The New South
Industry, Farming, & African
Americans
Industries & Cities
• The “New South” –visions of a
modern economy of Agriculture &
Industry
• Use South’s Natural Resources to
develop industry: cotton, wood, iron
ore
Industry Cont’d
• In the 1880s, Northern money backs:
• TEXTILES in N.C., S.C., & G.A.
• Cigar & Lumber Production in N.C. & V.A.
• Coal, Iron, & Steel Processing creates urban
centers—Nashville, Tennessee & Birmingham,
Alabama
Agriculture
• More diverse—more grain, tobacco,
and fruit crops
• Move from large plantations to
smaller farms
–Tenant farming & sharecropping
Railroads Expand
• Industrialization NEEDS transportation!
• South needs to build more railroads—move
supplies to market, join rural and urban
centers: New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston
• By 1880s, only 2 rail lines linked
S. freight to N. markets
– Texas to Chicago
– Tennessee to Washington, D.C.
Funding Railroads
• South lobbied the Federal Government for
help to fund railroads
• Also, used prison labor to keep costs of
railroad construction down
• More railroads=new bustling cities: Atlanta,
Dallas, & Nashville
RAILROADS!
1. Railroads were crucial
to the success of westward
expansion
2. Goods and raw materials
from east to west
3. Farmers needed the
railroads for their crops and
for supplies
4. The government gives
land grants and money to
help build rail lines
Economic Recovery in the South
• Obstacles:
1) Damages to repair from
the war
2) Industry and Economic
Development have
• 3 major needs:
Natural
Resources,
Labor, Capital
• Natural Resources in
the South= YES
• Labor in the South=NO
• Capital in the
South=NO
Obstacles to Economic Development
Labor
• Limited public ed.
• Lack of technical &
engineering schools to train
people for industry
• Low wages—kept skilled
workers away from South,
and lured Southern workers
to find better
wages/conditions
elsewhere
Capital
• Few banks survived war
• Surviving banks had fewer
assets than N. Banks
• S. wealth concentrated
• Tenant farmers & low-paid
workers had no cash to
deposit in banks
• South dependent on N.
banks to start or expand
businesses
Hard Times for Farmers
• Lure of the CASH CROP continues after war
• King Cotton rebounds to prewar levels by
1880s
• Price for cotton had fallen by this time
• WHY???
RISKY BUSINESS!
• DEPENDENCE ON ONE CROP IS RISKY!
• Boll Weevil disaster—beetle which destroyed
cotton
• Appeared in 1890s & drastically affected
cotton yield over the next decade—more than
a 50% drop in some states
WITH OUR POWERS COMBINED…
• In the 1870s, Texas farmers started organizing
for lower supply prices
• Local Organizations linked to form the
FARMER’S ALLIANCE (in the South & West)
• Wanted government to do two things…
– WHAT WERE THEY?
Farmer’s Alliances
–Lower freight prices—get
crops to markets at lower
prices
–Regulate interest rate for
bank loans to farmers
Black Southerners
• REMEMBER the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments!
• FREE CITIZENS VOTE!
• What were some gains for African American
southerners initially?
Gains
•
•
•
•
•
1) Right to vote in local/federal elections
2) Serve in gov. or military
3) Open businesses
4) Buy farmland
5) Invited to join Farmers’ Alliance groups in
some locations (interracial cooperation)
• 6) Civil Rights Act of 1875—guaranteed right to
ride trains and use public facilities
• 7) ACCESS TO EDUCATION!!!!
– Basic literacy schools and teacher colleges
Losses
1) Some white southerners look for a scapegoat for
the troubles and frustrations of the time
2) KKK uses violence and terror
3) Churches revert from integration back to
segregation
4) New laws support eliminating black gov. officials
5) 1883—series of Civil Rights cases—Supreme
Court rules that decisions regarding use of
public accommodations is a local issue to be
decided by state laws
Westward Expansion
Native Americans
NATIVE PRACTICES
1. Believed in a variety of Gods
2. Religion was based on nature and spirits
3. Performed numerous rituals to show the
gods their allegiance
4. Complex marriage and burial practices
5. Passage of Manhood and Power
6. Relationship to the land
Many Different Groups
Great Plains
Sioux/Dakotas,
Cheyenne, Blackfeet,
Crows, Comanches
- Nomadic tribes and
village dwellers
- Horses allow them to
search for food not grown
- Become better hunters
- Peaceful tribes that
defended their territories
when threatened
SOUTHWEST
Navajo Natives
- More nomadic
- Built houses in nature or
on the countryside
PUEBLOS Natives
- Cliff dwellers
- Irrigated dry land to
grow corn, beans,
squash
Northwest Natives
Klamaths, Chinooks, & Shastas, Nez Perce
1. Many tribes that thrived in
the climate regions—abundant
fish/forest animals
2. Most famous tribe – Nez Perce
3. Chief Joseph was their most
famous leader
4. Believed strongly in peace
and negotiations with Whites
SOUTHWEST
APACHE
1. Defended
their territory
and expanded
into other
natives areas
2. Geronimo
was a hero
of the tribe
COMANCHE
1. One of the most
Violent tribes
2. Controlled most of
Texas at one time
3. Nomadic tribe
Diverse Use of Buffalo
•USES OF BUFFALO?
BUFFALO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Native USES
Food
Weapons
Clothing
Tepee coverings
Blood in religious
practices
Storage
Native Americans & Policy of Removal
• 1830—Indian Removal Act—exchange of
Indian lands in the South for lands in modernday Oklahoma (Choctaws & Chicasaws)
• 1832—Worchester v. Georgia “John Marshall
has made his decision….”
