Evidence
Cut gas line
“Hair sample”
“blood stains”
“Stomach contents”
Hair
Further: DNA Test
Test (Human or not)
DNA
Blood Type
What is in it?
• Liver
• Soda
Who’s blood is it?
Forensic Characterization
of Bloodstains
Three questions to answer:
1. Is
it blood?
2. From what species did the blood originate?
3. If the blood is human, how closely can it be
associated with a particular individual?
How can a
Blood Sample
be used for
identification?
1. IS IT BLOOD?
Presumptive Tests
suggests but does not confirm the presence of
blood; indicates that other tests should be
performed
• negative result means the substance IS NOT
blood
• positive result means the substance IS LIKELY
blood (could be)
https://ecrimescenechemistrymiller.wikispaces.com/notes+on+serology
Kastle-Meyer Test
(phenolphthalein/peroxidase test)
when a blood stain,
hydrogen peroxide and
phenolphthalein reagent
are mixed,
Sensitivity: 1:10,000
(if 1 drop of blood were present in a
bucket with 10,000 drops of water, the
PHTH test would still turn pink)
hemoglobin - Blood contains hemoglobin
(carries oxygen and makes blood red)
which contains a heme group which
contains an Fe which can catalyze the
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
the oxidation of the
hemoglobin in the
blood produces a
deep pink color
Who’s blood is it?
Stephen Sasz
Evan Roberts
David Host
Student
Spencer
Rhodes
Black
hair
Blond
hair
Red
hair
The cell membrane of RBCs has
molecules in its surface that act as
identification badges so immune
system can recognize it as a
normal component.
Normal
Red Blood Cell
ANTIBODIES
Foreign
IMMUNE
SYSTEM
CHEMICAL
MARKERS
BLOOD TYPES
Blood can be classified by either:
A. Blood Type ABO
identified by the type of antigen
(antigen A or antigen B)
B. Rhesus Factor
another type of antigen
(Rhesus positive or Rhesus negative)
So, what is an ANTIGEN?
The differences in human blood are due to
the presence or absence of certain
chemicals called antigens. Individuals have
different types and combinations of these
chemicals.
Antigen = Antibody Generating Agent
Antigens are located on the surface of the red blood
cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma.
Blood Group A
If you belong to blood group A, you have A antigens on
the surface of your red blood cells
Blood Group B
If you belong to blood group B, you have B antigens on
the surface of your red blood cells
Blood Group AB
If you belong to blood group AB, you have both A and B
antigens on the surface of your red blood cells
Blood Group O
If you belong to blood group O, you have no antigens on
the surface of your red blood cells
Blood Group Notation
According to the above blood grouping
systems you can belong to any of the
following 8 blood groups
A Rh+
A RH-
B Rh+
B Rh-
AB Rh+
AB Rh-
O Rh+
O Rh-
Blood transfusions
who can receive blood from whom?
Type O is the universal donor
It has no antigens, so will not start
the production of any antibodies.
Type B can donate to other type Bs
but can also donate to type AB.
However, an O recipient can only
accept blood from an O donor.
Type B can accept blood from other
type Bs but also from a type O
donor
Type A can donate to other type As,
but can also donate to type AB.
Type AB can only donate to other
type ABs.
Type A can accept blood from other
type As but also from a type O donor
However, Type AB can accept any
type of blood (universal acceptor).
Donor
Type
Receiver
O
A
B
AB
O
A
B
AB
Donating blood – The Rh factor
Source : http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/
The Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface is also an antigen. Those
who have it are called Rh+. Those who haven't are called Rh-.
Blood Typing
1. Place a drop of the blood sample in each well of the blood typing slide.
Replace the cap on the dropper vial. Note: Always replace cap before
opening next vial to prevent contamination.
2. Add a drop of anti-A (Blue) serum to the well labeled A. Replace cap.
3. Add a drop of anti-B (Yellow) to the well labeled B. Replace cap.
4. Add a drop of anti-Rh (clear) to the well labeled Rh. Replace cap.
5. Using a different color mixing stick for each well (blue for anti-A, yellow
for anti-B, white for anti-Rh), gently stir the blood sample and anti-serum
drops for 30 seconds. Discard each mixing stick after use to avoid
contamination.
6. Carefully examine the thin films of liquid mixture left behind. Observe for:
RESULT
(-)
+
Appearance
Film remains uniform in appearance
Granules present
Positive result indicates the blood type
7. Record results in the data table. Answer with a YES or NO.
Type A blood
Blood Typing Activity to find out 3
Suspect’s Blood Types
Sample 1
(Demo)
Sample 2
Evan
Anti-A
Anti-B
Rh
Blood
Type
EVIDENCE BLOOD:
TYPE O+
Sample 3
Stephen
Sample 4
David