Imperialism
Western Global Domination
Chapter 24
Vocabulary
1. Sepoys
2. Raj
3. Plassey
4. Robert Clive
5. Presidencies
6. Nabobs
7. Charles Cornwallis
8. Tropical dependencies
9. White dominions
10. Settler colonies
11. Great Trek
12. Cecil Rhodes
13. Boer War (1899-1902)
14. James Cook
15. Nationalism
Rise of
Imperialism
European Colonial
Territories
Before and After
1800
I. European Imperialism
A. Major Factors
1. Nature of European overseas expansion changed by
Industrial Revolution
a. Initially driven by precious metals, plantation crops,
and foreign goods
b. Changed to raw materials needed for
Industrialization, markets for manufactured
products, spread of Christianity
c. Expansion also fueled by European rivalries
2. Initial expansion confined to periphery except in the
Americas…WHY?
a. New technology in transportation and weaponry
allowed Europeans to penetrate all areas of the
globe
Colonialism v. Imperialism
Colonialism
Imperialism
1500 - 1750
1750 - 1914
Establishment of colonies
Establishment of colonies
Goals: Gold & silver; plantation
crops; foreign goods (spice);
Christianity
Goals: Raw materials; markets;
Christianity
Interaction: Periphery (except for
the Americas)
• Inability to travel upstream
• Inability to overpower indigenous
peoples
• Susceptibility to disease
Interaction: Penetration
• Steamships
• Weapons (machineguns)
• Improvements in medicines
Source for
Raw
Materials
Industrial
Revolution
Markets for
Finished
Goods
European
Nationalism
Missionary
Activity
European
Motives
For Colonization
Military
& Naval
Bases
Social
Darwinism
Places to
Dump
Unwanted/
Excess Popul.
European
Racism
“White
Man’s
Burden”
Humanitarian
Reasons
Soc. & Eco.
Opportunities
3. Technological innovations
a. Steamship – Fulton
b. Telegraph – Morse
c. Railroad – Stephenson
d. Weapons
4. Education
a. Some natives educated & staffed growing bureaucracies
5. Other Factors
a. Increasing racism – decreased mixing
b. More European families in colonies
c. Growing numbers of missionaries
d. White racial superiority – the White
Man’s Burden
Lawyer Gandhi in South Africa
Looking at “The White Man’s
Burden”
• Which of the stanzas could best be
summarized by……
• Part of the white man’s burden is to cure
illness and bring peace to the savage
lands you are conquering. Just be careful
not to let the lazy ways of the savages
undo all that you have worked for.
Now look at
• All of the stanzas again. Which could be
summarized by saying……..
• We will be sending our most elite soldiers
and people to help these savages. In a
way they are not doing this for our country
but we are actually working FOR the
savages, doing what’s best for them.
Ok… last one
• Which stanza is summarized by……
• Don’t rush the good work that you do. It’s
going to take time. Don’t be scared but
also don’t try and take too much credit for
what you do. Be basic. You have to put
things in ways the savages will
understand.
Look now at just the 4th stanza
• In your small groups, please try to
summarize what you “think” this stanza is
trying to say.
Stanzas 5-7
• Now in your small groups, please do a
summary for the final 3 stanzas. This will
be your group’s ticket out of class.
B. Industrial Rivalries & the Partition of the World
1. 1800’s – Western scramble for colonies
a. Colonies seen as essential for status as a great power
b. Colonies needed for raw materials & secure markets
c. Colonies easier to secure due to technological advances
d. Native peoples unable to resist in either open or
guerrilla warfare
What
areas avoided Colonization?
e. Religious leaders often headed struggles…ex: Boxers
f. Most of the non-Western world colonized by 1914
C. Changes in Patterns of Colonization
1. Tropical dependencies…small numbers of whites ruling
large native populations
2. White dominions…small amount of settlers / large territory
3. Contested settler colonies…clash between whites and
indigenous peoples over land, resources, etc
D. Shifts in Economic Extractions (1850)
1. New efforts to increase
production in colonies
2. Some benefits to colonies
through wages and/or cheap
Building a railroad in the Belgian Congo
European consumer goods
3. Colonial economies developed to meet needs of industrial
Europe
a. Raw materials went to Europe – profits went to Europe
b. Laborers and colonies became economically dependent
on Europe
4. Technological advances
increased extraction of raw
resources from colonies
(infrastructure)
Mining minerals in the Belgian Congo
II. European Imperialism in Asia
The Stages of Dutch Expansion in Java
A. The Dutch Way (1600s)
1. Initially pay tribute
2. Taking part in political
rivalries allowed the
Dutch to gain land…they
used military alliances
to gain land…Dutch
troops were primarily
native
a. By 1750, they
dominate Java
b. Introduction of European culture = increased racism
B. The British in India
Directors weren’t really interested in
acquiring colonial territories!!!
