Mitosis/Meiosis
Review
Yes, I know the Course description says you don’t have to know
names of phases but I don’t know how you can talk about what
happens without calling it something. So yeah, we are going
to learn names of phases
Cell division in bacterial
cells is called
Binary fission
________________
Phase of the cell cycle in which
DNA is copied
S (synthesis)
What happens in metaphase I that
results in independent assortment?
Homologous chromosome pairs line up together
RANDOMLY with respect to poles. Depending on
how they line up, different combinations of
maternal and paternal chromosomes can end up
together in the same cell.
3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the
other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.
LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution.
[See SP 7.1]
Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein
kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle
are due to
B
A. kinase synthesis by ribosomes
B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclins
C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by
means of phosphorylation
D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by
cytoplasmic proteases
E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentration
below the inhibitory threshold
3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Campbell Self-Quiz
Type of cell division in eukaryotic
cells that results in 2 identical
diploid daughter cells.
mitosis
Imaginary plane in a cell where
chromosomes line up during
metaphase Metaphase plate
This network of fibers that attach to and guide
the chromosomes apart is called the
______________
Mitotic
spindle
Microtubules
It is made of ____________________
Phase of mitosis that follows
anaphase
telophase
Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2
Mitosis (prophase)
Phase of mitosis that follows
metaphase
anaphase
Phase of the cell cycle that
follows G1
S
What are some changes that a
body cell undergoes to
become a cancer cell?
Loss of control of cell cycle and unlimited growth
due to mutations in master control p53 gene:
- growth promoter genes “turned on”
- tumor suppressor genes “turned off”
- loss of contact inhibition (allows metastasis)
- loss of density-dependent inhibition (tumor)
- apoptosis genes “turned off” (no suicide)
- telomerase gene “turned on” (unlimited division)
- blood vessel growth genes “turned on”
3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.
• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control
These areas at the poles
that organize the
spindle are called
________________
centrosomes
In animal cells this area contains
log-shaped structures called
centrioles
____________
G1, S, and G2 make up this
phase of the cell cycle.
interphase
This is also called the
“microtubule organizing center”
centrosome
Shortest phase of the cell cycle
in which sister chromatids
separate and begin moving to
opposite poles
anaphase
Plant cells can’t form a cleavage furrow
during cytokinesis due to their cell wall,
instead they form a _______________
cell plate
to divide.
Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg
In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant
Sordaria asci and used the data to determine gene to
centromere distance for the spore color gene.
Use what you know about crossing over frequencies to MAKE A
PREDICTION about the connection between the distance
between TWO genes on a chromosome and their frequency
of crossing over.
The closer together two genes are
on a chromosome the lower their
cross over frequency will be.
Genes that are far apart will cross
over more frequently. Genes that
are close together will cross over
less frequently
SP.2.3 The student can estimate numerically quantities that describe natural
phenomena.
Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg
In the meiosis lab you counted parental and
recombinant Sordaria asci and used the data to
determine gene to centromere distance for the
spore color gene.
What was different about the cells
produced by meiosis in this lab and
the cells produced by meiosis in humans?
Fungi use meiosis to produce spores
Animals use meiosis to produce gametes.
Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg
Compare and contrast anaphase of mitosis with
anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis
ANAPHASE of mitosishomologous chromosomes line
up independently
ANAPHASE I of meiosishomologous chromosomes
line up together
ANAPHASE II of meiosischromosomes line up independently
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal
parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]
Which organelle is responsible for
the vesicles containing material to build
the cell plate during cytokinesis in plant
cells?
Golgi bodies
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
This phase of the
cell cycle is
anaphase
_____________
Part of interphase in which the
cell grows to mature size and carries
out its job. G
1
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]
What is the difference
between transformation and
metastasis in a cancer cell?
Transformation= changes a normal
body cell undergoes to become a
cancer cell
Metastasis-spreading of a cancer cell
from its original location to other areas of
the body
Region where the two
chromatid copies are
most closely attached
centromere
=______________
These sister chromatids
are produced during which phase
of the cell cycle?
result of DNA synthesis during S phase in
interphase
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/908/flashcards/549908/png/kin-13FCFAA8EAE61F3BE13.png
Name this structure
of proteins associated
with DNA in this region
to which the spindle
fibers attach
kinetochore
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]
How is prophase of mitosis different
than prophase I of meiosis?
BOTH- chromatin condensed into chromosomes;
nuclear membrane/nucleoli disappear;
centrosomes/spindle appear.
