THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON
CARCASS QUALITY
GENE PESTI1 & JOHN DRIVER2
1UNIVERSITY
OF GEORGIA
2JACKSON LABORATORY
USA
THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY
• PROTEIN & ENERGY ON CARCASS LEAN & FAT
– INEXPENSIVE DIETS -> FAT CARCASSES
• DIETARY CU LEVELS
– CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN MEAT
• CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS
– MARGINAL LEVELS -> BROKEN BONES & BRUISES
From Donaldson et al., 1956
GMP - UGA
3
From Donaldson et al., 1956
GMP - UGA
4
From Donaldson et al., 1956
• Growth Not
Related to C/P
Ratio
• No “Optimums”
Evident
GMP - UGA
5
From Donaldson et al., 1956
• Carcass
Composition
fits C/P Ratio
Well
• No “Optimums”
Evident
GMP - UGA
6
From Donaldson et al., 1956
• Carcass
Composition
Related to C/P
Ratio
• Carcass
Composition
Related to C & P
Levels
GMP - UGA
7
Pesti, G.M., T.S. Whiting & L.S. Jensen,
Poultry Science 62:490 (1983)
• Altering the
form of the diet
alters the
carcass
composition
response to
dietary energy
GMP - UGA
8
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
B
o
d
y
W
e
i
g
h
t
G
a
i
n
(
g
)
1
,
6
5
0
A
b
d
o
m
i
n
a
l
F
a
t
(
%
)
4
.
2
G
a
i
n
4
3
.
8F
a
t
3
.
6
1
,
6
0
0
3
.
4
3
.
2
1
,
5
5
0
3
2
.
8
2
.
6
1
,
5
0
0
0
.
6
GMP - UGA
0
.
8
1
1
.
2 1
.
4
D
i
e
t
a
r
y
L
y
s
i
n
e
(
%
)
2
.
4
1
.
6
9
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
B
o
d
y
W
e
i
g
h
t
G
a
i
n
(
g
)
1
,
8
0
0
1
,
7
5
0
A
b
d
o
m
i
n
a
l
F
a
t
(
%
)
3
.
2
G
a
i
n
3
.
1
F
A
T
3
2
.
9
1
,
7
0
0
2
.
8
2
.
7
1
,
6
5
0
2
.
6
1
,
6
0
0
0
.
6
GMP - UGA
0
.
7 0
.
8 0
.
9
1
D
i
e
t
a
r
y
M
e
t
h
i
o
n
i
n
e
&
C
y
s
t
i
n
e
(
%
)
2
.
5
1
.
1
10
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
L
i
v
e
B
o
d
y
W
e
i
g
h
t
(
g
)
1
,
4
5
0
F
e
e
d
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
R
a
t
i
o
2
.
4
G
a
i
n
2
.
3
8
1
,
4
0
0
2
.
3
6
F
C
R
2
.
3
4
1
,
3
5
0
2
.
3
2
2
.
3
1
,
3
0
0
2
.
2
8
2
.
2
6
1
,
2
5
0
2
.
2
4
2
.
2
2
1
,
2
0
0
2
.
2
2
0 2
5 3
0 3
5 4
0 4
5 5
0
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
GMP - UGA
11
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
L
i
v
e
B
o
d
y
W
e
i
g
h
t
(
g
)
1
,
4
5
0
1
,
4
0
0
1
,
3
5
0
A
b
d
o
m
i
n
a
l
F
a
t
P
a
d
(
g
)
8
0
G
a
i
n
7
5
F
a
t
P
a
d
7
0
6
5
6
0
1
,
3
0
0
1
,
2
5
0
5
5
5
0
4
5
1
,
2
0
0
4
0
2
0 2
5 3
0 3
5 4
0 4
5 5
0
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
P
r
o
t
e
i
n
GMP - UGA
12
24% Protein
16% Protein
24% Protein
16% Protein
HMG-CoA reductase
•REGULATES CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
•REGULATES FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS
•IS COPPER SENSITIVE
COPPER STATUS
3.5
3
2.5
2
CHOLESTEROL
1.5
SYNTHESIS
1
0.5
0
DEFICIENT
ADEQUATE
EXTRA
COPPER STATUS
3.5
3
2.5
2
CHOLESTEROL
1.5
SYNTHESIS
?
