LATIN PRONOUNS THE BASICS • Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives • The endings are mostly those of 1st/2nd declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but some forms are irregular. In particular, the genitive singular has the special ending –ius and the dative singular borrows the –ī ending from the 3rd declension. These two endings always remain the same for all three genders • The i in the -ius actually stands for a double-consonant in eius, huius and cuius, which are thus pronounced EY-yus, HUY-yus and CUY-yus. In other pronouns the –i is long and takes the stress –e.g. illīus, normally pronounced il-LI-us • These special `pronominal’ endings for dative and genitive are also used by nine adjectives that otherwise normally follow the regular – us, -a, -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern: ūnus (one), nūllus (none), ūllus (any), sōlus (alone), neuter (neither) alius (neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud) (other), uter (which of two), tōtus (whole), alter (the other of two) is, ea, id (singular) • Can be translated `this’ or `that’ but often just the equivalent of `him’, `her’, `his’, `them’ etc. • The nominative does not need to be used very often because the meaning `he’, `she’, `they’ etc, is contained within an ordinary verb. Compare: – Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him) – Canem spectat (He looks at the dog) is (singular) Masc Nominative is Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut ea id is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam id Genitive Dative Ablative is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam id Genitive Dative Ablative eius is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam id Genitive Dative Ablative eius eī is (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative is ea id Accusative eum eam id Genitive eius eī Dative Ablative eō eā eō is (plural) Masc Nominative eī (or iī) Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut eae ea is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs eās ea Genitive Dative Ablative is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs eās ea eārum eōrum Genitive Dative Ablative eōrum is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs eās ea eārum eōrum Genitive Dative Ablative eōrum eīs (or iīs) is (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eī (or iī) eae ea Accusative eōs eās ea eārum eōrum Genitive eōrum Dative eīs (or iīs) Ablative eīs (or iīs) īdem, eadem, idem • A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix `dem’ meaning `the same’. • An `m’ before the suffix becomes `n’ – *eumdem > eundem – *eōrumdem > eōrundem • Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative singular masculine and neuter – *isdem > īdem (long vowel) – *iddem > idem (short vowel) īdem (singular) Masc Nominative īdem Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut eadem idem īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem idem Genitive Dative Ablative īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem idem Genitive Dative Ablative eiusdem īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem idem Genitive Dative Ablative eiusdem eīdem īdem (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative īdem eadem idem Accusative eundem eandem idem Genitive eiusdem eīdem Dative Ablative eōdem eādem eōdem īdem (plural) Masc Nominative eīdem Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut eaedem eadem īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem eadem Genitive Dative Ablative īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem eadem eārundem eōrundem Genitive Dative Ablative eōrundem īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem eadem eārundem eōrundem Genitive Dative Ablative eōrundem eīsdem īdem (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative eīdem eaedem eadem Accusative eōsdem eāsdem eadem eārundem eōrundem Genitive eōrundem Dative eīsdem Ablative eīsdem hic, haec, hoc • The basic meaning is `this/these’ but it is also used to mean `the latter’ (contrasting with ille for `the former’) • The word is less irregular than it looks as most of the case forms (apart from the usual pronominal dative singular –i and genitve singular –ius) are the regular 1st/2nd declension ones plus -c (the remains of what was originally a separate word). An m turns into n before this: – *hamc > hanc • The feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative/accusative plural are identical - haec The pronoun is nonetheless weird enough for many people to take it as a bit of a joke. The illustration is from Book 1 of Oulton’s So You Really Want to Learn Latin hic (singular) Masc Nominative hic Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut haec hoc hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc hoc Genitive Dative Ablative hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc hoc Genitive Dative Ablative huius hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc hoc Genitive huius Dative huic Ablative hic (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hic haec hoc Accusative hunc hanc hoc Genitive huius Dative huic Ablative hōc hāc hōc hic (plural) Masc Nominative hī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut hae haec hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās haec Genitive Dative Ablative hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās haec hārum hōrum Genitive Dative Ablative hōrum hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās haec hārum hōrum Genitive Dative Ablative hōrum hīs hic (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative hī hae haec Accusative hōs hās haec hārum hōrum Genitive hōrum Dative hīs Ablative hīs ille, illa, illud (singular) • Basic meaning is `that’, but also means `the former’ (contrasting with hic for `the latter’) • Endings are almost all regular, except for the masculine and neuter singular nominative (ille, illud) and the pronominal –īus and –ī for genitive and dative singular • This word is