Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)
•Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa
•Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval ships
Anti-British/Pro-French
•Almost allied with England and went to war with France
to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.
Against slavery
•Owned 200 slaves
Strict Construction of Constitution
•Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of
Louisiana territory
Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to
put into practice in a “realistic world”.
•Born in Virginia
•Graduate of William and
Mary College
•A practicing lawyer and
member of Virginia’s House of
Burgesses
•Father of the DOI
•Secretary of State under
President Washington
•Vice President under Adams
•Owned 200 slaves
•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)
•Born in Newark N.J.
•Fought with the continental
Army in the Revolutionary
war.
•A practicing lawyer in New
York City against Hamilton
•Vice President of the United
States (1801-1805).
•Kills Alexander Hamilton in a
duel
•Involved in the Burr
Conspiracy
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
• Mudslinging
• Modern Campaigns
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
• Jefferson wins 73 to 65
• Role of Aaron Burr
• Situation with Aaron Burr
• 12th Amendment
1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused
flaws in the electoral college
Parties chose their candidates and electors
would vote for them
Federalists
Democratic Republicans
Adams--Pres---65
Hamilton---VP
Jefferson---Pres.---73
Burr---VP----73
2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of
Representatives chose Jefferson.
3. To eliminate future problems
12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which
person they want for President and VP on separate
ballots so their would never be a tie.
electoral
college
John S. Adams
Federalist
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic/Republican
Significance of Election of 1800
• peaceful transfer of power from one
political party to another
• “revolutionary” achievement
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
• “the minority possess their equal rights,
which equal law must protect, and to
violate would be oppression”
• “We are all Republicans, We are all
Federalists”
• “honest friendship with all nations,
entangling alliances with none”
• Washington D.C. and it’s image
• New role of President
Jeffersonian Restraint
• Alien and Sedition Acts expired
• Pardoned “martyrs”
• Naturalization Law of 1802
• Only change, No more excise tax
• Adams was the last Federalist
president
• Jefferson kept most of Federalist
policies
• Federalist diplomats had signed
good treaties with England, Spain,
France, and kept US out of war.
• Federalists preserved democratic
gains, while fending off anarchy
Responsibility › Moderation
• Jefferson integrated democratic principles
into presidency, including walking, pell-mell
dining, casual dress
• Set precedent of sending messages to
Congress to be read, rather than speaking
himself
• Jefferson dismissed few Federalist
appointments, used very little patronage,
consistent with conciliatory inaugural address
• Jefferson as politician used personal charm to
sway congressional representatives
Restraint Helps Revolution
Jefferson axed a few Federalist policies
• Pardoned those convicted under expired
Sedition Act
• Reduced residency requirement for
citizenship back to 5 years
• Repealed hated excise tax
• Made efforts to eliminate debt
Restraint Helps Revolution
• Yet Jefferson showed restraint by
leaving most of Federalist program
• Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding
at par, or assumption of debt
• Helped 2-party system by showing
that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t
mean disaster
•Jefferson’s Presidency is
considered a transitional period
in US History.
•Many historians look at this
time period as the beginning of
the true democracy.
•Believed National Government
became too powerful during
Adam’s Presidency
•Would try to reduce National
Govt. power but actually
expands Presidential power.
KING GEORGE
FEDERALISTS
JEFFERSON
Jeffersonian
democracy
•Champion for the common man
•Believed education would prepare them for
participation in government…..
•For now, educated should rule…
•Believed National Government became too
powerful during Adam’s Presidency
•Kept most Federalist programs. WHY?
•Washington/Adams laid a solid foundation for USA.
•Repealed the Whiskey tax
•Kept Hamilton’s financial policies—BUS
•Eliminated Alien Act
Jeffersonian
democracy
•Visualized an agrarian society
•Feared industrialization and its effects ….
•Farmers were the chosen class.
•Laissez faire--govt. stays out of people’s
lives
•Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would
end but predicted it would divide U.S…Ultimate goal,
Blacks would assimilate into American society
•Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but
would have to learn agricultural ways and become selfsufficient… For that time, Indians and whites could not
co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes
to western lands
•Believed education the key to social mobility
Jeffersonian democracy
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
• Judiciary Act of 1801- created 16 new
federal judges
• Last act of dying Federalists Party
• New Congress repels law and gets rid of
“midnight judges”
• Marshall Court- Marbury vs. Madison
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
• Shrink the military to save money
• “peaceful coercion”
• Barbary Coast Pirates
• Bribes and plunder
• “Shores of Tripoli”
• Mosquito fleet
• http://video.foxnews.com/v/4591657901001
/americas-forgotten-war-jefferson-takes-onpirates/?intcmp=hpff#sp=show-clips
• 1801: Pasha of
Tripoli was not
happy with his
share of dollars
• Informally declared
war on US.
Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched
navy, secured peace for $60,000 ransom
for American sailors.
Barbary raids
 Small gunboats used with some
success in Tripoli
 Jefferson interested in their cost
savings.
 “Mosquito fleet” of 200 small
gunboats constructed.
 War of 1812: these boats would prove
to be ineffective.
The Louisiana Godsend
• Spain cedes Louisiana to France
• Mississippi?
• Louisiana Purchase
– Haiti
– Better American than the British
• Strict vs. loose interpretation
French Land in
1801
•Great Britain
after the
Revolution.
•United States
after War
•Spanish land
New Orleans
•1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
•Because of pressure from the west and national security
threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France
•Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans
•If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England
Haitian rev
New Orleans Under My Wings
The French and Spanish developed this port city during the
eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United
States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future
expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)
Haitian rev
•Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in
French Haiti.
