The English Civil War, France Under Louis
XIV, and Eastern Europe
 1. Netherlands, Venice, Switzerland few democracies &
republics
 2. Netherland won total independence from Spain as a
result of the 30/80 years war
 *Parliamentary monarchy (England) and political
absolutism (France-Dicatator) were the two models.
 What is Parliamentary monarchy and absolute
monarchy?
 Parliament limits monarch’s power;
 monarch has all the power
 *if you wore a crown, you are both political absolute &
absolute monarch. But if you weren’t a leader before & rose to
power, you are only a political absolute
 Summary of Unit 3
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Line of Succession – brief history of English throne
1509 = Henry VIII – marries Catherine of Aragon
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
former wife of Henry’s brother Arthur
had a daughter – Mary
B. 1531 = Henry is recognized as head of the church in England
1533 = Henry VIII – marries Anne Boleyn
had a daughter – Elizabeth
1534 = Act of Succession – made Anne’s children heirs to the throne
1536 = Anne executed for treason and adultery
1536 = Henry marries Jane Seymour
1537 = Jane dies giving birth to Edward VI
Henry marries Anne of Cleves – later annulled by Parliament
Henry marries Catherine Howard – beheaded for adultery in 1542
Henry marries Catherine Parr – outlives Henry
 1547 – 1553 = Edward VI becomes king
 ten years old – reigned under regencies
 1553 – 1558 = Mary becomes queen of England
 married to King of Spain
 restored Catholic religion in England
 ----1558-1603 = Elizabeth becomes Queen of England-
-- 1. Dies with no _children___ or heir to the throne.
 1603 – King James VI of Scotland – son of Mary Stuart, Queen of
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Scots, becomes King James I of England (King of Scotland &
England)
inherited large royal debt and divided church= Anglican &
Puritan
wrote True Law of Free Monarchies – advocated divine right of
kings= All kings chosen by God
a. 1.Scottish Calvinist 2. now head of the Anglican Church
3.lenient towards Cath.
levied impositions = custom duty (tax/tariff)
members of Parliament resent inability to control purse
sold peerages and titles to the highest bidders- titles of nobility
(sold by Duke of Buckingham for James I)
*Parliament only convened when James __summoned___ it.
 1604 – Hampton Court Conference
 established Anglican Church over Puritan demands=
purify the Anglican church of certain elements of RCC
doctrine, don’t like the rule of bishops
 1611 – publication of the King James version of the
Bible
 1620’s – English colonization of the new world:
 1. Jamestown (is the first permanent Eng colony in the
new world)
 2. Plymouth
 3. Massachusetts
 *James I foreign policy (how you treat other countries) made
his people suspicious because he:
 concluded peace with Spain in 1604
 tried to arrange a _marriage__ between his son and a Spanish
princess
 hesitated to rush English troops to aid German Protestants in
the Thirty Years’ War
 attempted to relax penal codes (penalties) against
_Catholics___.
 Just before James death England went to war against
_Spain__ mainly in response to parliamentary
pressures.
 *To fund a new war with Spain, Charles levied new tariffs
and duties, attempted to collect discontinued taxes,
subjected his people to forced loans to raise money, and
enforced previously neglected laws.
 Refuse to give money, go to jail!
 forced people to quarter troops
 *1628 – Parliament passes Petition of Right – Charles agrees
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no forced loans or taxation without the consent of Parliament
no freeman should be imprisoned without due cause
troops should not be billeted in private homes
male subjects with property worth more than 5 pounds would
have right to vote for members of Parliament. (House of
Commons)
 1629 – Charles dissolves Parliament when it tries to
limit his power of taxation & church/ 1630 Charles
makes peace with Spain.
 1634 – Charles imposes ship money to all of England
 ship money = tax on a coastal county to pay for naval
protection
 sold titles & knighthoods just like his father James I
 1637 – Book of Common Prayer = Charles tried to have all
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churches conform even those in _Scotland___. Scotland was a
Calvinist (Presbyterian) kingdom. Charles imposes the rule of
bishops on Scotland.
Scots rebel (Prayer Book Riots) afraid of Catholic influence in
church
Short Parliament – Charles called to get funding for war against
Scots
Parliament makes list of grievances to which Charles must agree.
Charles dissolves Parliament. Short Parliament only met for 3
weeks from April 13 to May 5, 1640.
Presbyterian Scots invaded England – Charles recalls Parliament
1. Scots win the battle of Newbern
 Long Parliament Nov.1640-1648: Charles agrees to demands of Long
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Parliament in the *Grand Remonstrance: #1, 2 , 3, & 4 below.
*levying of new taxes without consent of Parliament and the inland
extension of ship money became illegal
*Parliament resolved that no more than 3 years should elapse between
its meetings
*Parliament could not be _dismissed_ without its own consent.