Prophase I of meiosis- Homologous chromosome
pairs undergo synapsis and crossing over.
Prophase of mitosis- no synapsis or crossing over
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the
other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution.
[See SP 7.1]
Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are
visible, the nuclear envelope returns,
spindle fibers disappear, and DNA
becomes less condensed
telophase
Shallow groove in an animal cell
membrane near the old metaphase
plate that forms during cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
How many chromosomes are shown in the
figure at the right?
4
How many chromatids?
8
Campbell Concept check 12.2
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]
EXPLAIN the role of kinetochores
in cell division
Kinetochores- Located in centromeres of condensed chromosomes;
-spot on centromere where spindle fiber attaches
-hold motor proteins that depolymerize microtubules as
they move
- Necessary for chromosome positioning and movement.
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
What are some reasons cells undergo
mitosis?
growth
repair injuries
replace worn out cells
asexual reproduction
small SA/vol ratio
Reason cells undergo meiosis?
Produce gametes for sexual reproduction
3.A.2..b.3. Mitosis plays a role in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
3.A.2.c.Meiosis, a reduction division, followed by fertilization ensures genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms
Area next to the nucleus in which
the centrioles are found that
organizes the formation of the
spindle
centrosomes
Phase in which the nuclear membrane
disappears and the spindle fibers
attach to the kinetochores
prophase
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Adding cyclin to a CdK
____________
it.
activates
Activates
Inactivates
The amount of CdK’s in cells
stays the same throughout the
cell cycle.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE- CdK levels stay the same. What changes is amount of
cyclins. High cyclins=CdK’s are activated and cell divides.
Low cyclins= CdK’s are inactive and cell stops dividing
3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Phase in which the chromosomes
line up at the equator of the
cell
metaphase
Phase after S in which cells make the
molecules and organelles needed for
cell division G2
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
This is called a
Cleavage
furrow
_____________
an animal
This cell is _____________
cell.
Plants don’t have cleavage furrows.
an animal
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
a plant
How is segregation different from
independent assortment?
SEGREGATION
Homologous chromosomes
separate and end up in
different daughter cells
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Each daughter cell gets ONE copy of
each chromosome, but DIFFERENT
COMBINATIONS of maternal &
paternal chromosomes can end up
together in a cell
3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other from the
paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.
LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution.
[See SP 7.1]
EXPLAIN the role of MOTOR PROTEINS in
cell division
Motor proteins- “Pacman-like” proteins attached to kinetochore
that “walk” along microtubules of spindle
- depolymerize microtubules as they move
- move chromosomes during anaphase separation
- involves kinesins and dyneins.
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
How is crossing over different from
independent assortment?
CROSSING OVER
Results in different combinations
of maternal and paternal alleles
TOGETHER ON SAME
CHROMOSOME
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Each daughter cell gets ONE copy of
each chromosome, results in
DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS of
maternal & paternal chromosomes
TOGETHER IN A CELL
3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the
other from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.
LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution.
[See SP 7.1]
The proteins around which DNA
wraps to from a chromosome are
histones
called ____________
One of 2 identical arms
that make up a chromosome
chromatid
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
ZYGOTE
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
1n
SPORES
GAMETES
MEIOSIS
ZYGOTE
FERTILIZATION
2n
(2n)
ZYGOTE
FERTILIZATION
GAMETES
MEIOSIS
SPORES
MITOSIS
PLANTS & SOME ALGAE
(1n)
Phase of mitosis that follows
prophase
metaphase
Phase of the cell cycle that
follows S
G2
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Explain how cytokinesis is
different in plant vs animal cells
Animal cells divide with a cleavage
furrow; Plants use a cell plate
What prevents plant cells from using
a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis?
Cell wall prevents “pinching”
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
What enzyme replaces
telomeres and is elevated in
cancer cells?
telomerase
How do telomerase levels in cancer
cells compare to normal body cells?
Telomerase is increased in cancer
cells. Allows them to continue to
divide forever (immortality)
3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.
• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control
How does the Surface area/volume ratio differ in
these TWO diagrams?
One large cell has smaller SA/vol ratio than
many smaller cells
Explain the relationship between SA/vol and mitosis.
As cells grow bigger their SA/vol ratio
decreases which means they can’t transport
needed materials fast enough. Small SA/vol
ratio is a trigger to undergo mitosis.
