Libro de Gramática
{
Hermosa Hammond
1st Periodo
Español IV Honores
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Present
Irregular yo formas
Irregulars in the present
Ser vs. Estar
Verbs Like Gustar
Nouns and Article Adjectives
Adjectives
Preterite vs. Imperfect
Present Subjunctive
Subjunctive Used in Noun Clauses
Subjunctive Used in Adjective Clauses
Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns in Commands
Formal Commands
Negative formal commands
Informal Commands
Commands Using Nosotros
Object Pronouns
Prepositional Pronouns
Pronouns with Double Object
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Pronouns
Por and Para
Becoming
Reflexive Verbs
Table of Contents
25. Future
26. Conditional
27. Present Perfect
28. Relative Pronouns
29. Que vs. Cual
30. The Neuter ‘Lo’
31. Subjunctive Used in Adverbial Clauses
32. Past Subjunctive
33.Comparisons vs. Superlatives
34. Adverbs
35. Diminutives. Augmentatives
36. Present Perfect use in Subjunctive
37. Se
38. Past Participles Used as Adjectives
39. Expressing time with Hacer
40. Future Perfect. Conditional Perfect
41. Si Clauses. Transitional Expressions. Pero vs. Sino
42. Passive Voice
43. Negative and indefinite expressions
44. Past perfect and Past Perfect Subjunctive
45. Infinitivos
46. Prepositions
Table of Contents (cont)
El Presente
{
What’s happening AHORA!





Actions in the present time
General Truths
Near Future
Literature
Habitual Actions
El Presente: Usar
{
-AR
-
O
As
A
Amos
Aís
An
{
-ER and IR
-
O
Es
E
Emos
Eís
En
El Presente: Regulares



Nosotros and Vosotros NEVER have stem
changes in the present tense!
Construir, destruir, incluir have a y before the
personal endings.
-AR & -ER stem changes:

e to ie, o to i, u to ue.
Stem Changing Verbos!

Yo:




Some of the –er/-ir verbos apply.
A common verb with an irregular yo is Saber,
meaning to know, which is Yo Sé.
-cer to –zco; -gir to –jo
Prefixes attached to verbs follow the same rules
as their root, even in the irregular yo form, such
as conozco and reconozco.
Irregular Formas
To be or not to be
That is the question!
They both
mean to be!
Ser and Estar

Los dos palabras se significan
“to be” in Ingles.
Ser means “to be” and it is
permanent.
 Estar es “to be” but it is not
permanent.

estar
Para Usar….
ser
{
Ser










Place of origin
Personality
Possession
Material
Animals
Profession or occupation
Relationship
Date
Season
Used to express the permanence
of an object
{
A Comparison
Estar









Condition
Temporality
Location or spatial relationshio
Health and states
Emotions
Certain weather expressions
(esta nublado)
Expressing death
Variability
Used to express impermanence
of an object.
{
SER
Soy
Eres
Es
Somos
Sois
Son
{
Yo
Tu
Ella
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellas
Estar
Personal Forms
Estoy
Estás
Está
Estamos
Estaís
Están
Verbos Como
Gustar
{
Gustar means to please. Rather than “I like
apples” as English says, Spanish says “Apples
are pleasing to me.” Objects are attached to
make a the “to me” part. So if the verb is gustar,
apples is the subject, and “me” is what apples
are pleasing to, you would read “Me gustan
manzanas.”
Gustar = Verbs
Me = I Object Pronoun
Manzanas = Subject
N is added to the verb when the subject is
plural, one apple = “Me gusta la manzana.”
More than one? “Me gustan manzanas.”












Abburir
Caer bien
Caer mal
Doler
Faltar
Encantar
Disgustar
Fascinar
Importar
Interesar
Sorprender
Importar
Extra Points
adding a + mi/ti, for example adds emphasis
to the thing or person or self that is being “gusta-ed”
(pleased)
Verbs like gustar have plural and singular forms,
adding an n makes it plural, but it refers to the
subject, not IO pronoun.
More verbos como Gustar






Like in English, a noun is a person, place, thing,
quality, or idea.
Masculine or Feminine
Masculine usually ens in o, or, l, s, and ma.
Feminine usually ends in a, ora, ion, d, and z.
El indicates masculine, along with los. La indicates
feminine, with las. Those are articles.
Plural mostly by adding s, but nouns ending in z
add a c and then an es.
hombre – hombres
rana – ranas
lapiz – lapices
Nouns



Mi, el, nosotros, ellos, ti, ella, vosotros, ellas,
usted, si, ustedes.
Function as the object of the preposition.
Si is used to refer back to the same third person
subject.