1. British East India Company
a. End of Mughal Empire helped the British gain control
--Company officials intervened in native political
disputes
--Used Sepoys…Indian troops
trained in European-style fighting
b. Competition with French
--1757, Victory at Plassey
--Robert Clive defeats Bengal
ruler giving the British
control of the rich
Bengal region
A Sepoy soldier
--Ineffective Indian resistance
due to disunity
2. Britain Consolidates Power
a. Mughal decline gives British opportunity
b. Presidencies…administrative centers at Madras, Bombay,
Calcutta…ruled the majority of British territory in India
--Rest of India indirectly ruled through Indian princes
The Growth of the British Empire in India, from the 1750s to 1858
3. Initial European Societies in Asia (Prior to 1850)
a. Asian societies mostly left in place…Europeans become the
dominant class
--Europeans adopted local styles of dress, food,
housing, work habits, and political symbols…was
necessary to survive
--European males marry indigenous women
4. British Government Takes Control…makes social changes
a. Widespread corruption (by Nabobs) within the East India
company led to a famine in Bengal…caused much stricter
controls
--British East India Company became much more
accountable to the British government…local British
rulers saw powers reduced
--Reduced participation of Indians in government
b. Evangelical religion movement grew
--Christian-led cultural infusion of Western education (in
English), institutions, values, and technology
--Development of educated Indian middle class
The custom of sati
--Worked to end to slave trade
--End to sati sought
c. The British attempted to reshape
colonial society in Western style
III. The Battle for Colonies, 1870-1914
By the end of the 19th
century, Europe
A. European Power
dominated the globe
1. Military might led to increased
due to its military
imperialism
and industrial might.
a. Mass-produced weapons,
especially the machine gun made this possible.
b. Railroads and steam ships made moving armies and
raw materials
much easier.
The Partition
of Southeast
Asia and the
Pacific, to
1914
The Partition of Africa between c. 1870 and 1914
IV. Continuity and Change within European Dominance
A. “Tropical dependencies”
1. Africa, Asia (India, Indonesia, Indochina), South Pacific
2. Europeans rule indigenous peoples
B. Settler colonies – Two types
1. “White Dominions”…inhabitants are mostly Europeans
a. Canada
--Western expansion at expense of native societies
--Continuation of Western culture
--Increasing self-determination
b. Australia…began as a penal colony
--Moved into interior against few aboriginal people
--Growing autonomy
--Gold rush increased immigration
2. Contested Settler Colonies…such as Algeria, Kenya,
South Africa, New Zealand, Hawaii
a. Large numbers of Europeans lived among even
larger indigenous numbers
--Increasing conflict over time…resources and
cultural, social differences
C. Colonial Leadership and Social Stratification in Dependencies
1. Cultural influence
a. English language education supported by the state
--Missionaries run schools
2. Changing Social Relations Within the Colonies
a. European communities grow within the
colonies…segregation began to increase dramatically
--Ideas of white supremacy spread…Africans were at
the bottom of the social hierarchy
D. South Africa (Boers)…began as Dutch colony at Cape Town
--After gradual move into the
interior, Afrikaners enslaved
the natives…led to a large
“colored” population
1. British rule in South Africa
a. Attempt to end slavery, but
Afrikaners resist
--Afrikaners move inland
(Great Trek)…eventually
this puts them into conflict
with the Bantu (Zulus)
--This caused instability in
the region…forced the
British to become more
involved
b. Afrikaners form independent republics in the 1850s
--Discovery of diamonds and gold increased
tensions between Afrikaners and British
--Boer wars (1899-1902)…between
the British and Afrikaners; British
victory and postwar policies left
the African population of South
Africa under Afrikaner control
--Cecil Rhodes
--Beginnings of Apartheid
Boer boy in British
concentration camp
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900
The Boers
The British
E. Pacific Tragedies
1. New Zealand…1790s…first Europeans
were timber merchants and whalers
a. Alcoholism, prostitution spread
b. Maoris adopt firearms…take terrible toll
in warfare…also suffer drastically from
European diseases
c. Changes come in the 1850s
--Maori begin to convert to Christianity
--Increased immigration in the form of
British farmers and herders
--Maoris pushed into interior as
Europeans occupied the more
fertile areas of land
--Maoris adopt European culture to
survive
Maori Warrior
Maori Tribesmen
2. Hawaii…Opened to the west by James Cook
a. Prince Kamehameha – Accepts Westernization
--By 1810, he rules a unified Hawaiian
kingdom with British support…he
increases trade with West
b. US missionaries spread Christianity;
bring changes in culture – especially
education
c. Disease decimate population – exploitation
by the introduction of plantation crops
d. Asian (Chinese & Japanese) workers and
American settlers lead to major population shift
e. American planters push for annexation…weak
rulers pushed out…in 1893, last ruler deposed;
in 1898, annexed by United States
Sugar & Pineapple
were most common
European imperialism in Asia
F. The Spanish-American War
1. Areas Involved
a. Cuba
b. Puerto Rico
c. Philippines
2. Panama Canal
3. Economic imperialism
Charge up San Juan Hill – Cuba 1898