The protective tips at the ends of
chromosomes that prevent loss
of information during replication
are called
_______________
telomeres
What happens to telomeres as cells age?
They shorten each time the
DNA is copied; so older cells
have shorter telomeres
Checkpoints throughout the cell
cycle control passage to next phase.
What happens at the G2 checkpoint?
Check to make sure
All chromosomes have been
copied and cell has
produced everything it
needs for cell division
3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Name some processes that happen
during meiosis that result in
genetic variation
Crossing over
Segregation
Independent assortment
(Random fertilization also results in
variation in offspring but it’s not
part of meiosis)
LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution.
[See SP 7.1]
This cell is in
__________
telophase
Plant
The cell above is a _________
cell.
animal
plant
You can see the cell plate forming in center instead
of a cleavage furrow.
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Phase of the cell cycle where cells
spend most of their time.
They grow bigger and do their job
as body cells.
G1 or G0
List the phases of mitosis in order
starting with interphase
Interphase, prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Disorder in which body cells
lose their ability to control
cell division
cancer
The spread of cancer cells to
locations distant from their original
site
metastasis
3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.
• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control
Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s)
_________________________________ are proteins
that give the go ahead signals for cell division which
are present in cells in inactive forms until they bind
with a cyclin.
checkpoint
A ________________
is a critical control point where
stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell
cycle.
Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop
dividing due to availability of growth factors and
nutrients.
Density dependent inhibition
3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
DNA and attached proteins which is
less tightly wound in an interphase
nucleus is called________________
chromatin
Phase of mitosis in which nucleoli
disappear and chromatin begins to
condense into chromosomes,
centrosome is visible, and
mitotic spindle begins to form
prophase
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Checkpoints throughout the cell
cycle control passage to next phase.
Which checkpoint is called the
“restriction” checkpoint and WHY?
G1 checkpoint
It determines whether cell
will stay in interphase or
undergo mitosis
3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
The proteins whose concentration
fluctuates in cells which bind with
cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to
control the cell cycle
cyclins
Proteins released by certain cells
which stimulate other cells to
divide
Growth factors
3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints.
• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
• Action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
IS IT MITOSIS OR
MEIOSIS?
MEIOSIS
___________
Produces 4 different haploid cells
___________
NO genetic recombination
MITOSIS
___________
Synapsis/crossing over occur
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
___________
Segregation/Independent
assortment occur
MITOSIS
___________
Copies DNA every division
In this part of interphase following S
cells make the molecules and
organelles needed for cell division
G2
The 2 copies of each chromosome
are called ______________
homologous
chromosomes because are the
same size, same shape, and carry
genes for the same traits.
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Phase of mitosis in which nuclear
envelope fragments and
microtubules attach to the
chromosomes prophase
Phase of cell division in which
the nuclear envelope reforms and
chromosomes begin to spread out
into chromatin. telophase
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
INTERPHASE DNA is all spread out as chromatin
________________
and nuclear envelope & nucleoli
are visible
PROPHASE
________________
Chromatin condenses and
chromosomes are first visible
INTERPHASE
________________
Made up of
G1, S, G2
METAPHASE
________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of
cell
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
INTERPHASE
_______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to
divide
ANAPHASE
_______________
Chromatid arms separate and
chromosomes move to opposite ends of
the cell
TELOPHASE
_______________
Chromosomes unwind into chromatin
& nuclear envelope returns
METAPHASE
_______________
Nuclear envelope fragments &
microtubules attach to chromosomes
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
TELOPHASE
__________________
Two nuclei are visible
PROPHASE
__________________
First dividing phase
PROPHASE
__________________
Spindle begins to form &
centrosomes move toward poles
_________________
Cytoplasm is split between two
CYTOKINESIS
cells
TELOPHASE
__________________
Spindle fibers and centrosomes
disappear
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase
METAPHASE
__________________
longest dividing phase
ANAPHASE
__________________
shortest dividing phase
CYTOKINESIS
__________________ overlaps with telophase
TELOPHASE
__________________
Could also be called “reverse
prophase”
ANAPHASE
__________________
Nonkinetochore (polar) fibers
elongate the cell
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
S
G1
G2
G0
Mitosis (M)
Cytokinesis (C)
G_______
1 or G0 Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in
S
________
DNA is copied
G2
________
centrosomes are copied
G
0
________
M
________
G________
1, & G2
Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing
Division of chromosomes happens
Growth happens
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
S
G1
C
_______
G2
_______
M
_______
G2
G0
Mitosis (M)
Cytokinesis (C)
Division of cytoplasm happens
Follows S and cell makes the molecules and
organelles needed for cell division
Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase,
and metaphase
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
During which stages of a cell cycle would a
chromosome consist of two identical
Campbell Concept check 12.2
chromatids?
