13/14 Spring Semester
Energy
(TKK-2129)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian
Email: rama.oktavian86@gmail.com
Office Hr.: M.13-15, Tu. 13-15, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11
Outlines
1. Geothermal energy
2. Solar energy
3. Wind energy
4. Hydro energy
Geothermal energy
What is it??
- energy that comes from the ground; power extracted from heat stored in the
earth
- It was formed by the decay of minerals and forests several years ago
- heat is continuously produced inside the earth
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GeothermalEnergy.php
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy uses
http://www.conservationconversations.com/cmswp/wp-content/uploads/GeothermalTable.jpg
Geothermal energy
Used as district heating
1892: America’s first district heating system was put into place
Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html
Geothermal energy
Used as district heating
1892: America’s first district heating system was put into place
Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html
Geothermal energy
Advantages
- Renewability
 Earth’s core is always going to be heated
 As long as there is a way to extract the energy from the heat,
the energy will always be available
Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html
Geothermal energy
Advantages
- Smaller carbon footprint and
environmentally friendly
 Remarkable difference of environmental
effects compared to fossil fuels
 Most hardware used to extract
geothermal energy is underground
 Minimal use of surface
(http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.shtmlNorthern
Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27)
Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html
Geothermal energy
Advantages
Power Source
Land Requirement
(ac/mW)
 Easy to operate
Geothermal
1-8
 Open up economy
Nuclear
5-10
Coal
19
- Lower cost
 Much more efficient use of land
(http://www.geothermal.nau.edu/about/enviroment.shtml> Northern
Arizona University. 2009 Oct 27)
Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html
Geothermal energy
Disadvantages
- Fluids drawn from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases
- Pollutants contribute to global warming and acid rain
- Construction of Plants can adversely affect land stability
- Sources may hold trace amounts of toxic chemicals/mineral deposits
- Loud Noises
- Initial start up cost (expensive)
Alex Mayada, Chris Bartlow, Tim Fisher, Lauren Pawling. Geothermal energy. http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html
Geothermal energy
How it works
- Geothermal power plant
http://drpinna.com/geothermal-energy-get-some-at-your-gas-station-27882
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
- Sources
NO
NON FOSSIL ENERGY
RESOURCES
(SD)
INSTALLED
CAPACITY (KT)
RATIO KT/SD
(%)
1
2
3
4
5 = 4/3
1
Hydro
75,670 MW
6,654.29 MW
8,8%
2
Geothermal
29,038 MW
1,226 MW
4,2%
3
Mini/Micro Hydro
769.69 MW
228.983 MW
29,75%
4
Biomass
49,810 MW
1,618.40 MW
3,25 %
5
Solar Energy
4.80 kWh/m2/day
22.45 MW
-
6
Wind Energy
3 – 6 m/s
1.87 MW
-
7
Uranium
3,000 MW *)
30 MW **)
1.00
*) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan
**) non energy, only for research
Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
- Current status (2010)
2,90 %
Feasibility Study/Ready to Develop
(8 locations)
32,61 %
Detail ± Gradient
Temp
(90 locations)
7,97%
Preliminary Survey
(22 locations)
2,54 %
Installed
(7 locations)
53,99 %
Reconnaissance
(149 locations)
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Geothermal Potential is more than 28.000 MW
Installed Capacities is 1196 MW:
Darajat – 260 MW (2005: 150 MW)
Dieng – 60 MW (2005: 60 MW)
Kamojang – 200MW (2005: 140 MW)
Gunung Salak – 377MW (2005: 345MW)
Sibayak – 12MW (2005: 2 MW)
Lahendong – 60 MW (2005: 20 MW)
Wayang Windu – 227MW (2005: 110 MW).
Some direct use are under research program and some others are in utilized
Geothermal Road Map : increase to 9500 MW on 2025
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Geothermal direct use







Palm sugar processing in Lahendong
Copra drying in Lahendong, Mataloko and Wai Ratai Lampung,
Mushroom cultivation in Kamojang and Pengalengan,
Tea drying and pasteurization in Pengalengan.