Si mismo – himself or herself
Prepositional Pronouns
IO’s precede the direct object when they appear
together, as a rule of thumb.
Double Object Pronouns





Mi, tu, su, nuestro, vuestro
My, yours, his/hers, ours, you all’s.
Add an s if what is being possessed is plural.
Must agree with nouns that are being
possessed, and the gender of that who is
possessing.
Mi cara, tu cara, sus caras, nuestros caras,
vuestros caras
Possessive Adjectives





El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias all mean mine
Tuyo, tuya, tuyas, mean yours
Nuestro/a, nuestros/as, mean our.
Suyo/a, suyos/as mean theirs.
Vuestro/a, vuestros/as mean you all’s
Possessive Pronouns
Este: this
Ese: that
Aquel: that over
there
Este
Ese
Aquel
Esta
Esa
Aquella
Estos
Esos
Aquellos
Estas
Esas
aquellas
Can replace nouns
Must agree in number and gender! Plural by
adding s
Demonstrative Adjectives




Show that a person is performing an action to
him or herself
Routines
Indicates emotion
Agrees in Person and number.
Singular
Plural
1st Person
Me
Nos
2nd Person
Te
Os
3rd Person
Se
Se
Reflexive Pronouns







What kind
Which one
How many
How much
MUST match noun it is describing in gender
and number
Single adjectives sometimes modify more than
one noun, but the plural form is used.
Adjective following a noun is literal, and
preceding is more figurative, like pobre and
pobre.
Adjectives
Preterit vs.
Imperfect
{
Continuing?
Done?
The important questions!
{
Preterit




Seen as completed action
Definite beginning and
ending
Does not lack specificity.
Trigger words: ayer,
anoche, desde el primer
momento, la semana
pasada, entonces, ayer
por la tarde
{
Imperfect





Not seen as a completed
action
Indefinite ending or
beginning
Vague or general
Things you “used to do.”
Trigger words: cuando era
un niño, con frecuencia,
mucho, nunca, muchas
veces, siempre, todas las
semanas, todos los dias
Both are past actions,
but…
{
AR
-
É
Aste
Ó
Amos
Asteis
Aron
{
ER/IR
íste
Ió
Imos
Isteis
Ieron
Regular Preterit
{
AR
Aba
Abas
Aba
Ábamos
Abais
aban
{
ER/IR
Ía
Ías
Ía
Íamos
Íais
Ían
Regular Impefect
Ser and Ir are the twins, conjugated
the same:
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuemos
Fuisteis
Fueron
Irregular Preterit
Dar
Hacer
Decir
Traer
Ver
Di
Hice
Dije
Traje
Vi
Diste
Hiciste
Dijiste
Trajiste
Viste
Dio
Hizo
Dijo
Trajo
Vio
Dimos
Hicimos
Dhimos
Trajimos
Vimos
Disteis
Hicisteis
Dijisteis
Trajisteis
Visteis
Dieron
Hicieron
Dijeron
Trajieron
Vieron
Car, gar, zar
Qu Gu C
Irregular Preterit





Ayer,
Anoche,
El ano pasado,
Ante ayer,
Antes
Preterite Trigger Words
include…
Change
Andar
Anduv
Estar
Estuv
Tener
Tuv
Caber
Cup
Haber
Hub
Poder
Pud
Poner
Pus
Verbo
Change
Saber
Sup
Hacer
Hic
Querer
Quis
Venir
vin
-e:
-iste
-o
-imos:
-isteis
-ieron
Irregular Preterit
Verbo
Ir
Ser
Ver
Iba
Era
Veía
Ibas
Eras
Veías
Iba
Era
Veía
Ibamos
Eramos
Veíamos
Ibais
Erais
Veíais
Ibas
Eran
Veían
Irregular Imperfect








WEDDING
Wishing
Emotions
Doubt
Disbelief
Impersonal expression
Negotiation
God

Subjunctive is a mood
Uncertain, hypothetical

Main clause and connector and subordinate clause


Ar: e, es, e, emos, en
Er and ir: a, as, a, amos, an

Irregulars are dar, estar, ir, saber, and ser.