*Parliament determined that no king could again govern without
consulting it.
a. the leader of the Long Parliament was ___John Pym____.
b. executed Charles’s advisors _Strafford (Thomas Witworth)____ (1641)
and __Laud__. 1645
c. Charles’s arrest attempt (Jan. 1642) : Charles & Musketeers bust
through doors of the House of Commons, but Pym & buddies escaped
through the back door
 House of Commons pass Militia Ordinance= Authority to raise an army
 Eruption of Eng. Civil War 1642-1646/ 2nd Eng. Civil War 1647-1649
 . Charles
I-had to flee London
vs.
2. Parliament/Oliver Cromwell a. Cavaliers – supporters- long hair
a. Roundheads- supporters- short hair
 b. Charles tried to regain absolute
b. Militia Ordinance=Par.
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monarchy.
raised an army. Scotland
 c. Edgehill: 1st major battle: draw
then joins side of Parliament.
 2. Roundheads _win_ decisive battles of Marston Moor and Naseby during first
ECW
 a. May 1646: Charles defeated/captured.
a. Cromwell was a devout
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He was allowed to keep crown and
Puritan and great military
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then escaped in Nov. 1647. Start of
commander. (New Model
Army)
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2nd Eng. C.W. _Scotland__ now helps
b. Cromwell later defeats
Charles.
Scotland & Ireland after ECWs
 1648 Parliament wins the Battle of Preston during 2nd ECW. Roundheads win
the __2nd ECW__
 Roundheads won both civil wars; Cromwell eventually becomes Parliament’s
military commander
 Rump Parliament Dec. 1648-1653
 1. Prides Purge: Colonel Pride (subordinate of
Cromwell) removed those members of Parliament who
wanted to negotiate with the king for surrender.
 a. January 1649: King Charles was executed
(beheaded). Chopped Charlie executed with his crown
 2. Rump Parliament dismissed by __Cromwell____=
leads to despotism (dictatorship).
 Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector) establishes dictatorship1653-1658
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(Top 10 best generals in history) (extreme Puritan)
1. *officially England was a Puritan Republic, but in reality it was a
dictatorship. Protectorate Parliament-dismissed twice-during the reign
of Cromwell. The Anglican Church was temporally abolished in
England.
2. army and foreign adventures (especially to Ireland) inflated budget
3. commerce suffered throughout England
4. religious problems continued – Anglican Church & Presbyterians
replaced by Puritan Republic=*strict laws such as. . .No theater, no
dancing, taverns closed, cut maypoles down, cancelled Christmas
. Richard Cromwell (2nd Lord Protector) briefly rules England-9
months
6. Rump Par. returns. / replaced by Long Par./ replaced by Convention
Par.= invited Stuart Monarchy back to England
 Clarendon Code – Parliament excluded Roman
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Catholics, Presbyterians, & Independents
(Congregationalists) from religious and political life in
England (reaction to Puritanism)
penalties for attending non- Anglican services
required strict adherence to the Book Of Common
Prayer
demanded oaths of allegiance to the Church of
England from all persons serving in local government.
Anglican church restored through the Clarendon Code
 Navigation Acts – required all imports to be carried on
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English ships or ships registered to the country from
which the cargo originated. (1663)
angered Dutch since they carried much trade between
colonies and Europe
war started (First Anglo-Dutch War)
finances needed – Parliament appropriates only so
much money
Charles II increases custom duties
 . *Treaty of Dover – secret alliance between England &
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France against Holland (Only Charles II & Louis XIV knew)
other names for Holland are . . .Netherlands, Dutch
Republic, United Provinces
France (King Louis XIV) gave money to England for war
Charles II allows Catholicism in England (Charles II
suppose to convert to Catholicism.—never does convert
until on his deathbed)
Declaration of Indulgence – 1672
suspends all laws against Roman Catholics & Protestants
Parliament refuses to grant money until law is rescinded/
Charles II rescinds law
 Test Act – Parliament requires all gov’t officials & military
to swear an oath against the doctrine of
transubstantiation= no good Catholic goes against
transubstantiation (it’s heresy)
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 James, Duke of York, Charles’s brother, heir to the throne,
and devout Catholic, was targeted by the Test Act.
 Parliament tries to enact a bill excluding James from
succession to throne.
 Charles II disbands Parliament before they could enact bill.
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2. 1685 = Charles II dies
 dissolved Parliament after they refused to repeal Test Act
 appointed Catholics to gov’t and military positions
 * 1687 Declaration of Indulgence – suspended all religious
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tests and permitted free worship . . .
James’s wife gives birth to male Catholic heir to throne
Parliament urges William of Orange (husband of Mary,
eldest daughter of James II, a Protestant) to invade England
to preserve Anglican Church & Parliamentary gov’t
* 1688 Glorious Revolution = very little bloodshed
William of Orange invades England
James II flees to France and later to Ireland.