the origin for the definite article and the words for he and she in most Romance languages ille (singular) Masc Nominative ille Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut illa illud ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam illud Genitive Dative Ablative ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam illud Genitive Dative Ablative illīus ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam illud Genitive Dative Ablative illīus illī ille (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ille illa illud Accusative illum illam illud illīus Genitive illī Dative Ablative illō illā illō ille (plural) Masc Nominative illī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut illae illa ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās illa Genitive Dative Ablative ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās illa illārum illōrum Genitive Dative Ablative illōrum ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās illa illārum illōrum Genitive Dative Ablative illōrum illīs ille (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative illī illae illa Accusative illōs illās illa illārum illōrum Genitive illōrum Dative illīs Ablative illīs iste, ista, istud • The basic meaning is `that’, in the sense of distant from the speaker but probably near the person being spoken to. • It can often be translated as `that…of yours’, with the implication that the object or person described is worthless. – Iste amīcus mē minimē dēlectat. (I don’t at all like that friend of yours) • The endings are exactly the same as those of ille iste (singular) Masc Nominative iste Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut ista istud iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam istud Genitive Dative Ablative iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam istud Genitive Dative Ablative istīus iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam istud Genitive Dative Ablative istīus istī iste (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative iste ista istud Accusative istum istam istud istīus Genitive istī Dative Ablative istō istā istō iste (plural) Masc Nominative istī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut istae ista iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās ista Genitive Dative Ablative iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās ista istārum istōrum Genitive Dative Ablative istōrum iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās ista istārum istōrum Genitive Dative Ablative istōrum istīs iste (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative istī istae ista Accusative istōs istās ista istārum istōrum Genitive istōrum Dative istīs Ablative istīs THE EMPHATIC PRONOUN (ipse, ipsa, ipsum) • This pronoun (translatable as himself, herself, itself, themselves etc.) must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive pronoun (sē, sibi etc.) which is translated into English in exactly the same way. The emphatic pronoun is used simply in order to emphasise another word, NOT to show that the action done by the subject `bends back’ (the meaning of `reflexive’) to affect that subject. – Caesar ipse Cicerōnem laudat (The action done by Caesar affects Cicero, not Caesar) • Caesar himself praises Cicero – Caesar sē laudat (Caesar’s action affects Caesar, not someone else) • Caesar praises himself • The endings are the same as those of ille or iste, except for the neuter nominative and accusative singular (ipsum) and thus identical with the regular endings of an –us, -a, -um adjective except for the masculine nominative singular (ipse) and the typical pronominal endings –ius and –ī in the genitive and dative singular respectively ipse (singular) Masc Nominative ipse Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut ipsa ipsum ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum Genitive Dative Ablative ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum Genitive Dative Ablative ipsīus ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum Genitive Dative Ablative ipsīus ipsī ipse (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsīus Genitive ipsī Dative Ablative ipsō ipsā ipsō ipse (plural) Masc Nominative ipsī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut ipsae ipsa ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās ipsa Genitive Dative Ablative ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās ipsa ipsārum ipsōrum Genitive Dative Ablative ipsōrum ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās ipsa ipsārum ipsōrum Genitive Dative Ablative ipsōrum ipsīs ipse (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Accusative ipsōs ipsās ipsa ipsārum ipsōrum Genitive ipsōrum Dative ipsīs Ablative ipsīs THE RELATIVE PRONOUN (quī, quae, quod) • This pronoun (translatable as who, which, whose, that etc.) is used in order to add to a sentence an additional statement about a noun. The pronoun’s case depends on its function within its own clause, and its number and gender upon the noun it refers to. – Rēgīna, quae heri advēnit, nihil dīxit – Rēgīna, quam heri vīdimus, nihil dīxit – Rēgīnae, quibus dōna dedimus, nihil dīxērunt • • The endings are virtually the same as those of hic with the c left off, except for the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quod), the masculine singular accusative (quem) and the alternative dative and ablative plural (quibus). Another peculiarity is the spelling with initial c rather than q in the genitive and dative singular (cuius, cui) The interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions, is identical to the relative pronoun except for the masculine and feminine nominative singular (quis) and the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quid). The masculine accusative singular quem is also normally used for the feminine also. This pronoun can also be used with the meaning `anyone’ or `anything’ after sī, nisi, num and nē – Quis pecūniam cēpit? Quid dīxistī? Cuius liber est in mēnsā? – Sī quis silvam intrābit, interficiētur Timeō nē