Introduction To
Wireless Sensor Networks
By : Prof.Manoj Kavedia
SHMIT-Unr-3
www.kavediaSir.Yolasite.Com
Introduction



Wireless Sensor Networks are networks that consists
of sensors which are distributed in an ad hoc
manner.
These sensors work with each other to sense some
physical phenomenon and then the information
gathered is processed to get relevant results.
Wireless sensor networks consists of protocols and
algorithms with self-organizing capabilities.
Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network is a collection of
nodes organized into a cooperative network.
Each node consists of processing capability
may contain multiple types of memory have
an RF transceiver, have a power source
(e.g.,
batteries
and
solar
accommodate various sensors.
cells),
and
Example
Example- Smart Fluid Level
Detection
Capacitive sensor
for fluid level
Contact less
transmission
of power and
readings
 Integrates several
technologies:
- Radio transmissions
- Sensor technology
8-bit processor - Magnetic inductance for
power
- Computer used for
calibration
 Impossible without the
computer
 Meaningless without the
Inductive coil for
RF
electronics
ID activation &
power
CPU and reading coil in the table. Reports the
level of fluid in the glass, alerts servers when
close to empty
Page 5
Wireless Sensor Networks
Layout
Communication Network
A communication network is composed of
nodes, each of which has computing power and
can
transmit
and
receive
messages
communication links, wireless or cabled.
over
Basic Network Topologies

Star Topology

Ring Topology

Bus Topology

Tree Topology

Fully Connected Networks

Mesh Networks
Star Topology
All nodes of the star topology are connected to a single
hub node. The hub requires greater message handling,
routing, and decision-making capabilities than the other
nodes. If a communication link is cut, it only affects one
node. However, if the hub is incapacitated the network
is destroyed.
Ring Topology
In the ring topology all nodes perform the
same function and there is no leader node.
Messages generally travel around the ring in
a single direction.
However, if the ring is cut, all
communication is lost.
Bus Topology
In
the
bus
topology,
messages
are
broadcast on the bus to all nodes. Each
node checks the destination address in the
message
header,
and
messages addressed to it.
processes
the
Tree Topology
In Tree Topology there will be a root node
and the root node has two branches. Each
branch may again contains branches and so
on.
Fully-connected Network
In
a
fully
connected
Network
when
additional nodes are added, the number of
links increases exponentially.
Mesh Network
Mesh networks
are regularly
distributed
networks that generally allow transmission
only to a node’s nearest neighbors. The
nodes
in
these
networks
identical.
Mesh nets can be good models for
large-scale
networks
of
wireless
sensors that are distributed over a
geographic region.
are
generally
Communication Network
continue …
A single network may consist of several
interconnected
subnets
of
different
topologies. Networks are further classified
as Local Area Networks (LAN), e.g. inside
one building, or Wide Area Networks (WAN),
e.g. between buildings.
Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a
wireless
network
distributed
consisting
autonomous
of
spatially
devices
using
sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or
environmental
temperature,
conditions,
sound,
vibration,
such
as
pressure,
motion or pollutants, at different locations.
Wireless Sensor Networks
The
development
networks
military
was
of
originally
applications
surveillance.
wireless
sensor
motivated
such
However,
continue …
as
by
battlefield
wireless
sensor
networks are now used in many civilian
application
and
areas,
habitat
including
environment
monitoring,
healthcare
applications, home automation, and traffic
control.
Sensor Node

Networks of typically small, battery-powered,
wireless devices.
• On-board processing,
• Communication, and
• Sensing capabilities.
Sensors
Storage
Processor
Radio
WSN device schematics
P
O
W
E
R
Sensor Node
continue …
In addition to one or more sensors, each
node
in
a
sensor
network
is
typically
equipped with a radio transceiver or other
wireless communications device, a small
microcontroller,
and
an
energy
usually a battery.
source,
Sensors
Storage
Processor
Radio
WSN device schematics
P
O
W
E
R
What are motes?



Motes mainly consist of three parts:Mote basically consists of a low cost
and power computer.
The computer monitors one or more
sensors. Sensors may be for
temperature, light, sound, position,
acceleration, vibration, stress, weight,
pressure, humidity, etc.
The computer connects to the outside
world with a radio link.
21
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Mica 2 Motes



These motes sold by
Crossbow were originally
developed at the University of
California Berkeley.
The MICA2 motes are based
on the ATmega128L AVR
microprocessor. The motes
run using TinyOS as the
operating system.
MICA 2 MOTE
Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product
_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.
pdf
Mica2 mote is one of the most
popular and commercially
available sensors which are
marketed by CrossBow
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
technologies.
22
Telosb Motes



Telosb motes have USB programming
capability
An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data
rate radio with integrated antenna, a
low-power MCU
There are also equipped with extended
memory and an optional sensor suite
23
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
What are motes?