From end of S in interphase through the end of
metaphase of mitosis
Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal cells
and plant cells.
Campbell Concept check 12.2
Both form two identical daughter cells but mechanism is different
Animal cells occurs by cleavage, which divides the parent cell in two
using a contractile ring of actin;
In plant cells a cell plate forms in the middle and grows until its
membrane fuses with the parent cell plasma membrane;
A new cell wall is produced from the cell plate
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
IS IT MITOSIS OR
MEIOSIS?
MEIOSIS
___________
Divides twice; copies DNA once
___________
Makes somatic cells
MITOSIS
___________
Makes spores in plants/fungi
MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
___________
Makes gametes in plants
BOTH
___________
Happens in reproductive organs
like ovaries and testes
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Phase of mitosis where the
cytoplasm is split between two
cells
CYTOKINESIS
What kind of chemical reactions do
kinases catalyze?
Add phosphate groups to molecules to
activate them
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Checkpoints throughout the cell
cycle control passage to next phase.
What happens at the if a cell does not receive
a “go” signal at a checkpoint?
Cell will stay in that phase
until signal is given OR
cell receives apoptosis
signal
3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Type of cell division used by organisms to
grow bigger, repair injuries, and
replace worn out cells.
mitosis
Mass of abnormal cells
tumor
Kinases work by transferring a
phosphate group from a high energy
_________
donor molecule to another molecule.
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Regulation of the cell cycle is so key to life that
genes for these regulatory pathways have
changed little through evolution. The genes are
basically the same in yeast, plants, and animals
(including humans).
Genes for critical pathways
that have changed little
over time and are shared across many domains
are said to be highly
___________________
conserved
3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints.
• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
1.A.4.b.3. Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry.
Cdk’s are inactive unless
cyclin
_________
proteins are
attached
ACTIVE
__________
CdK’s allow cells to
pass through checkpoints and
continue to the next phase of the
cell cycle
ACTIVE
INACTIVE
3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints.
• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin.
Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would
be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?
A. spindle formation
B. spindle attachment to kinetochores
C. DNA synthesis
D. cell elongation during anaphase
E
Campbell Self-Quiz
E. cleavage furrow formation
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Type of nuclear division that
produces 2 diploid daughter cells
that are genetically identical to
the parent cell
mitosis
Type of division used by bacteria
to reproduce
Binary fission
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Name the proteins that become
active when attached to cyclins
which allow cells to proceed
past cell cycle checkpoints
Cdk’s = Cyclin dependent kinases
3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints.
•
Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
The spread of cancer cells from the original
site to a new distant location is called
metastasis
___________________
A researcher treats cells with a chemical that
prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment
traps the cells in which part of the cell
Campbell Concept check 12.3
cycle?
G
1
Proteins released by certain cells that
stimulate other cells to grow are called
Growth factors
________________________.
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell
is that
C
A. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNA
B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S phase
C. cancer cells continue to divide even when they are
tightly packed together
D. cancer cells cannot function properly because they
suffer from density-dependent inhibition
E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cycle
3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go
signs at the checkpoints.
• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control
Campbell Self-Quiz
How is METAPHASE different in mitosis vs
meiosis?
MITOSIS
Metaphase- homologous chromosomes line
up independently in middle of cell
MEIOSIS
Metaphase I- homologous chromosomes line
up together in middle of cell
Metaphase II- chromosomes line
up independently in middle of cell
3.A.2:.a.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation)
3.A.2:.c.2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other
from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
How is spermatogenesis different
from oogenesis?
Spermatogenesis produces 4 spermatids.
Oogenesis- cytoplasm divides unevenly to produce
one egg with most nutrients/organelles and 3 polar bodies
Image from http://www.differencebtw.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Difference-between-Spermatogenesis-and-Oogenesis.jpg
How is ANAPHASE different in mitosis vs
meiosis?
