Name____________________________________________Date________Per______
Unit 5: The Skeletal System and Joints
I. Classification of Bone
1.
An adult human has _________ bones.
2.
Compare and contrast the axial and the appendicular skeleton.
3.
List the four classes of bones?
4.
Examples of long bones are:
5.
Short bones are shaped like:
6.
Flat bones are __________________________ structures.
7.
Examples of flat bones are:
8.
Irregular bones have a variety of :
9.
Examples of irregular bones are:
10. Round bones are also called:
11. Sesamoid bones are ___________ and ___________ and embedded within
_________________________________________________________________________________________
__.
12. An example of a sesamoid bone is the:
II. Functions of Bone
A. Which “function” of bone is described in each statement? Some may provide multiple functions.
a.
_______________________: skull houses the brain
b.
_______________________: fat is stored in bone cavities
c.
_______________________: bone is a reservoir for calcium and phosphate
d.
_______________________: hematopoiesis in the red marrow cavities of certain bones
e.
_______________________: tendons and muscles attach to the skeleton for this purpose
f.
_______________________: vertebrae surround the spinal cord
g.
_______________________: “deposits” and “withdraws” of minerals from to and from the bone
h.
_______________________: provides a framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs.
i.
_______________________: rib cage
j.
_______________________: joints aid in this function
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III. Anatomy of a Long Bone (watch the screencast and draw the image/notes below)
A. Bone Textures (not in screencast but can be found in book)
1.
What are trabeculae?
2.
What typically fills the open spaces between trabeculae?
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IV. Bone Structure
B. Skeletal Cartilage
1.
Skeletal cartilage consists primarily of what?
a.
What does this do for cartilage?
2.
What are the three types of cartilage found in skeletal cartilage?
3.
Hyaline Cartilage:
4.
5.
a.
Function:
b.
Where might you find hyaline cartilage?
Elastic Cartilage:
a.
Function:
b.
Where might you find hyaline cartilage?
Fibrocartilage:
a.
Function:
b.
Where might you find hyaline cartilage?
C. Bone Markings
1.
What is a bone marking?
2.
Describe the following bone markings:
a.
Tuberosity
b.
Head
c.
Facet
d.
Condyle
e.
Fissure
f.
Sinus
g.
Fossa
D. Structure of a typical long bone (label the following on the image to the right)
1.
What are the epiphyses? Where are they located?
2.
What is the diaphysis? Where is it located?
3.
What is yellow marrow and where would you find it?
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4.
What is red marrow and where would you find it?
5.
What is the function of the periosteum?
6.
The wall of the diaphysis is composed of________________________bone.
7.
The epiphyses are largely composed of_______________________bone.
8.
What is the epiphyseal line? What is its function?
9.
Where would you find hematopoietic tissue?
E. Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone
1.
What is the name of cells that make bone?
2.
What is found in the central canal?
3.
Label the following on the image to the right:
i. Nerve, vein artery, canaliculi, osteocyte in a lacuna, lamellae, central canal, lacunae
4.
Compact Bone:
i. An osteon is:
ii. The substance of compact bone is formed from:
iii. Each central canal contains:
5.
Spongy Bone:
i. Spongy bone is also composed of:
ii. Unlike compact bone, the spongy do not contain:
iii. How does spongy bone obtain nutrients?
iv. Label the anatomy of compact bone.
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V. Bone Development & Composition
1.
2.
Chemical Composition of Bone
a.
What percentage of bone is living tissue, cells and blood vessels?
b.
Much of you bone is made of inorganic mineral salts. What two minerals make up the bulk of the
inorganic bone material?
Bone Development
a.
What is the technical term for bone formation?
b.
Before 8 weeks the skeleton of a human embryo is constructed entirely from fibrous membranes and
____________________ cartilage.
c.
What is the function of each of the following cells?
Osteogenic Cell
d.
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Growth of long bones occurs at the _________________________________________ these cells divide
quickly pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis and causing the entire bone to lengthen.
e.
As adolescence ends, the _________________________________ of the epiphyseal plates divide less
often and the plates become thinner and thinner until they are completely replaced by bone tissue.
f.
Longitudinal bone growth ends when the bone of the epiphysis and the diaphysis ____________. This
occurs at ________ years of age in females and _________ years of age in males.
g.
Bone growth is stimulated by “growth hormones” that are released from the
_______________________________________.
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VI. Axial Skeleton
1.
Label the “unlabeled” parts of the skull (using your textbook).
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VII. Bone Homeostasis: Remodeling & Repair
1.
How does homeostasis apply to bones?
2.
Label the spongy and compact bone in the image to the right.
a.
How often is spongy bone replaced? _______
b.
How often is compact bone replaced? ______
3.
What happens to bone that remains in place for long periods of
time?
4.
Describe the process of bone remodeling. Be sure to label the osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells &
osteocytes.
Process of bone remodeling:
5.
List and describe the three parts of a typical homeostatic mechanism?
a.
b.
c.
6.
List three other cell processes that uses calcium other than bone develop.
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7.
The homeostatic mechanism that controls calcium levels is a ______________________ feedback loop.
8.
Describe what would happen if blood calcium levels dropped below the set point?
9.
Describe what would happen if blood calcium levels increased above the set point?
10. A bone break is also known as a __________________________.
11. Fractures can be classified by the following: Describe each.
a.
Position of the bone ends after the fracture
i. Displaced fracture:
ii. Nondisplaced fracture:
b.
Completeness of the break
i. Complete break:
ii. Incomplete break:
c.
Orientation of the break relative to the long axis of the bone
i. Linear fracture:
ii. Transverse fracture:
d.
Whether the bone ends penetrate the skin
i. Open fracture (compound):
ii. Closed fracture (simple):
12. A fracture is treated by ______________________________________.
13. Label the 4 stages of bone repair.
14. Which stage is being describe in the following statements:
a.
b.
c.
___________________________ Capillaries grow into the hematoma, phagocytes are active, fibroblasts and
osteoblasts are active
___________________________ Hematoma forms at fractured site, bone cells die, tissue swells
___________________________ new bone trabeculae begin to appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus and gradually
convert it to a bony (hard) callus of spongy bone.
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VIII. Vertebral Column
Name this bone?
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IX. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Bone
1.
2.
Imbalances between bone _________________ and bone ________________ underlie nearly every disease that
affects the adult skeleton.
What is osteomalacia?
3.
How are osteomalacia and rickets related?
4.
What causes osteomalacia and rickets?
5.
What is osteoporosis?
6.
Even though osteoporosis affects the entire skeleton, the
spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable, and
________________________ of the vertebrae are common.
7.
Label the “normal bone” and bone with “osteoporosis” in the
image to the right.
8.
Why does osteoporosis occur mostly in aged, postmenopausal
women?
How is osteoporosis treated?
9.
10. List 4 ways that osteoporosis can be prevented?
X. Axial Skeleton: Thorax
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XI. Axial Skeleton: Upper & Lower Limbs
Humerus
Radius and Ulna
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Hand
Scapula
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Pelvic Girdle
Lower limbs: Femur
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Tibia & Fibula
Foot
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XII. Articulations (Joints)
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