EOC Review
What to Review
Genetics
Cell Cycle
DNA
Cell Structure & Function
Ecology & Pollution
Cell Transport
Ecology & Behavior
Organic Molecules
Cellular Respiration
Classification
Red = 5 or less got correct
Orange = 6-10 got correct
Yellow = 11-15 got correct
Cell Structure and Function
•
•
•
•
Differentiation
Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Cell Structure
Cell Organelles
• Differentiation (# , #
)
– Process in which the cells of a multicellular
individual become specialized during development
Nerve Cells
Blood Cells
Stem Cells
Brain Cells
– Occurs because different genes in the cells are
activated (or not activated) during development
• Prokaryote
vs
Eukaryote (#
,# ,#
)
Eukaryote:
HAS membrane
bound organelles
HAS a nucleus
Prokaryote:
NO membrane bound
organelles
NO nucleus
bacteria are an example
plant and animal
cells; found in
most organisms
Nucleoid
Few internal structures
Single cell
Cell wall
Flagella, cilia
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Chloroplasts
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Cell Cycle
• Stages of the Cell Cycle
• Mitosis vs Meiosis
• Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
• Stages of the Cell Cycle (#
)
• Mitosis vs Meiosis (#
•
,#
)
• Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction (# , #
)
Meiosis allows for
genetic variation within
organisms
gametes (sex cells) to have
half the number of
chromosomes as the
parent
In asexual reproduction the
offspring are genetically
identical to the parent
organism
In sexual reproduction the
offspring are genetically
different from the parent
organisms
DNA
•
•
•
•
DNA coding for proteins
Cell, protein and DNA relationship
DNA structure and function
DNA fingerprinting
• DNA Structure and Function (#
)
• Store important information for cell function
• Create proteins within a cell
• DNA Coding for Proteins (# )
– Replication
• DNA to DNA
– Transcription
• DNA to mRNA
– Translation
• mRNA to protein
• Cell, protein and DNA relationship (#
,#
)
– DNA contains the code to make the required
proteins to support a cell’s function
• Think about the instruction book for putting together a
complicated piece of furniture or electronics
– Proteins are made of amino acids
• The order of amino acids (and the protein that is made)
is ultimately determined by the DNA in the cell’s
nucleus
• DNA Fingerprinting (#
)
Genetics
• Transgenic Organisms
• Genetic crosses
• Mutations
• Transgenic Organisms (# , # )
• A host organism that receives recombinant DNA
This type of genetic
engineering can be used for
many purposes
- treating or curing certain
diseases
- treating genetic disorders
- improve food crops
• Mutations (#
)
• “any change in an organism’s DNA”
• Change DNA  Change RNA  change protein
• Somatic Cell Mutations
1. cannot be passed to offspring
2. ex) Cancer (human skin cancer, leukemia)
• Germ-Cell Mutations
1. occur in organism’s germ cell (gametes)
2. can be passed on to offspring
• Genetic Crosses (#
)
• “traits who genes are found on the X
chromosome”
• Genotypes example
1. XHXH – normal female
2. XHXh – normal female who is a carrier
3. XhXh – abnormal female
4. XHY – normal male
5. XhY – abnormal male
• Ecology and Pollution (#
,#
,#
,#
)
• Burning fossil fuels
– Chemicals combine with water vapor in the air to form
acid rain
– CO2 emissions retain heat near Earth’s surface
contributing to global warming
• Use of CFCs
– Deplete the Earth’s ozone layer decreasing protection
from the Sun’s UV radiation
• Deforestation
– Reduced ability to absorb CO2 contributing to global
warming as well as increased erosion
• Nuclear Power
– Potential release of radiation
Ecology
• Natural Selection
• Animal Locomotion
• Animal Behavior
Natural Selection (#
,#
)
“organisms best suited to their environment reproduce
more successfully than other organisms”
1. Adaptation
2. Competition
*selection conditions change as the demands of the
environment change
*if change is too extreme and organism can’t change, they
become extinct or die
• Animal Locomotion (#
)
Paramecium - cilia
Amoeba - pseudopod
Euglena - flagellum
• Animal Behavior (#
)
• LEARNED
– Learning how to respond to a stimuli, usually by
observation or trial and error
• Imprinting
• Habituation
• INATE
– Instinctive response to a stimuli; genetic
• Circadian rhythms
• Annual rhythms
• Hibernation and migration
Cellular Transport
• Active vs Passive Transport
• Homeostasis
• Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic
• Homeostasis (# )
– “biological balance between a cell or organism
and it’s external environment”
– maintained by the cell controlling what enters and
exits (plasma cell membrane)
– cells use active and passive transport mechanisms
to maintain homeostasis
• Active vs Passive Transport (#
)
• Types of Active Transport
• Endocytosis, exocytosis, NA-K Pump
• USES energy (ATP)
• Moves molecules from areas of LOW concentration
to areas of HIGH concentration
• Types of Passive Transport
• Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
• DOES NOT use energy
• Moves molecules from areas of HIGH concentration
to areas of LOW concentration
• Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic (# )
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC
HYPERTONIC
LESS solute outside the cell
than inside.