MITOSIS
Anaphase- sister chromatids separate
MEIOSIS
Anaphase I- homologous chromosomes separate
Anaphase II- sister chromatids separate
3.A.2:.a.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes (replication, alignment, separation)
3.A.2:.c.3. Separation of the homologous chromosomes ensures that each gamete receives a haploid (1n) set of chromosomes
composed of both maternal and paternal chromosomes.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is
caused by
A. the destruction of the protein kinase (CdK)
B. decreased synthesis of cyclin
C C. the degradation of cyclin
D. synthesis of DNA
E. an increase in the cell’s volume to genome ratio
3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Campbell Self-Quiz
In some organisms, mitosis occurs without
cytokinesis occurring. This will result in
A A. cells with more than one nucleus
B.
C.
D.
E.
cells that are unusually small
cells lacking nuclei
destruction of chromosomes
cell cycles lacking S phase
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Campbell Self-Quiz
Checkpoints throughout the cell
cycle control passage to next phase.
What happens at the M checkpoint?
Check at metaphase
to make sure
spindle apparatus is
set up and all chromosomes have been
are attached to spindle
fibers
3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
Disease in which body cells lose
their ability to control cell
division
cancer
Repeating sequence of events that
cells go through during their lifetime
Cell cycle
Essential knowledge 3.A.2:.a.2.
The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.
• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control
Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate
beginning to develop across the middle of the cell
and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell
plate. This cell is most likely
B
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis
a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis
An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle
a bacterial cell dividing
a plant cell in metaphase
3.A.2.b.2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Campbell Self-Quiz
Phase in which the nucleus
divides
mitosis
Phase in which cells have stopped
dividing and left the cycle
G0
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
3.A.2.b.5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate
cues. Nondividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
TRUE OR FALSE
Once cells have left the cycle, they
can never return and divide again
FALSE
Some cells stay in G0 once they are
mature (ex: nerve/muscle cells) BUT
most cells can reenter the cell cycle
when given appropriate signals.
3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
3.A.2.b.5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate
cues. Nondividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
The joining of gametes is
called ______________
fertilization
The cell formed during fertilization
zygote
is called a ______
Essential knowledge 3.A.2.c.5. Fertilization involves the fusion of two gametes, increases genetic variation in
populations by providing for new combinations of genetic information in the zygote, and restores the diploid
number of chromosomes.
What is the relationship between meiosis and
fertilization and maintenance of the correct
number of chromosomes in cells throughout the
life cycle of a sexually reproducing organism?
Sexually reproducing organisms need their gametes to
have ½ the number of chromosomes (1n) as a body cell
(2n) so that when gametes join the offspring will have
the correct number of chromosomes. Meiosis reduces
the number of chromosomes in gametes by ½ ;
Fertilization restores the diploid number in the zygote.
Essential knowledge 3.A.2.c.5. Fertilization involves the fusion of two gametes, increases genetic variation in
populations by providing for new combinations of genetic information in the zygote, and restores the diploid
number of chromosomes.
What affect does increasing the levels of cyclins
have on on CDK’s?
High levels of cyclin activates CdK’s into
MPF “maturation promoting factor”
or “M-phase promoting factor”
This is the signal to enter mitosis
3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
•
Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
Phase in which the DNA is
copied
S or SYNTHESIS
Phase in which cells leave the cycle
and stop dividing all together
G0
3.A.2.a.1. Interphase consists of three phases: growth, synthesis of DNA, preparation for mitosis.
5. When a cell specializes, it often enters into a stage where it no longer divides, but it can reenter the cell cycle when given appropriate cues.
Non-dividing cells may exit the cell cycle; or hold at a particular stage in the cell cycle.
Which of the following explains how the cell cycle is
regulated?
C
A. Increases in cyclin proteins increase the length of telomeres
which slows cell division
B. Increases in cyclin proteins inactivate CdK’s which results in cells
undergoing mitosis
C. Increases in cyclin proteins activate CdK’s which results in cells
undergoing mitosis.
D. Decreases in cyclin proteins phosphorylate CdK’s which results in
cells stopping at the “restriction checkpoint”
E. Cyclin proteins act as second messengers to phosphorylate
G-protein receptors in the cytoplasm
Campbell Self-Quiz
3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:
• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)
3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.
Phenomenon in which crowded
cells stop dividing
Density dependent inhibition
Most animal cells must be attached
to a substrate such as a culture dish
or extracellular matrix. This is
anchorage dependence
called ______________
Somatic cells or body cells have 2
_____________
copies of each chromosome.
A cell’s genetic information is called its
_____________
genome
Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which
have one copy of each chromosome are called
___________.
gametes
3.A.2.b.2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Name the three phases that make up interphase
and describe what happens in each.