Fish farming in Lampung.
Balneology, spas
No heat Pump use so far
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Masarang Palm Sugar Processing in Lahendong, North Sulawesi . Steam
consumption : 4 ton/hrs
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Geothermal road map 2004 - 2025
2004
2008
822 MW
(production)
2000 MW
1193 MW
Existing
WKP
2004
2010
1442 MW
Existing
WKP
2008
2010
1196 MW
Existing
WKP
2012
2016
2020
2025
3442 MW
4600 MW
6000 MW
(target)
9000 MW
(target)
1158 MW
Existing
WKP
+ New WKP
2012
1400 MW
New WKP
2016
2020
2025
Geothermal Road - map
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Geothermal energy
OIL
GAS
COAL
GEOTHERMAL
HYDRO
2018
(365 TWh)
Primary Energy Year 2025
(BaU Scenario)
2008
(148 TWh)
Primary Energy Year 2025
(Scenarion PD No.5/2006)
GEOTHERMAL
GROWTH
GAS
HYDRO
HYDRO
OIL
COAL
GAS
Source: Indonesia Total Electricity Production by Fuel Type (GWH)
COAL
Surya Darma, RUPTL
2011, Current
Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
2009-2018, PLN - General Plan to Supply Electricity
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Barriers







Availability of good quality data
Delay of project development,
Bureaucracy,
Lack of Power Plant Maintenance,
The liability of the transmission line and infrastructure
Human capital on geothermal industry
Energy diversification is inconsistence
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Opportunities
 Robust electricity demand growth
 Indonesia energy policy-Renewable prioritized, 10 thousands MW


electricity accelerating project (Government Regulation No. 5 Year
2006, and GR No. 4/2010)
Indonesia has the largest inventory of undeveloped Geothermal
resources in the world (40%)
Geothermal price can be competitive and affordable
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy in Indonesia
Development challenges









Competitiveness of Geothermal Energy Price;
Continuing Subsidy of Fossil Fuel Price;
Political Will to Intensify Geothermal Energy Utilization;
Shortage of Competence Human Resources;
Absence of Technology and Research & Development Supports;
Lack of renewable incentives;
Absence of Integrated Energy Planning;
Lack of Information and Publicity on Indonesia’ Geothermal Potency
and Benefits; and
Low Environmental Awareness.
Surya Darma, 2011, Current Outlook on Geothermal in Indonesia, ASEAN – AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND BUSINESS SEMINAR
Solar Energy
The ultimate energy resource
• Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun.
• Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared,
ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).
Bhavik Shah, Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource, http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/
Solar Energy
Advantages
• Ultimate and free resource (sun)
• Does not harmful environmental (no emission gas)
• Can be used in remote areas
• make absolutely no noise at all
• Very little maintenance is needed
Solar Energy
Advantages
• Comparative life-cycle CO2 emissions
Energy source
CO2 / kWe
Coal
1.4 – 3.6
Natural gas
0.6 – 2.0
PV solar
0.07 – 0.18
Thermal solar
0.08 – 0.20
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-solar-power.html
Solar Energy
Disadvantages
• High initial installation cost of solar cell and solar panel
• Electricity generation depends entirely on a countries exposure to sunlight
• Solar energy is a diffuse source. To harness it, we must concentrate it into an
amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.
Solar Energy
How much solar energy can be absorbed?
• The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the
Earth. Only this amount is usable.
http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~kotliar/honors/honsem02/somalwar/HonSem02
Solar Energy
Solar energy uses
http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/photovoltaic.html
Solar Energy
Solar energy uses
www.rainbowtradingpost.co.uk
www.urbanoptions.org/RenewableEnergy
Solar Energy
Solar energy uses as electricity generator
Photovoltaic (PV)
greenoptions.com
Concentrating solar
thermal (CST)
www.renewableenergyaccess.com
Solar Energy
Solar energy uses as electricity generator
Solar Energy
Concerns associated with PV and Solar Cell
 Heavy investment.