Motes mainly consist of three parts:Mote basically consists of a low cost
and power computer.
The computer monitors one or more
sensors. Sensors may be for
temperature, light, sound, position,
acceleration, vibration, stress, weight,
pressure, humidity, etc.
The computer connects to the outside
world with a radio link.
24
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Mica 2 Motes



These motes sold by
Crossbow were originally
developed at the University of
California Berkeley.
The MICA2 motes are based
on the ATmega128L AVR
microprocessor. The motes
run using TinyOS as the
operating system.
MICA 2 MOTE
Ref:http://www.xbow.com/Products/Product
_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.
pdf
Mica2 mote is one of the most
popular and commercially
available sensors which are
marketed by CrossBow
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
technologies.
25
Telosb Motes



Telosb motes have USB programming
capability
An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data
rate radio with integrated antenna, a
low-power MCU
There are also equipped with extended
memory and an optional sensor suite
26
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
TELOSB MOTE
Ref:http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/labs/lab1/telosb.JPG
27
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
One Example Sensor Board - MTS310
28
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
One More Example of Sensor
Board - MTS400/420

Besides the functions of MTS 300, it mainly
adds GPS functionality

Further Reading

http://firebug.sourceforge.net/gps_tests.htm
29
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Hardware Setup Overview
30
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Programming Board (MIB520)
31
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
One Proposed WSN Functional Layer
Decomposition

Ref: Fig. 1.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation
32
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Architecture to Build WSN
Applications

Ref: Fig. 2.1 of J. Polastre Dissertation
33
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensor Node
continue …
Sensor Node
continue …
Sensor
Network
Antenna
Server
Interface
electronics, radio
and microcontroller
Soil moisture
probe
Communications
barrier
Sensor field
Mote
Gateway
Internet
Computer Revolution
Original IBM PC (1981)
MICAZ Mote (2005)
4.77 MHz
4 MHz
16-256 KB RAM
128 KB RAM
160 KB Floppies
512 KB Flash
~ $6K (today)
~ $35
~ 64 W
~14 mW
25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch
0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25
inch
Sensor Network
Server
Watershed
Sensor
field
Gateway
Internet
Network Model for WSN
A
wireless
sensor
network
consists
of
hundreds or thousands of low cost nodes
which could either have a fixed location or
randomly
deployed
to
monitor
the
environment. The flowing of data ends at
special
nodes
called
base
stations
(sometimes they are also referred to as
sinks).
Network Model for WSN
continue …
A base station links the sensor network to
another
network
(like
a
gateway)
to
disseminate the data sensed for further
processing. Base stations have enhanced
capabilities over simple sensor nodes since
they must do complex data processing.
Network Model for WSN
continue …
This justifies the fact that bases stations
have workstation/laptop class processors,
and of course enough memory, energy,
storage and computational power to perform
their tasks well.
Future of WSN
Smart Home / Smart Office



42
Sensors controlling
appliances and electrical
devices in the house.
Better lighting and
heating in office
buildings.
The Pentagon building
has used sensors
extensively.
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Biomedical / Medical



Health Monitors
• Glucose
• Heart rate
• Cancer detection
Chronic Diseases
• Artificial retina
• Cochlear implants
Hospital Sensors
• Monitor vital signs
• Record anomalies
43
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Military
Remote deployment of
sensors for tactical
monitoring of enemy
troop movements.
44
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Industrial & Commercial

Numerous industrial and commercial
applications:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agricultural Crop Conditions
Inventory Tracking
In-Process Parts Tracking
Automated Problem Reporting
RFID – Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing
Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring
45
Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
Traffic Management & Monitoring

Future cars could use
wireless sensors to:


Handle Accidents
Handle Thefts
Sensors embedded
in the roads to:
–Monitor traffic flows
–Provide real-time
route
updates Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
46
Usage of Sensor Networks
Environmental Observation:
Sensor
networks
can
be
used
to
monitor
environmental changes. An example could be water
pollution detection in a lake that is located near a
factory that uses chemical substances. Sensor
nodes could be randomly deployed in unknown and
hostile areas and relay the exact origin of a
pollutant.
Other
examples
include
forest
fire
detection, air pollution and rainfall observation in
agriculture.
Usage of Sensor Networks
continue …
Military Monitoring:
Military uses sensor networks for battlefield
surveillance;
sensors
could
monitor
vehicular traffic, track the position of the
enemy.
Usage of Sensor Networks
Building Monitoring:
continue …
Sensors can also be used in large buildings
or factories monitoring climate changes.
Thermostats and temperature sensor nodes
are deployed all over the building’s area. In
addition, sensors could be used to monitor
vibration that could damage the structure of
a building.
Usage of Sensor Networks
continue …
Healthcare:
Sensors
can
be
used
in
biomedical
applications to improve the quality of the
provided care. Sensors are implanted in the
human body to monitor medical problems
like cancer and help patients maintain their
health.
Usage of Sensor Networks-Health Care
Why WSN-The Present..
According to forecasts, future of IT characterized by terms such as
• Disappearing computer,
• Ubiquitous computing,
• Pervasive computing,
• Ambient intelligence,
• Post-PC era,
• Cyber-physical systems.
Basic Technology
– Embedded Systems
– Communication technologies
The future is embedded, embedded is the future
Page 52
Embedded System..