Present Subjunctive

Es Bueno que
Es malo que
Es necesario que
Es urgente que
Es importante que
Es mejor que

Es _____ que





Impersonal Expressions
An adjective clause describes a noun or
pronoun.
 Group of words.
 Subjunctive is used when antecedent of the
adjective is indefinite or unknown, nonexistent
or negated.
Busco un libro que me gustaria.

Subjunctive Used in
Adjective Clauses






Used to show respect
More of a suggestion
Usted and ustedes
Conjugated the same as in subjunctive.
Use present tense, drop the o and add present
subjunctive endings.
To make negative, precede with no.
Formal Commands




One who you are familiar with
Less respectful
Conjugated the same as present-tense usted
form of the verb
Negatives have no preceding and are irregular
like present subjunctive.
Informal Commands





Mainly used when the speaker suggests to a
group he or she is included in.
Ir form and subjunctive form can be used
Ir uses present form of ir as the command.
Subjunctive uses nosotros in present
subjunctive form as the command.
Place no in front of the command to make it
negative.
Commanding Nosotros




Direct receive action of the verb DIRECTLY.
Who or what
Indirect tell to whom or what and for whom or
what.
Precede conjugated verb in a sentence, but can
be attached to words, like gerunds.
Le and Les change to se when used with lo/a,
los/as.
Object Pronouns





Transitive has object
Intransitive does not.
Can sometimes be used with prepositions a, de, and en.
Object is also subject in many cases.
Examples of reflexive verbs:








Abburirse – to become bored
Ponerse – to get or to become
Acordarse –to remember
Comerse– to eat up
Dormirse – to fall asleep
Mudarse – to move
Ponerse – to put on clothing
quitarse – to take off clothing.
Reflexive Verbs
Por
Para
Gratitude/apology
Use/purpose
Bartering/sales
Recipients
During
Deadline
Communication/transport
Through, along, by
In order to, for purpose of
Cause or reason
Idiomatic expressions
behalf
Por vs. Para




Hacerse is a reflexive verb that means to
become, and is conjugated irregularly, (yo me
hago)
Ponerse: reflexive form of poner, to put (yo me
pongo)
Volverse: yo me vuelvo
Llegar a ser: literally means to become,
conjugated like ser.
Becoming




What will happen?
Expresses wonder or probability in current state.
Can be expressed by conjugated ir + infinitive.
Some irregulares:







Tener – tedr
Salir – saldr
Haber – habr
Decir – dir
Caber – cabr
Hacer – har
Regular verbs end in






É
Ás
Á
Emos
Éis
Án
Future.




Would / should / could
Regulars end in: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían.
Irregulars mainly the same as future.
Use for speculation about the past or future,
reported speech, advice, polite requests, etc.

Conditional expresses
what might happen by
probability, wonder, or
conjecture.




Combine two sentences that share a common noun.
Related to a noun that has previously been stated already.
Introduction to a clause that modifies a noun.
Que vs Cual
 Q- what C- which
 Q – definitions C- used before es,
not in definitions
 Q- before nouns C- suggests
from a group, suggestions,
clauses

Relative Pronouns







Lo facil
Lo bueno
Lo bello
Lo justo
Lo mejor
It is _________ that
Lo + adjective translated in english as
part/one/thing usually
The Neuter Lo





Used to express will or influence, emotion,
doubt, or denial
Verbs that have stem changes in the present
subjunctive – only ir verbs have stem changes
in nosotros and vosotros.
A group of words in a subordinate noun clause
act as a noun, and apply here.
Dependent clauses serve as direct object or
compliment in a noun clause.
Creo que vaya al gimnasio a tres.
Subjunctive Used in
adverbial





Completed actions
Actions that happened before another action.
Conditional constructions
hypothetical
Imperfect sub. Of haber is used alongside a
past participle.
Past Subjunctivo
Like in english, er vs est
 In spanish comparitive uses mas _____ que, for
example.
 In spanish superlative uses el mas _______. To
show that there is almost NO comparison.
 Goes after the noun.
Hermosa es mas lista que Juan.
Ellen Page es el actriz mast bonita.