1
0.5
0
DEFICIENT
ADEQUATE
EXTRA
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER GROWTH
(from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Weight Gain (kg)
Age
(days)
Dietary copper
supplementation (mg/kg)
0
250
PSE*
Experiment 1
42
1.846b 1.963a
0.019
Experiment 2
21
0.647
0.642
0.010
Experiment 3
21
0.663
0.666
0.012
*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION
(from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Plasma total
cholesterol
(mg/100 mL)
Dietary copper
Age supplementation (mg/kg)
(days)
0
250
PSE*
Experiment 1
42
149a
129b
4
Experiment 2
21
132a
113b
4
Experiment 3
21
154a
106b
5
*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION
(from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Breast muscle
cholesterol
(mg/100g)
Dietary copper
Age supplementation (mg/kg)
(days)
0
250
PSE*
Experiment 1
42
57a
43b
1
Experiment 2
21
50a
37b
3
Experiment 3
21
48a
33b
2
*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
Johnson, M.A., 1986. J. Nutrition 116:802
OTHER KNOWN EFFECTS OF DIETARY
COPPER
• COPPER ACCUMULATES IN BONES
• SOFT PORK IN SWINE
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION
(from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Dietary copper
Age supplementation (mg/kg)
Fatty Acid
Compositon
(days)
Experiment 1
0
250
PSE*
42
?
?
?
Experiment 2
21
?
?
?
Experiment 3
21
?
?
?
*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
DIETARY CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS
AND CARCASS QUALITY
•P IS EXPENSIVE
•POTENTIAL POLLUTANT
•NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE
•Ca IS INEXPENSIVE
•DECREASES FAT ABSORPTION
•NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE
Fe +2
HO
O
O
O
O
O
P
P
OH
P
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
OH
Na +
O
K+
P
OH
P
P
O
O
O
O
O
O
Mn +2
Ca +2
PHYTATE (HEXAPHOSPHOINOSITOL)
Introduction
• A suitable combination of 1αOH-D3 (1A) and
phytase in the diet could reduce
requirements for both inorganic Ca and P
sources
• Implications:
– Reduced P in excreta
– Improved feed efficiency
– Lower requirements of nutrients which
interact with Ca and P
Objectives
To determine:
1. The feasibility of replacing a portion of
dietary Ca and P with a combination of
phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out
conditions
2. Which phase of production is more
responsive to the combination of
supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)
Objectives
To determine:
1. The feasibility of replacing a portion of
dietary Ca and P with a combination of
phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out
conditions
2. Which phase of production is more
responsive to the combination of
supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)
3. The implications of Ca and P replacement in
terms of carcass processing
Materials and Methods
•
Ca & P deficient (mash) diets were mixed:
1. Starter phase
2. Grower/Finisher phase
• Diets were mixed with and without:
– 1000 FTU/kg Natuphos Phytase (P)
– 5mg/kg 1a-OH-cholecalciferol (1A)
P + 1A
•
5 Feeding Regimens were used
Feeding Regimens
Starter (0 – 18 d)
Grower (19 – 35 d)
1
0.60% Ca
0.24%nPP
-
0.30% Ca
0.14%nPP
-
2
0.60% Ca
0.24%nPP
-
0.30% Ca
0.14%nPP
P + 1A
3
0.60% Ca
0.24%nPP
P + 1A
0.30% Ca
0.14%nPP
-
4
0.60% Ca
0.24%nPP
P + 1A
0.30% Ca
0.14%nPP
P + 1A
5
0.90% Ca
0.45%nPP
-
0.80% Ca
0.45%nPP
-
Feeding Regimens
Starter (0 – 18 d)
Grower (19 – 35 d)
1
PENS = 4
2
PENS = 4
3
PENS = 4
4
PENS = 4
5
PENS = 8
Parameters Measured
•
•
•
•
BWG, FI & FCR from 0 to 18 and 19 to 35 days
10 birds were selected on days 18 and 35 and:
Left tibias were collected for % Tibia Ash determination
Right tibias were sliced and scored for incidence and
severity of P & Ca rickets & TD
Parameters Measured
• Tibias snapped during
evisceration
• Broken clavicles
• Bloody breast muscles
• Broken femurs
Results
Body Weight Gain (0 to 35 d)
Body Weight Gain (g)
2000
1800
19 to 35d
B
c
0 to 18d B
A
A
b
a
A
a
a
a
P+1A
0
P+1A
P+1A
Control
Control
a
bc
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
b
b
0
0
0
P+1A
400
200
0 to 18 d →
19 to 35 d →
Results
FCR (feed to gain ratio)
Feed Conversion (g feed/g gain)
a
b
1.85
b
0 to 18d
b
19 to 35d
c
0 to 35d
1.75
A
AB
AB
B
1.65
AB
1.55
1.45
1.35
a
b
a
b
b
b
b
1.25
0 to 18 d →
19 to 35 d →
0
0
0
P+1A
P+1A
0
P+1A
P+1A
Control
Control
Results
% Tibia Ash at 18 & 35 d
42
a
a
a
35d
40
Tibia Ash (%) .