• 1838—Trail of Tears—U.S. soldiers forced
16,000 Cherokees from Southeast to
Oklahoma—4,000 casualties
• 1842, Seminoles forces to leave Florida
Western Migration of Native
Americans
• After the Civil War, about 250,000 Native
Americans lived west of the Mississippi
River.
• Between the 1840s and 1860s—pressure
from more White settlers led to conflicts
with land
REASONS FOR WHITE
SETTLEMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cheap land
GOLD and SILVER strikes
Land speculators – buy low and sell for profit
Homesteads – free land by the government
Opportunities not available in the East
Escaping poverty or the law
Adventure
Desire for cross-continental railroad
Settlers & Native Americans
• By 1851, the federal government had begun to
restrict Indians to smaller areas.
• By the 1860s, they were forced onto
Reservations.
• No longer free to roam the Plains—denied
access to buffalo which provided a source for
lodging, clothing, food, and tools
More Bad News
• Disease
• Buffalo herds destroyed—wasted meat, killed
primarily for hides or for sport
Resistance & Violence
Native Americans’ Resistance
• Sioux Rebellion of 1862—resisted threats to
land and attacked White settlements in
Eastern Minnesota
• Gov. retaliated with full-scale war—Sioux were
pushed west into the Dakotas
• A series of attacks on settlements followed.
Sand Creek Massacre
• 1864
• Officer John Chivington and his band
of Colorado militia opened fire on
unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho
Indians under U.S. protection—
signaled friendship-how?
Sand Creek Massacre
Chivington Massacre
• Massacre of men,
women, & children
• More resistance
warfare followed
• Federal government
sent in troops to the
West to maintain
order after the Civil
War
Red Cloud
1) Federal Government announces plans to build a
road through Sioux hunting grounds—leads to
increased hostilities
2) In 1866, Warrior Red Cloud and followers lured
Captain William Fetterman & his troops into an
ambush and kills them all
3) The Gov. U.S. Indian Peace Commission—
believed the only solution was for N. Americans
to settle on farms and assimilate the civ. of
whites.
Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868
• Gov. agrees not to build road through Sioux
Territory & to abandon three U.S. forts
• Sioux and others agreed to live on
Reservations with support from the Federal
Gov. –schools and other communal buildings
promised
• Bureau of Indian Affairs appointed agents to
distribute land & supplies for farming
Fort Laramie Treaty cont’d
• 1) Many Indians drifted away from
Reservations to continue roaming and hunting
• 2) Many Indian Agents stole funds and
resources meant for distribution
• 3) Some agents lacked support and funding to
enforce the terms of the treaty
The End of the Wars
The Red River War—setting the stage
• Texas
• The government had failed to enforce the
terms of the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge—
Government failed to:
– Deliver food and supplies
– Punish white lawlessness
– Keep white buffalo hunters off Indian hunting
grounds
Red River War cont’d
• Series of major and minor incidents involving
Kiowas and Comanches in Texas
• began with an Indian attack on Texans near
the Red River in June 1874.
• Ended in June 1875 when the last Comanche
holdouts surrendered to U.S. troops
• Opened Western panhandle of Texas to white
settlement
Red River Wars
A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, one of several clashes between Southern Plains
Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War. Image from TARL Collections (TMM-1988-21 Reverse).
Battle of Little Big Horn
1. Sioux and Cheyenne tribes were upset about continued
violations of the Black Hills area reservations—Black Hills
Gold Rush of 1875 in Dakotas & Montana
2. Attacked numerous times, led by Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull
3. Lt Col George Custer and force of 250 men–day ahead of
main force, and was surprised and trapped by Crazy Horse
and Sitting Bull & 2,000 Indians
4. The Natives were vicious in the mutilation of the American
bodies – spirits would walk the earth forever – never finding
peace
Little Big Horn cont’d
• Army forces tracked down Indians
• Beaten down by weather & starvation
• Crazy horse and followers surrendered
• Sitting Bull escaped to Canada
Nez Perces
• Idaho, 1877
• Nez Perces were to be moved to a smaller
reservation to make room for white settlers
• Many were Christians who had settled down
• Chief Joseph led a group of refugees to Canada,
but forced to surrender close to the border
• Banished with group to barren reservation in
Oklahoma
Wounded Knee
•
Natives were
practicing the ancient
tradition of the Ghost
Dance
• Religious revival that
called on return of
ancestors, banishment
of whites, and return of
the buffalo
The Ghost Dance
Wounded Knee Massacre
1. In 1890Troops went to stop the ghost
dance practice
2. Ordered arrest of Sitting Bull-he was
killed
3. Set out after fleeing Indians
4. Troops demanded Natives give up
weapons!
5. Shot rang out!
6. Troops opened fire!
7. 100 men, women, & children
Natives killed
8. LAST GREAT NATIVE MASSACRE
and WAR
Government Policy & Native
Americans
• Helen Hunt Jackson
• Hoped for
wrote Century of
assimilation
Dishonor about the
• Some Americans
mistreatment of the
spoke out and
natives.
defended the natives • Susette La Flesche
way of life.
fought for recognition
of Native rights in the
courts and taught on a
reservation.
The Dawes Act
• Passed in 1871
• Native Americans were to be treated as
individuals--No Indian tribe or nation would be
recognized as an independent nation with which
the U.S. could make a treaty or contract
• The Dawes General Allotment Act/Dawes
Severalty Act was passed in 1887
– Replaced reservation system
– Each family of Natives granted a 160 acre farmstead—
not enough land in the arid West
Assimilation
• Missionaries and reformers established
boarding schools for Native children, so that
they could learn the rules & culture of white
Americans.