quis dē integritāte meā dubitet • The interrogative adjective, which has to be used in a phrase with a noun, has exactly the same forms as the relative pronoun. – Quī discipulus fenestram frēgit? Quōs librōs lēgistī? OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS • quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (a certain….) is used adjectivally like a stronger form of the indefinite article (a, an) to introduce a person or thing not mentioned before. It is formed by adding the suffix –dam to the relative pronoun and, as with īdem/eadem/idem, a final m becomes n in front of d (e.g. *quōrumdam > quōrundam). If used as a pronoun, the neuter nom./acc. becomes quiddam (= a certain thing) – – – • The pronoun aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (someone, something) follows the pattern of the interrogative pronoun except that –a (i.e. the regular ending in –us, -am –um adjectives like bonus) is used in the feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative an accusative plural. – – • Aliquid bibere vīs? Do you want to drink something? Servī aliqua ā vīllā portābant. The slaves were fetching some things from the villa. Quisquam/quisquam/quicquam (anyone, anything), which is used in negative sentences, is formed by adding the suffix –quam to the interrogative pronoun. The final d in the neuter nominative/accusative singular changes to c. – • Homō quīdam dēscendēbat Hierosolymā in Iericho. Ad urbem quandam pervēnērunt. Caesar mihi quiddam dedit. Quemquam nōn vīdī. I didn’t see anybody. The indefinite pronoun quisque/quaeque/quidque (quīque/quaeque/ quodque as an adjective), meaning each one, also follows the same pattern but has a separate form in –ae for the nominative singular feminine. Note that the ablative singular masculine/ neuter (quōque) is distinguished by the long ō from quoque (also). – – Quōque diē Saturnī convenīmus. We meet every Saturday. Cuīque dōnum dedit. He gave a present to each one. OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS (concluded) • Finally, the pronoun quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (whoever, whatever etc.) follows the pattern of the relative pronoun quī/quae/quod – In quamcumque domum intraveritis, primum dicite: Pax huic domui In whatever house you have entered, first say `Peace to this house!’ – Quīcumque hunc ānulum diabolicum adeptus erit, magnam clādem patiētur. Whoever has gained possession of this devilish ring will suffer a great disaster. quī (singular) Masc Nominative quī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut quae quod quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam quod Genitive Dative Ablative quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam quod Genitive Dative Ablative cuius quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam quod Genitive Dative Ablative cuius cui quī (singular) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quod Accusative quem quam quod Genitive cuius cui Dative Ablative quō quā quō quī (plural) Masc Nominative quī Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Fem Neut quae quae quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quae Accusative quōs quās quae Genitive Dative Ablative quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quae Accusative quōs quās quae quārum quōrum Genitive Dative Ablative quōrum quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quae Accusative quōs quās quae quārum quōrum Genitive Dative Ablative quōrum quīs/quibus quī (plural) Masc Fem Neut Nominative quī quae quae Accusative quōs quās quae quārum quōrum Genitive quōrum Dative quīs/quibus Ablative quīs/quibus EGO, TŪ and SĒ • Whilst the English pronouns I and you are often the subject of sentences, ego and tū are not, because their meaning is contained already in the verb endings. The Latin pronouns are therefore generally only used in the nominative when special emphasis is required: . – – – – Caesarem in templō saepe videō. Ego Caesarem in templō saepe videō Computātrum frēgistī Tū computātrum frēgistī I often see Caesar in the temple I often see Caesar in the temple You broke the computer. You broke the computer • The retroflex pronoun sē is used for referring back to the subject when the same person or thing is both performing an action and affected by it. It has to be translated himself, herself, itself or themselves, according to context, and must be distinguished from ipse, which is translated in the same way but used only to emphasise another word. • The genitive of these words is not used for simple possession, which is instead expressed by the adjectives meus, tuus and suus – – – Quis librum meum abstulit? Petrus servōs meōs emere volēbat Maria amīcās suās invitāvit Who took my book away? Peter wanted to buy my slaves Mary invited her own friends • All these pronouns have the ablative singular and accusative singular ending in -e, whilst tū and sē are similar to each other throughout the singular • Latin has no special words for myself, yourself etc. and simply uses mē, tē etc. – Tē pulsāvī I hit you - Mē pulsāvī I hit myself SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative I you himself etc. ego tū - SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive Dative Ablative SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive meī tuī suī Dative Ablative SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi tibi sibi Ablative SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) I you himself etc. Nominative ego tū - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi tibi sibi Ablative mē tē sē PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you - Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative themselves nōs vōs sē PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you - Nominative Accusative Genitive themselves nōs vōs nostrī/ nostrum vestrī/ vestrum sē suī Dative sibi Ablative sē PLURAL (we, you, themselves) I you - Nominative Accusative Genitive nōs vōs nostrī/ nostrum vestrī/ vestrum Dative Ablative themselves nōbīs vōbīs sē suī sibi sē