the tissue. Cancer is among the most dreaded of diseases because
it disfigures and disables its victims, and in many cases kills them after a long and difficult treatment. However,
when cancers are detected early, a person's chances of recovering completely increase greatly. The graphs show
cancer death rates for men and women from 1969 to 1981. Look at the graphs and answer the following
questions.
1. What is the most common form of cancer in men?
2. What is the most common form of cancer in women?
3. Did a greater number of men or women die of cancer during the period from 1969 to 1981?
4. For what type of cancer in men has the death rate increased the most from 1969 to 1981?
5. For what type of cancer in women has the death rate increased the most from 1969 to 1981?
6. For which group did cancer of the lung and bronchus increase the most from 1969 to 1981? Explain how you
arrived at your answer.
There are two methods for determining the increase: Method 1-Determine the lncrease by Subtraction: For a particular group, subtract the death rate in 1969 from the
death rate in 1981. By this method, the greatest increase occurred among black males: 93 (per 100,000 in 1981) - 63 (per 100,000 in 1969) : 30 (per 100,000)
Method 2-Determine the Percentage lncrease in the Death Rate: Divide the difference obtained by Method 1 by the death rate in 1969, and multiply the result by 100'/'.
By this method, the greatest increase occurred among females:
Modified True/False: Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified
word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true.
7. Normal cells stop growing when they come into
1. As a cell's size increases, its ratio of surface area to
contact with other cells.
volume increases. _________________________
_________________________
2. As a cell's size increases, it places more demands
on its DNA. _________________________
8. The structure shown in Figure 10-2 is a duplicated
chromosome. _________________________
Figure 10-2
3. An imaginary cubic cell with a side length of 10
mm would have a ratio of surface area to volume of 6
: 10. _________________________
4. A cell's chromosomes are duplicated during
interphase. _________________________
5. Typically, the longest phase of mitosis is
metaphase. _________________________
6. A cell splits into two daughter cells during
telophase. _________________________
9. Proteins called cyclins help regulate the cell cycle.
_________________________
10. Lack of control over mitosis is the cause of all
cancers. ______________________________
Multiple Choice: Identify the letter of the choice that best answers the question.
____ 11.
As a cell becomes larger, its
a. volume increases faster than its surface area.
b. surface area increases faster than its volume.
c. volume increases, but its surface area stays the
same.
d. surface area stays the same, but its volume
increases.
____ 14.
Unlike small cells, large cells have
more trouble
a. dividing.
b. producing daughter cells.
c. moving needed materials in and waste
products out.
d. making copies of their DNA.
____ 12.
As a cell grows, it
a. places more demands on its DNA.
b. uses up food and oxygen more quickly.
c. has more trouble moving enough materials across
its cell membrane.
d. all of the above
____ 15.
The process by which a cell divides
into two daughter cells is called
a. cell division.
b. metaphase.
c. interphase.
d. mitosis.
____ 13.
All of the following are problems that
growth causes for cells EXCEPT
a. DNA overload.
b. excess oxygen.
c. obtaining enough food.
d. expelling wastes.
____ 16.
Which of the following is NOT a way
that cell division solves the problems of cell growth?
a. Cell division provides each daughter cell
with its own copy of DNA.
b. Cell division increases the mass of the
original cell.
c. Cell division increases the surface area of
the original cell.
d. Cell division reduces the original cell's
volume.
____ 17.
If a normal cell divides, you can
assume that
a. its surface area has become larger than its
volume.
b. its volume has become larger than its surface
area.
c. it has grown to its full size.
d. it has grown too large to meet its needs.
____ 18.
If a cell's DNA were not copied before
cell division, the cell could
a. have a DNA overload.
b. become cancerous.
c. fail to exchange materials.
d. divide.
____ 19.
Which of the following happens when
a cell divides?
a. The cell's volume increases.
b. It becomes more difficult for the cell to get
enough oxygen and nutrients.
c. The cell has DNA overload.
d. Each daughter cell receives its own copy of
the parent cell's DNA.
____ 20.
When during the cell cycle are
chromosomes visible?
a. only during interphase
b. only when they are being replicated
c. only during cell division
d. only during the G1 phase
____ 21.
Which of the following is a phase in
the cell cycle?
a. G1 phase
b. G2 phase
c. M phase
d. all of the above
____ 22.
Which pair is correct?
a. G1 phase, DNA replication
b. G2 phase, preparation for mitosis
c. S phase, cell division
d. M phase, cell growth
____ 23.
When during the cell cycle is a cell's
DNA replicated?
a. G1 phase
b. G2 phase
c. S phase
d. M phase
____ 24.
Which event occurs during
interphase?
a. The cell grows.
b. Centrioles appear.
c. Spindle fibers begin to form.
d. Centromeres divide.