Parliament declares William & Mary new monarchs of
England. Equal Power!
 Bill of Rights (actually lasts) = limited powers of monarch and
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guaranteed civil liberties of the English privileged classes=
Nobility
monarch subject to law and would rule by the consent of
Parliament
prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying English throne
Toleration Act of 1689
permitted worship by all Protestants (except Unitarians-don’t
believe in the trinity) and outlawed Cath.
Act of Settlement of 1701
ensured that a Protestant would inherit the throne if Queen
Anne (second daughter of James II, Protestant) died without heir
to throne
she outlived all of her children
 1. 1707, Act of Union officially unites _Scotland_ and
__England___.= United Kingdom, later Wales and N. Ire.
 The Age of Walpole and George I (First Hanover King)
(Ruler of HRE state of Hesse)
 George I almost immediately confronted a challenge to his
power from James Edward Stuart (defeated when he
invaded Scotland), the son of James II. *Those who
supported the Stuarts return to power were called the
…Jacobites
 *Robert Walpole ( the first _Prime Minister___) took over
the helm with the support of George I and was able to
control the House of Commons. Walpole maintained
_peace__ abroad and controlled government patronage.
King Charles I (Chopped Charlie)
John Pym Leader of Long Parliament
Queen Anne
 Pre notes: Louis XIV wanted to weaken the noble’s power
 The groundwork for Louis XIV’s absolutism was laid
by powerful ministers Richelieu (under Louis XIII)
and Mazarin. (under Louis XIII & XIV)
 Mazarin died in 1661 and Louis XIV was left to rule
France by himself. (23 yrs old)
 Versailles becomes new capitol of Fr under Louis
XIV
 Louis and many of his ministers became masters of
propaganda.
 *Sun King: called this b/c the sun is the center of the solar
system (levee-rising & setting of the king)
 Versailles Palace: biggest palace in European history
 87,728,720 sq ft, originally designed as a hunting lodge
 Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bousset (Louis XIV’s tutor)
gave the concept of divine right theory to Louis XIV.
 Louis’s Early Wars
 Because of the economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, his
most brilliant finance minister, Louis could afford to raise a
powerful army.
 The first war was the War of the Devolution; Louis XIV
asserted that his first wife should rule the Spanish
Netherlands= Belgium & Luxemburg
 In 1667, Louis’s armies invaded __Flanders____ and
Franche-Comte.
 He was repulsed by England, Sweden, and the United
Provinces (Netherlands); these countries made up the
Triple Alliance.
 The 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war and gave
him control of certain towns in the Spanish Netherlands.
 In the secret Treaty of Dover, England and France
became allies against the Dutch. This started the next
war, called the Franco-Dutch War or simply the Dutch
War in Fr. In Eng. it was called the Anglo-Dutch War.
 Louis invaded the Netherlands in 1672.
 The Prince of Orange (Holland), the Holy Roman
Emperor, Spain, Lorraine, and Brandenburg fought
off Louis= Quadruple Alliance
 France gained more territory as a result of the Treaty
of Nijmwegen.
 Louis Repressive Religious Policies
 Jansenism arose in 1630’s opposed to the Jesuits.
 Jansenism won considerable support in Paris.
 What is Jansenism?
 RCC movement by some Catholics in FR. That opposed the
theology & political influence of the Jesuits (loyal to Pope). Said
ppl can’t contribute to their own salvation.
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 The Pope and Louis XIV declared the Jansenists illegal.
 For the time being Jansenists died out.
 *Revocations of the Edict of Nantes= Huguenots don’t get religious freedom
 Louis now began to persecute Protestants (Huguenots)
 He revoked the Edict of Nantes in October 1685
 *This revocation was a major blunder.
 i. many highly skilled people left France.
 ii. France became a symbol for religious in toleration.
 iii. the sentencing of Huguenots who would not convert to
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the galleys. (slave ships)
iv. exile of _Huguenot___ ministers
closing of protestant (Huguenot) schools and churches
vi. ceremonial baptism of __Huguenot___ children by
Catholic priest.
 The League of Augsburg and the Nine-Years War. 1689-
1697
 Louis XIV army now invaded the free city of
Strasbourg
 The League of Augsburg was formed against him.
 i. The countries included England, Spain, Sweden,
the United Provinces, and the major German
states.
 ii. The Peace of Ryswick, signed in September 1697
secured _Holland’s____ border and thwarted Louis
XIV’s expansion into Germany.
War of Spanish Succession 1701-14 (called Queen Anne’s
War in __North America___)
 The last Hapsburg king of Spain, Charles II (different
king), died without a direct heir.