SAME solute amount both
inside and outside the cell.
MORE solute outside the
cell than inside.
MORE water outside the
cell than inside
SAME water amount both
inside and outside the cell.
LESS water outside the cell
than inside.
CELL SWELLS
HOMEOSTASIS
CELL SHRINKS
Organic Molecules (#
CARBOHYDRATES
Contain: CHO
Building Blocks:
monosaccharides
disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Used: to provide
energy to living
organisms
Examples:
Mono- glucose,
fructose, galactose
Di- sucrose
Poly- glycogen,
chitin, starch,
cellulose
LIPIDS
Contain: CHO
Building Blocks:
fatty acids arranged
as triglycerides,
phospholipids, wax;
includes steriods
Used: to provide
protection,
insulation and
energy storage
Examples:
trilauroylglycerol;
lecithin; cholesterol,
testosterone
,#
PROTEINS
Contain: CHON
Building Blocks:
amino acids – there
are 20 different ones
Used: to provide
shape and support
Examples: hormones,
hemoglobin, insulin,
enzymes
)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Contain: CHON
Building Blocks:
nucleotides – adenine,
guanine, cytosine,
thymine, uracil
Used: stores important
information in the cell,
codes for proteins
Examples: DNA, RNA
Cellular Respiration (#
Aerobic – uses oxygen
Makes the most ATP (32-38)
,#
)
Anaerobic – does NOT use oxygen
Makes only 2 ATP
Includes lactic acid fermentation
(muscles) and alcohol fermentation
Classification (#
HUMAN
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
CHIMP
)
PORTUGUESE MAN O’ WAR
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Chordata
Chordata
Cnidaria
Mammalia
Mammalia
Hydrozoa
Primates
Primates
Siphonophorae
Hominidae
Hominidae
Physaliidae
Homo
Pan
Physalia
sapiens
troglodytes
physalis
Cladograms
• “uses derived characters to establish evolutionary
relationships”
• Cladograms – diagram showing relationship among
animals
• Derived characteristic
* ex) Jaws, Lungs, Nails
- everything to the
right have jaws
- everything to the
left does not
• Phylogenetic tree
*evolutionary past
* base of tree =
common ancestor
Biotic Relationships
• Competition – when two organisms compete
for the same thing
• Predation – when one organism uses another
organism for food
• Symbiosis – when two organisms or different
species live in close association with one
another
– parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, mimicry
• Parasitism – one organism gets nutrients from
a host organism
– One benefits, one suffers
• Commensalism – one organism benefits, the
other is neither helped or harmed
– One benefits, one neutral
• Mutualism – both organisms benefit
– Both benefit
• Mimicry – when a harmless species resembles
a poisonous or distasteful one
– Ex. Monarch and Viceroy butterflies; eastern coral
snake and scarlet king snake
DNA to Proteins
• STEP 1:
REPLICATION (make a copy)
DNA to DNA
• STEP 2: TRANSCRIPTION (convert to mRNA)
DNA to mRNA
• STEP 3: TRANSLATION (figure out the amino acid)
mRNA to amino acid
DNA Replication
-process where DNA makes a copy of itself (DNA
 DNA)
CCT TAC CCG AAA
TAC GCA ACT TAC
CTA TTA CGA TAG
Transcription
• mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus
• Pairing Rules
Replicated DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine




mRNA
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Practice
DNA
TTA CGA CTA GGC GCT
Comp.
DNA
mRNA
DNA
Comp.
DNA
mRNA
GGC TAT TCG GCA AAT
TRANSLATION
Making proteins from mRNA
Occurs in the cytoplasm
at the ribosome
Practice
DNA:
AAT CTA GGT CGT ATG GGG
mRNA:
Translate:
PMAT