2010 Roman history
Hannibal & Scipio
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Hannibal fought 4 Carthage
2. Scipio fought 4 Rome.
3. 2nd Punic War
4. Hannibal crosses Alpes with elephants
5. Hannibal in Italy for 15 years!
6. Battle of Zama-Scipio wins
Gracchi brothers
• 1. famous mother, Cornelia (famous family),
called her sons her jewels
2. extend citizenship to others
3. poor people get LAND! Everyone wants
LAND!
4. populares party!! For the plebs and their
rights.
CHANGE AGENTS!! REFORMERS!!
Marius
•
•
•
•
•
Consul 7 x
Populares party (Caesar’s uncle)
Enemy was Sulla
Proscription list=hit list
Changed/reformed the army; made it a
professional army by letting in plebs & paying
them! 20 years in army now.
Sulla
•
•
•
•
•
Optimates
Dictator
Marched on Rome with his army; illegal!
Enemy was Marius
Proscription list =hit list
Spartacus: 73-71 BC
•
•
•
•
- slave turned gladiator turned revolt leader
Slaves busted out of gladiator school
Defeat 5 Roman armies
Crassus finally puts the slave revolt down
CICERO
•
•
•
•
•
•
-optimates
Lawyer
consul
He is #1 public speaker in Roman history!
(Caesar is #2)
Finds out about Catiline’s plan to overthrow
him.
Catiline vs. Cicero
• Catiline a bad boy, corrupt, power hungry
• -populares
• Runs in election 2 B consul; loses to Cicero
and plans a conspiracy to overthrow Cicero!
• Cicero finds out and gets rid of Catiline.
Roman army
• 1. organized: legion has 6000 men
• 2. weapons: gladius (sword) & scutum (shield)
• 3. tactics: testudo- turtle formation with
shields.
Pompey vs. pirates
• -pirates taking ships and cargo, kidnapping
people for ransom (incl. Julius Caesar)
• Pompey given vast powers to rid sea of pirates
• He does it in 3 months
1st Triumvirate
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Crassus $$$
2. Pompey-military
3. J. Caesar- people loved him; charisma
4. Why? Power
5. Pompey married JC’s daughter
5. Crassus dies 1st; other 2 fight it out for
power.
JULIUS CAESAR
•
•
•
•
•
100-44 BC
-populares party
In 1st Triumvirate
Excellent soldier
Very popular with Roman people
Julius Caesar vs. Gauls
• Book: The Commentaries about the Gallic
Wars
• Defeats many Gallic tribes
• Battle of Alesia-final battle
J. Caesar’s 3 wives
• - Cornelia (daughter of powerful populares
dude); one daughter Julia
• -Pompeia
• -Calpurnia (dream about his death)
Caesar vs. Pompey
• -Caesar crosses Rubicon River after Gallic Wars
• SENATE says NO!
• By doing that he was declaring civil war in
Rome
• They fought all over Mediterranean
• Pompey loses battle & his head
Julius Caesar and Cleopatra
• -she meets him in a rug/carpet
• She rules Egypt with her brother
• She wants Caesar to put her in power over the
bro
• Romance on the Nile River
• Had a son with Caesar (Caesarian)
ASSASSINATION OF CAESAR
• Who was in on the plot? Cassius & Brutus
(optimates)
IDES OF MARCH [March 15, 44 BC]
• What? Let’s kill Caesar on way to/from Senate.
• They do. Wife warned against it! 23 knife
wounds. Et tu, Brute!
---Then what? Antony & Octavian go after
assassins til they die.
WHY kill Caesar?
•
•
•
•
Reasons:
Afraid he’d be king
Optimates feared his power
Hated that he was self appointed dictator for
life.
• He was too ambitious
• Could not trust him
2nd Triumvirate
•
•
•
•
Split Rome’s provinces 3 ways:
Marc Antony (populares)
Octavian (Caesar’s heir); optimates
Lepidus (1st one out); military
Cicero vs. Antony
• Philippics: speeches by Cicero that angered
Antony
• Antony planned to run the whole Roman
world. Cicero stood against him & 2nd
Triumvirate.
• Cicero on Antony’s hit list! Head & hands cut
off & hung in Forum.
Cleo & Antony
• -Antony wants her $$ & grain
• -Cleo is in mad love with him; he is madly in
love with Cleo! 11 years!
• BATTLE OF ACTIUM: Octavian wins
• Antony & Cleo both commit suicide
BATTLE OF ACTIUM
•
•
•
•
•
Antony/ Cleopatra vs. Octavian
31 BC; coast of Greece
Naval battle won by Octavian
Cleo-suicide
Antony-suicide
BATTLE OF ACTIUM-Agrippa
LUCRETIUS- poet
• - De Rerum Natura
• - reason more important than the gods.
VERGIL
•
•
•
•
Wrote the AENEID
-epic poetry: Rome is best!!
Augustus hired him to write it
-influenced Dante (Renaissance writers loved
Vergil)
HORACE
• Roman poet who influenced many
Renaissance writers
• Favored by Augustus (gave his estate to
Augustus in his will)
• Dulce et decorum est pro patriā mori
• Carpe diem!
OVID
• Wrote The Art of Love and The
Metamorphoses (myths).
• Exile to Black Sea town.
• Why exiled? The book or wild lifestyle with
Augustus’ daughter, Julia.
PAX ROMANA
•
•
•
•
-200 years of Roman Peace
Begun by Augustus
-trade expands
-some persecution of Xns. Starts with Nero.
LIVY: Historian
• - Ab Urbe Condita (from the foundation of the
city): 700+ years of history of Rome
• 142 books; only about 30 are left
• Purpose of the book: to glorify Rome!!!
• - prose
• Story of the sacred geese