 Charles II left his entire empire to Louis XIV’s
grandson Phillip of Anjou, who became Phillip V of
Spain=first Bourbon King of Spain.
 In September 1701, England, Holland, and the HRE
formed the Grand Alliance.
 In 1701, the War of Spanish Succession began and
soon enveloped all of Western Europe.
 i. The English had advanced weaponry (paper
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cartridges and flintlocks rifles) and French were ill
prepared. (And great military commander John Churchill)
ii. Separate peaces were signed that ended the war.
Great Britain got Gibraltar (land)____.
Austria got the Spanish Netherlands.
Phillip V (Bourbon) got to keep the crown of
Spain.
 France after Louis XIV (Louis XIV ruled France for
72 years!)
 1715-He was succeeded by his five year old great
grandson Louis XV.
 Mississippi Bubble: financial disaster for France
 Parlements:
 Local courts dominated by nobility. (nobilities power
went up)
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2. Local diets or assemblies (power went up
during Louis XV’s reign)
 a. established local laws & rules
 b. laws are not supposed to conflict w/ the king’s laws
French King Louis XIV (ruled 1643-1715)
 . Poland
 A. Absence of a strong central government allowed nobles to exercise
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more control. Nobles elected their own king.
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1. Nobles in the Polish government (diet) had to agree on
everything=
 Each Polish noble had absolute veto power
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2. * The Polish Government was not at all___effective____.
 II. The Habsburgs (Austria and HRE) and the Pragmatic Sanction
 The Habsburgs retained a firm hold on the HRE- (Austria is home-base)
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1. Despite internal difficulties, HRE Leopold (r.1658-1705) managed
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to resist the advances of Ottoman Empire into central Europe.
 a. 1683: Battle of Vienna/Second Siege of Vienna
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i. Ottomans lay siege to Vienna
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ii. Polish King John III Sobieski’s military arrives and
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saves the capital of the Habsburg Empire ( Vienna
)
 *Pragmatic Sanction: allow a female to rule a central
European country
 1. This provided the legal basis for a single line of
inheritance within the Hapsburg family from Charles
VI to his daughter Maria Theresa.= This allows her to
rule by herself
 2. Maria Theresa was challenged by Prussian King
Frederick II when he invaded Silesia. (Dec. 1740)
 The rise of _Brandenburg__-Prussia occurred within the
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German power vacuum created by the Peace of Westphalia.
B. *Frederick William or the Great Elector-expanded
Pruss. terr. His Son Frederick I became first King of
Prussia when the HRE allowed him to take that title in 1701.
C. *The Hohenzollerns became a powerful family.
D. Frederick II (ruled 1740-1786) became known as
Frederick the Great.
E. *Prussian nobles are called ___Junkers______=
 Almost complete authority over serfs
 Peter the Great (ruled 1682-1725) Czar (Tsar)= Russian King
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Romanov Family
Only ten years old when he came to the throne in 1682
Russia was a very backward country when compared to the rest of Europe.
Peter visited Western Europe to see their progress. When he returned, his
goal was to reshape Russia.
Peter wanted to bring all of Russia under his control. He even controlled the
Russian Orthodox Church.
The serfs continued to be in bondage in Russia while it had almost completely
disappeared in W. Europe.
Peter improved education and infrastructure= business
*Peter weakened the power of the Russian nobles known as the __Boyers____.
Beards were a sign of backwardness in Russia. Peter made all men shave their
beards and pay a tax if they refused to shave their beard.
*St. Petersburg was modeled after a western European city. Built with
__serf___ labor. Became the new capital of Russia.
*1722-Table of Ranks: equated a person’s social position with their rank in
the gov’t or military
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 11. *The _Romanv______ dynasty ruled Russia from 1613-_1914____.
 Her husband Peter III was assassinated. Peter III was . . .
 She treated serfs harshly when they rebelled.
 After defeating the Ottoman Empire, Russia acquired a
warm water port.
 Catherine, Frederick of Prussia, and Emperor
Joseph II of Austria partitioned or divided up
Poland.
Peter the Great
Catherine the Great
 *English Kings or Leaders (Protectors) from James I
to James II*
1. King James I (r. 1603-25)
2. King Charles I (Chopped Charlie) (r. 1625-48)
---Rump Parliament rules collectively from December 1648-53.
Cromwell begins to control the Rump Parliament at its’ end.---
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2nd Lord Protector: Richard Cromwell
Lord Protector: Oliver Cromwell (r.1653-58)
(r. Sept. 1658-May 1659) 9 months
King Charles II (r. 1659- 1685)
King James II (r.1685-1688)
 1688 Glorious Revolution=William III and Mary II
(r.1688-1702) become dual rulers of England.----
 ---- Queen Anne (r.1702-1715), sister of Mary II dies,
having outlived all of her children=end of the Stuart
Dynasty.