G1 - Growth, cell is “doing its job”,
S – DNA synthesis
G2 – Growth, make organelles needed for
cell division (ex: centrosomes duplicated)
A cell spends most of its life in which phase?
.
G1 or
G0
3.A.2.a.1. Interphase consists of three phases: growth, synthesis of DNA, preparation for mitosis
How many chromatids are in a duplicated
chromosome?
2
After synthesis of DNA during mitosis,
sister chromatids are
IDENTICAL
SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL
After synthesis of DNA during mitosis,
homologous chromosomes are
IDENTICAL
SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.9 The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted to
the next generation via mitosis, or meiosis followed by fertilization. [See SP 6.2]
After prophase I of meiosis, sister chromatids
are
IDENTICAL
SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL
What happens during prophase I that results in
this difference?
CROSSING OVER
3.A.2.c.4. During meiosis, homologous chromatids exchange genetic material via a process called "crossing over," which
increases genetic variation in the resultant gametes. [See also 3.C.2]
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.9 The student is able to construct an explanation, using visual representations or narratives, as to how DNA in chromosomes is transmitted to
the next generation via mitosis, or meiosis followed by fertilization. [See SP 6.2]
A koala bear has 16 chromosomes in its somatic cells;
how many did the koala inherit from each parent?
16 total; 8 from each parent
How many chromosomes are in each of the koala’s
gametes?
8
How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cell
of the koala’s offspring?
16
3.A.2. c.1. Meiosis ensures that each gamete receives one complete haploid (1n) set of chromosomes
What is the function of non-kinetochore
microtubules?
Elongate cell during anaphase
Campbell Concept check 12.2
What role do actin microfilaments play in
cytokinesis?
Actin microfilaments
-Assemble under the membrane at the cytokinesis site;
- Create a ring around cell that tightens to pinch cell during
cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
- Interact with myosin motor proteins to generate force to
pinch cell in two;
3.A.2.b.
2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the
mitotic process.
Evidence of student learning is demonstrated by knowing the order of the processes
(replication, alignment, separation).
What is the function of non-kinetochore
microtubules?
Campbell Concept check 12.2
Elongate cell during anaphase
Identify three similarities between bacterial
chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes,
considering both structure and behavior during
Campbell Concept check 12.2
cell division.
Each consists of a single molecule of DNA with attached proteins;
During cell division the two copies actively move apart;
After cell division, one copy ends up in each daughter cell
3.A.2.b.2. Mitosis followed by cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Which of the following does NOT occur during
mitosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
condensation of the chromosomes
replication of DNA
separation of sister chromatids
spindle formation
separation of the centrosomes
B happens in interphase (S)
3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Campbell Self-Quiz
In the light micrograph below dividing cells near the tip
of an onion root, identify a cell in each of the
following stages:
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Campbell Self-Quiz
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
REST ARE
INTERPHASE
3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
A particular cell has half as much DNA as
some of the other cells in a mitotically
active tissue. The cell in question is most
likely in
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
G1
G2
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
3.A.2.b. 1. Mitosis occurs after DNA replication
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle.
Campbell Self-Quiz
IS IT MITOSIS OR
MEIOSIS?
MITOSIS
___________
Produces 2 identical diploid cells
___________
Results in genetic recombination
MEIOSIS
___________
Used for growth, repair
MITOSIS
MITOSIS
___________
NO synapsis/No crossing over
MEIOSIS
___________
Produces gametes for sexual
reproduction in animals
Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used
to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the
assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be related
to
A A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
disruption of mitotic spindle formation
inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylation
suppression of cyclin production
myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation
inhibition of DNA synthesis
Campbell Self-Quiz
3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
Explain when AND why DNA is switched
between CHROMOSOME and CHROMATIN
forms.
DNA is less tightly packed in order to read or copy
information (in non-dividing cells)
DNA is condensed because its easier
to move during cell division
3.A.2.b.4. Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.
LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]
http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/mitosis.cartoon.jpg
Which phase of mitosis could be called
“reverse prophase” ?
Discuss events that happen in these phases to
provide evidence for your answer.
TELOPHASE
• nuclear membrane disappears in prophase
and returns in telophas
• centrosome/centrioles/spindle appear in prophase
and disappear in telophase
• chromatin condenses into chromosomes in prophase
and unwinds in telophase
SP6.1 Student can justify claims with evidence.
THE END