Embedded system: computing systems designed for a specific
purpose.
Embedded system = Processor + Communication device + Memory +
I/O
Embedded software is software integrated with physical processes
Page 53
“(CPS-Cy-Phy)”
Cyber Physical Systems
are integrations of computation with
physical processes.”
[Edward Lee, 2006]
Page 54
Cyber Physical System




Cyber – computation, communication, and control that are
discrete, logical, and switched
Physical – natural and human-made systems governed by the
laws of physics and operating in continuous time
Cyber-Physical Systems – systems in which the cyber and
physical systems are tightly integrated at all scales and levels
Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are physical and engineered
systems whose operations are monitored, coordinated,
controlled and integrated by a computing and communication
core.
“CPS will transform how we interact with the physical world just like
the Internet transformed how we interact with one another.”
Page 55
Why Cyber Physical System ?



CPS allow us to add capabilities to physical systems
By merging computing and communication with physical
processes, CPS brings many benefits:
• Safer and more efficient systems
• Reduce the cost of building and operating systems
• Build complex systems that provide new capabilities
Technological and Economic Drivers
• The decreasing cost of computation, networking, and sensing
• Computers and communication are ubiquitous, enables national
or global scale CPSs
• Social and economic forces require more efficient use of national
infrastructure.
Page 56
Wireless Everywhere
Social Networking
Voice
Mobile TV
Wireless Internet
SMS
WiFi
Email
Yesterday15 years ago
Millions of wireless devices
You Tube
Today
Billions of wireless devices
Page 57
Wireless Everywhere
Cyber Physical Systems
Internet of Things
Environment
New Devices
People to People
Energy
Health Care
People to machines
Tomorrow +15 years
Machines to Machines
Trillions of Wireless devices
Page 58
CPS-Distributed Architecture in
India
GARUDA-Global Access to Resource Using Distributed
Architecture
GARUDA is
•India's first grid (Distributed) computing initiative,
•Developed and deployed by C-DAC
•with the financial support of Govt. Of India.
It is an aggregation of resources comprising of
•computational nodes,
•mass storage and
•scientific instruments distributed across the country.
Page 59
GARUDA Application
 Collaborative Classrooms
 Climate Modeling
 Computer Aided Engineering
 Disaster Management
 Medical and Health Care
 Open Source Drug Discovery
 Open System for Earth Quake Simulation
Page 60
COMPUTER AIDED
ENGINEERING
Courtesy :www.garunda.in
Drug Discovery






Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) is a CSIR-led global initiative
Funded by Govt of India
Develop drugs for tropical infectious diseases like malaria,
tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, etc
The OSDD method tries to collaboratively aggregate the biological
and genetic information available to scientists for use to hasten the
discovery of drugs
This will provide a unique opportunity for the entire community of
scientists, doctors, technocrats, students and others with diverse
expertise to contribute/work for a common cause
Such drug discovery applications have several components
requiring huge computation power and data storage
Statistics
An estimated 3,70,000 deaths due to TB occur each year. This amounts to
over 1000 deaths a day or 2 TB deaths every 3 minutes
Courtesy :www.osdd.net
OSDD
OSDD
OSDD
Courtesy :www.garunda.in
Latest – in CPS in India – Space
Technology
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally called Mangalyaan, ("Mars-craft")
is a Mars orbiter that was successfully launched into Earth orbit on 5 November
2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
The mission is a "technology demonstrator" project aiming to develop the
technologies required for design, planning, management and operations of an
interplanetary mission.
The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from the First Launch Pad at Sriharikota,
Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket 5
November 2013.
The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October.
The Mars Orbiter Mission is India's first interplanetary mission.
If successful, ISROwould become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after
the Soviet space program, NASA, and ESA(European Space Agency).
Page 65
CPS Community Activities
• High Confidence Medical Device Software and Systems (2005) (2007) (2011)
• High Confidence Software Platform for Cyber Physical Systems
• NSF: Workshop on Cyber Physical Systems
• NSF: Automotive CPS (2008) (2011)
• ARO: Security and Privacy of Cyber Physical System (2012) (2013)(Feb -2014)
• NIST: Cyber Security for Cyber Physical Systems
• National Workshop on Research on High-Confidence Transportation
• Cyber Physical Systems: Automotive Aviation & Rail
• New Research Directions in for Future Cyber Physical Energy Systems
• CPS Week (2010,2011,2012,2013)(Future- April 14 - 17, 2014)
NSF (National Science Foundation)
ARO(Association for Research in Otolaryngology)
NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)
Page 66
Presentation By
Mr. Manoj Kavedia
Thanks for Listening
Any Questions ?