____ 25.
Which of the following is a correct
statement about the events of the cell cycle?
a. Little happens during the G1 and
G2 phases.
b. DNA replicates during
cytokinesis.
c. The M phase is usually the
longest phase.
d. Interphase consists of the G1, S,
and, G2 phases.
____ 26.
Which of the following is NOT a
correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?
a. Interphase is usually the longest phase.
b. DNA replicates during the S phase.
c. Cell division ends with cytokinesis.
d. The cell grows during the G2 phase.
Figure 10-1
____ 27.
Cell
division is
represented in
Figure 10-1 by the
letter
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
____ 28.
The cell cycle is the
a. series of events that cells go through as they
grow and divide.
b. period of time between the birth and the
death of a cell.
c. time from prophase until cytokinesis.
d. time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis.
____ 29.
The structures labeled B in the figure
are called
a. centromeres.
b. centrioles.
c. sister chromatids.
d. spindles.
____ 30.
During which phase(s) of mitosis are
structures, like the one shown in the previous
question, visible?
a. anaphase and prophase
b. prophase and metaphase
c. metaphase only
d. anaphase and interphase
____ 31.
Which of the following is a phase of
mitosis?
a. cytokinesis
b. interphase
c. prophase
d. S phase
____ 32.
The first phase of mitosis is called
a. prophase.
b. anaphase.
c. metaphase.
d. interphase.
____ 33.
During which phase of mitosis do the
chromosomes line up along the middle of the
dividing cell?
a. prophase
b. telophase
c. metaphase
d. anaphase
____ 34.
What is the role of the spindle during
mitosis?
a. It helps separate the chromosomes.
b. It breaks down the nuclear membrane.
c. It duplicates the DNA.
d. It divides the cell in half.
____ 35.
The two main stages of cell division
are called
a. mitosis and interphase.
b. synthesis and cytokinesis.
c. the M phase and the S phase.
d. cytokinesis and mitosis.
____ 36.
One difference between cell division
in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells
have
a. centrioles.
b. centromeres.
c. a cell plate.
d. chromatin.
____ 37.
During normal mitotic cell division, a
parent cell having four chromosomes will produce
two daughter cells, each containing
a. two chromosomes.
b. four chromosomes.
c. eight chromosomes.
d. sixteen chromosomes.
____ 38.
What happens when cells come into
contact with other cells?
a. They divide more quickly.
b. They stop growing.
c. They produce cyclins.
d. They produce p53.
____ 39.
Which of the following is a factor that
can stop normal cells from growing?
a. contact with other cells
b. growth factors
c. a cut in the skin
d. cyclin that has been taken from a
cell in mitosis
____ 40.
Cells grown in a petri dish tend to
divide until they form a thin layer covering the
bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the
middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space
will begin dividing until they have filled the empty
space. What does this experiment show?
a. When cells come into contact with
other cells, they stop growing.
b. The controls on cell growth and
division can be turned on and off.
c. Cell division can be regulated by
factors outside the cell.
d. all of the above
____ 41.
Which of the following explains why
normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop
growing once they have covered the bottom of the
dish?
a. The cells lack cyclin.
b. The petri dish inhibits cell growth.
c. Contact with other cells stops cell
growth.
d. Most cells grown in petri dishes have
a defective p53.
____ 42.
When cytoplasm from a cell that is
undergoing mitosis is injected into a cell that is in
interphase, the second cell
a. stays in interphase.
b. enters mitosis.
c. stops making cyclin.
d. loses its p53.
____ 43.
In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the
cell cycle is regulated by
a. cancer cells.
b. cyclins.
c. the spindle.
d. all of the above
____ 44.
Cyclins are a family of closely related
proteins that
a. regulate the cell cycle.
b. produce p53.
c. cause cancer.
d. work to heal wounds.
____ 45.
Which of the following regulate(s) the
cell cycle?
a. growth factors
b. cyclins
c. p53
d. all of the above
____ 46.
Which of the following is an internal
regulator of the cell cycle?
a. cyclins
b. growth factors
c. the mitotic spindle
d. cancer cells
____ 47.
Cancer is a disorder in which some
cells have lost the ability to control their
a. size.
b. spindle fibers.
c. growth rate.
d. surface area.
____ 48.
Cancer cells form masses of cells
called
a. tumors.
b. cyclins.
c. growth factors.
d. p53.
____ 49.
A cell with a defective p53 gene is
likely to
a. divide regularly.
b. stop dividing.
c. accumulate chromosomal damage.
d. combat tumors.
____ 50.
Cancer affects
a. plants only.
b. most unicellular organisms.
c. multicellular organisms.
d. unicellular animal and plant cells.