a
18d
b
c
38
36
34
cd
d
b
b
a
b
32
a
a
b
30
0 to 18 d →
19 to 35 d →
0
0
0
P+1A
P+1A
0
P+1A
P+1A
Control
Control
Results
% Phosphorus Rickets at 18 & 35 d
80
a
P Rickets Incidence (%)
70
b
60
50
18d
40
35d
30
20
10
c
0
0 to 18 d →
19 to 35 d →
0
0
0
P+1A
c
P+1A
0
P+1A
P+1A
c
Control
Control
Results
% Broken Tibias After Evisceration
28
a
Broken Tibias (%)
24
20
ab
16
12
8
ab
4
0
0 to 18 d →
19 to 35 d →
0
0
0
P+1A
P+1A
0
b
b
P+1A
P+1A
Control
Control
Results
% Broken Clavicles After De-boning
a
Broken Clavicles (%) .
60
a
a
50
ab
40
30
b
20
10
0
0 to 18 d →
19 to 35 d →
0
0
0
P+1A
P+1A
0
P+1A
P+1A
Control
Control
Results
% Bloody Pectoralis Minor After De-boning
Bloody Pectoralis Minor (%) .
60
a
a
50
40
ab
ab
30
b
20
10
0
0 to 18 d → 0
19 to 35 d → 0
0
P+1A
P+1A
0
P+1A
P+1A
Control
Control
Results
% Broken Femurs After De-boning
14
Broken Femurs (%) .
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 to 18 d →
19 to 35 d →
0
0
0
P+1A
P+1A
0
P+1A
P+1A
Control
Control
Conclusion
• The P+1A combination was required only
during the Starter Phase to optimize BWG and
FCR and eliminate bone disease
• Feeding P+1A at the very low levels of dietary
Ca and P used was not sufficient to obtain
maximum bone ash or prevent all bones from
breaking during processing
Implications
• The combination of 1A and Phytase is a very
promising alternative to inorganic Ca and P
sources.
• The value of both supplements depends upon
their price and availability as well as dietary
levels of Ca and P and Phytin P
• Future testing should be conducted to
determine how much dietary Ca and P can be
replaced by the combination of these two
supplements
SUMMARY
• CARCASS LEAN MEAT YIELD IS RELATD TO
– CARCASS LIPID LEVELS
– PROTEIN LEVEL
– ENERGY LEVEL
– FEED FORM
• IF ENERGY BECOMES SCARCE & PROTEIN
ABUNDANT, THE PROBLEM OF FAT CARCASSES
MAY TAKE CARE OF ITSELF
SUMMARY
• CARCASS LIPID PROFILES CAN BE EASILY
INFLUENCED:
– DIETARY FATTY ACIDS
– FEEDING PHARMACOLOGICAL LEVELS OF CU
• DIETARY MINERALS ARE BECOMING VERY
EXPENSIVE
– REMEMBER TO EVALUATE CARCASSES WHENEVER
EVALUATING MINERAL LEVELS