•Napoleon unable to put down this rebellion which he wanted to
use this island as stepping stone into America….
•Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.
Louisiana
purchase
•Since Napoleon was at war with
Great Britain he offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for $15
million
•Needed the money for his war
with Great Britain
•Jefferson purchased Louisiana
Territory for $15 million, about 3
cents an acre
•Doubled the size of the US
•Jefferson’s greatest
accomplishment
•Why? Didn’t fight a war, no
blood shed.
Does the President have the right to purchase land if
it is not expressed in the US Constitution?
Jefferson used implied powers or loose construction
to justify his decision
“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a
guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing
an important adjacent territory; and saying to him when
of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to
bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the
scrape as I can: I thought it my duty to risk myself for
you.”
Madison to Jefferson
“Mr. President, you are only extending this republic over a
larger area of land.”
LP Constitutional ?
Does the President have the right to purchase
land if it is not expressed in the US
Constitution?
•Hamilton and Federalists were against this
purchase
•Why? Population shift take Federalist
power away in Congress
•Feared Jefferson’s vision of an “agrarian
society”
•Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of
democracy”
LP Constitutional ?
Expansion of the United States
Map 6 of 45
Expansion of the United States
Map 7 of 45
with Louisiana Purchase 1803
•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends
personal secretary Meriwether
Lewis and army officer William Clark
to explore north Louisiana
•Corp of Discovery: 28 men who
accompanied Lewis/Clark.
•Exploration yielded maps,
knowledge of Indians, overland trail
to Pacific
•President Jefferson wanted to find
the Northwest Passage
•United States’ claim to the Pacific
Northwest
•Interpreter and guide for Lewis
and Clark
•Her knowledge of trails and
mountain passes helped with
the success of the expedition.
•She was also a “diplomat” for
Lewis and Clark. Many tribes
had never seen white men
before.
•Her presence with a baby was
looked upon as good and
Lewis and Clark were
considered peaceful.
Map LP/3
The Aaron Burr Conspiracies
• Dropped from the cabinet in 2nd term
• Secession of New York and New
England
• Alexander Hamilton
• The Duel
• Treason and Flee to Europe
Secretly forming a political
pact with some radical New
England Federalists.
Burr planned to win the
governorship of New York in
1804.
Unite that state with the New
England states, and then lead
this group of states to secede
from the nation
Most Federalists followed Alexander Hamilton in
opposing Burr, who was defeated in the New York election
The conspiracy then disintegrated
embargo1
Angered by an
insulting remark
attributed to Hamilton,
Burr challenged the
Federalist leader to a
duel and fatally shot
him
Hamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the
Federalists of their last great leader and earned
Burr the enmity of many
embargo1
In 1806, Burr planned to
take Mexico from Spain
and possibly unite it with
Louisiana under his rule
Jefferson learned of the
conspiracy and ordered
Burr’s arrest and trial for
treason
A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on
Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the
lack of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr
America: A Nutcrackered Neutral
• Reelection in 1804
• War between France and Britain
– Deadlock in Europe
– British Pass Orders of Council
• No one trades with France
– Continental System
• No one trades with GB
– Impressment
– U.S.S. Chesapeake
impressment
Impressment
An act of kidnapping
a ship, its contents,
men and forcing
them into your navy
1806: England closed
ports under French
control to foreign shipping
(incl. US), seized US ships
& impressed Americans.
Napoleon ordered seizure
of all merchant ships that
entered British ports.
Chesapeake affair
•1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of
Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed
Chesapeake article
Regarding the Chesapeake
Affair, the Washington
Federalist reported,
“We have never, on any
occasion, witnessed the spirit
of the people excited to so
great a degree of indignation,
or such a thirst for revenge,
as on hearing of the late
unexampled outrage on the
Chesapeake. All parties,
ranks and professions were
unanimous in their
detestation of the dastardly
deed, and all cried aloud for
vengeance.”
Most Americans were angered over this incident and
public opinion was to go to war with the British.
The Hated Embargo
• Response– Embargo Act of 1807
•
•
•
•
Trade with no one
Economy Hurt
Repelled just before leaving office
Showed dependency on Europe
•Jefferson’s
response to the
Chesapeake Affair
was the Embargo
Act of 1807….
•Short of war,
Jefferson
attempted to
defend our
neutrality by
stopping all
American exports
to the world.
embargo1
•Reasoning: Since England and France were at war
with one another and traded for most of their natural
resources with U.S., if we cut off our exports to them it
would force them to respect our neutrality….THIS IS
CALLED ECONOMIC COERCION.
•It would have the reverse effect……
•The Embargo Act not only hurt France and Britain but
it also hurt U.S. trade which was our economic survival
as a nation. As a result, many Americans defied the
law and began to smuggle goods from these countries
as well as others.
•Hurt American businesses
•New Englander’s shift from trade to industry
•U.S. smuggled
•New England talked of secession…..
•Lasted 15 months, repealed in March of 1809
embargo2
embargo2
A Federalist circular in Massachusetts
against the embargo cried out,
“Let every man who holds the name of
America dear to him , stretch forth his hands
and put this accursed thing, this Embargo
from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty,
of God, and your country; nerve your arms
with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson)
who would wrest the inestimable germ of
your Independence from you---and you shall
be Conquerors!!!”
•American people were
hostile towards Jefferson
•Referred to the Embargo
as “Dambargo, Mobrage,
Go Bar Em”….
•Would be replaced by the
Non-Intercourse Act by
President Madison which
allowed U.S. exports and
trade but not with France
and Great Britain……
“Our ships all in motion,
Once whiten’d the ocean;
They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;
Now doom’d to decay
They are fallen a prey,
To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”