Comparitive vs
Superlative


What had happened in the past
Formed using Haber + past participle verb… which are formed by adding
ado to –ar verbs and ido to –er/ir verbs.






He
Has
Han
Hemos
Hebais
Han
Subjunctive:
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos
Hayais
Hayan
+ Past Participle
Present Perfect Use In
Subjunctive.




Just like in english, adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
In english we often add –ly to adjectives to
make adverbs, the spanish equivalent is –
mente.
Add an a before the mente usually!
Rapido = rapidamente


quickly
Carinoso = carinosamente

Kindly
Adverbs




Indicate smallness (diminutive)
Indicates affection
You can drop o or a from almost any noun and
ad ito or ita
Cito or cita can be added to words not ending
in o or a

Nino  ninito
Diminutives






Indicates largeness
Opposite of diminutive
Can end in anzo/a, on/a, ucho/a, acho/a, or
udo/a.
NOT affectionate.
Ganzoanzo (not affectionate goose)
Muchacho – como “Adios, Muchacho!” Es mal.
Augmentatives





Completed actions
Actions that happened before another action.
Conditional constructions
hypothetical
Imperfect sub. Of haber is used alongside a
past participle.
Past Perfecto Subjunctivo



SE
Reflexive pronouns when subject is also object.
Equivalent of the passive voice in english
Can replace le or les to avoid two l pronouns!


Agree with noun in gender and number
Follow same rules regarding er/ir and then ar
verbs.
Past Participles as
Adjectives

Hace + time + que



Hace tres anos que voy a mexico.
It has been two years since I have been to mexico.
Negatives can be formed by adding “no” simply.


Present tense uses desde.
Verb + desde hace + time


Yo voy a mexico desde hace dos anos.
I have been going to mexico for two years.
Expressing time using
hacer.



Event hasn’t happened, but is expected to happen.
Equivalent of english “will” or “shall” happen.
Formed by the future indicative of haber and the
participle form.






Habré
Habrás
Habrá
Habremos
Habréis
habrán
Future perfect





Something that would have happened
If
In the past
Superstition/probability
Haber + past participle






Habría
Habrías
Habrían
Habríamos
Habrías
Habrían
Conditional Perfect Tense




Si
If liklihood is expressed, si can be used. With
present indicative.
If condition is contrary or unlikely, si can be
used with past subjunctive verbs.
It may precede the sentence, or not.
Does not only mean “yes”

Also means IF!

Si quieres tomar el examen, dime que hora.






Cause and effect: ya que, como, porque
Clarification: en otras palabras
Explanation: ademas
Contrast and similarity: sin embargo,
igualmente
General and specific: espesificamente
Intro and conclusion: el primero lugar – para
concluir.
Transitional Expressions




Coordinating conjunctions
Equivalent of english “but”
Pero indicates contrast of things or ideas
Sino is used when the part of the sentence
following the conjunction is negative, meaning
something closer to “rather.”
Pero and Sino






Used with a generalized subject, subject that
refers to something else, or a peripheral subject.
Whatever receives the action of the verb comes
first.
Followed by verb “to be”
Followed by participle
Ser is usd
Subject would be a DO if written actively.
El coche fue rompido por la arbol.
Passive voice. Shhhh….

Negative: nobody or nothing






Nada: nothing
Nadie: nobody
Ningun: not any
Ni: neither
Tampoco: neither
Indefinite: ambiguous





Algo: something
Alguien: someone
Alguna vez: some time
Alguno: some
Cualquier: which

Algo pasó.
Negative and Indefinite
Expressions


Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a
participle.
Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.

Había
Habías
Había

Habíamos

Habías
Habían



Past Perfecto
+participle



Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a
participle.
Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.
Subjunctive conjugation

Haya
Hayas
Hayan

Haya

Hayamos
Hayaian



Past Subjuctive
+participle



-ar
-er
-ir



Subject (gerund) english equivalent of –ing
Predicate nominative
Objects


Verb
preposition
Infinitives














Form a phrase! Tell location, approximation, etc.
Almost always followed by adjective.
A
Con
Contra
Antes de
Durante
En
Entre
Hasta
Para
Por
Sin
sobre
Prepositions