 High-latitude areas receive relatively little sunshine.
 Solar unreliable at night, during winter, and during cloudy periods.
 Storage difficult; relies on batteries that may leak chemicals.
 Some PV cells use heavy metals - toxic and difficult to recycle.
 Solar farms require much land, currently between 5 and 10 acres / megawatt.
http://klemow.wilkes.edu/KMK.courses.html
Solar energy
Solar energy in Indonesia
- Sources
NO
NON FOSSIL ENERGY
RESOURCES
(SD)
INSTALLED
CAPACITY (KT)
RATIO KT/SD
(%)
1
2
3
4
5 = 4/3
1
Hydro
75,670 MW
6,654.29 MW
8,8%
2
Geothermal
29,038 MW
1,226 MW
4,2%
3
Mini/Micro Hydro
769.69 MW
228.983 MW
29,75%
4
Biomass
49,810 MW
1,618.40 MW
3,25 %
5
Solar Energy
4.80 kWh/m2/day
22.45 MW
-
6
Wind Energy
3 – 6 m/s
1.87 MW
-
7
Uranium
3,000 MW *)
30 MW **)
1.00
*) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan
**) non energy, only for research
112.000 GW
Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung
Solar energy
Target in 2025
1. Less than 1 for energy
elasticity
2. Optimized primary
energy mix
CURRENT ENERGI MIX (1 million BOE)
National (Primary) Energy Mix
Hydro Power,
3.11%
Geothermal,
1.32%
Natural Gas,
28.57%
Oil
51.66%
Coal, 15.34%
National (Primary) Energy Mix of 2025
(BaU Scenario) (5 million BOE)
National Energy Mix 2025 (3 million BOE)
(Presidential Decree No. 5/2006)
Power Plant, 1.9%
Mini/micro Hydro Power Plant, 0.1%
Geothermal,
1.1%
Oil,
20%
Gas, 20.6%
Gas, 30%
Oil,
41.7%
BIOFUELS, 5%
RE,17%
OPTIMIZING
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
Geothermal, 5%
Biomass, Nuclear, Hydro
Solar Energy, Wind
Power, 5%
Coal 34.6%
Coal , 33%
Coal Liquefaction
2%
Solar energy
Jenis Energi
Unit
2010
2015
2020
2025
Bio-diesel
Kilo liter
1.160.000
3.000.000
11.800.000
4.160.000
Bio-ethanol
Barel per
hari
42.860
48.110
55.340
60.320
Bio oil
Kilo liter
244.000
257.000
627.000
4.863.000
Biomassa :
Waste
MW
30
60
120
200
Geothermal
MW
1.320
4.340
5.090
5.270
Wind Power
MW
10
40
80
160
Solar Energy
MW
80
100
120
580
Microhydro
MW
450
740
950
950
Based on the Blueprint of National Energy Management
Wind energy
NO
NON FOSSIL ENERGY
RESOURCES
(SD)
INSTALLED
CAPACITY (KT)
RATIO KT/SD
(%)
1
2
3
4
5 = 4/3
1
Hydro
75,670 MW
6,654.29 MW
8,8%
2
Geothermal
29,038 MW
1,226 MW
4,2%
3
Mini/Micro Hydro
769.69 MW
228.983 MW
29,75%
4
Biomass
49,810 MW
1,618.40 MW
3,25 %
5
Solar Energy
4.80 kWh/m2/day
22.45 MW
-
6
Wind Energy
3 – 6 m/s
1.87 MW
-
7
Uranium
3,000 MW *)
30 MW **)
1.00
*) only in Kalan – West Kalimantan
**) non energy, only for research
Hazrul L Azahari, 2012, Introduction to Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Microhydro power training for rural development in ASEAN region, Bandung
Wind energy
KESDM, 2008
Wind energy
How does it work?
http://fredzidd.myweb.uga.edu/EDIT/6190/project/ae_wind_turbine.htm
Wind energy
How does it work?
http://smknews.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/wind_energy.jpg