RICHARD D. MILES
PROFESSOR
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
IN ANY TYPE OF POULTRY OPERATION
WHAT IS THE MAJOR CAUSE OF
POOR BIRD PERFORMANCE ?
POULTRY OPERATION
“LARGE-SCALE”
“SMALL SCALE”
QUESTION
STRESSORS
NH3/H2S
Dust
Heat
Vaccination
Rough
Handling
Loud Noises
Bacteria
Viruses
Humidity Protozoa
Poor
Sanitation
Beak
Dirty Water Trimming
Weighing
Molting
Mold &
Mycotoxins
Cold
Poor
Ventilation Parasites
Pecking
Order
Crowding
Feed
Poor Litter
Restriction
Quality
Nutritional
Deficiencies
SMALL SCALE
POULTRY PRODUCTION
TWO MAJOR SECTORS
CONVENTIONAL
PASTURE
ORGANIC
SMALL SCALE
POULTRY PRODUCTION
TWO MAJOR SECTORS
“LIMITED” BREED OPTIONS EXIST
CORNISH CROSS HYBRIDS
“COMMERCIAL BROILERS”
(MEAT-BIRDS)
FAST GROWING
(5 POUNDS IN 6 WEEKS)
VERY TENDER
NO “STRONG” FLAVOR
WHITE FEATHERS
HERITAGE
BREEDS
CONSIDERED
“DUAL PURPOSE”
SLOWER GROWTH
SMALLER CARCASS SIZE
STRONGER FLAVOR
COLORED FEATHERS
COMMERCIAL BROILERS
COMMERCIAL BROILERS
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
(COMMERCIAL BROILERS)
IDENTICAL GENETICS
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS
…FOR…
BROODING
NUTRITION
HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT
MANAGEMENT
HERITAGE BREEDS
(AMERICAN LIVESTOCK BREEDS CONSERVANCY)
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
BARRED
ROCKS
BUFF
ORPINGTONS
WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION
ABOUT THE HERITAGE BREEDS ?
…CONTACT…
AMERICAN LIVESTOCK
BREEDS CONSERVANCY
> HTTP: //WWW.ALBC-USA.ORG <
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION
“CONFINEMENT”
“PASTURE”
OR
“ORGANIC”
SEVERAL BREED OPTIONS EXIST
WHITE LEGHORN
RHODE ISLAND RED
ARAUCANAS
INFORMATION BASE
“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***
DR. ANNE FANATICO
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
> AFANATI@UARK. EDU <
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSTIY
TEXAS A&M
UNIVERSTIY OF MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
INFORMATION BASE
“SMALL-SCALE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
SLIDE PRESENTATION
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
ELENA TORO
BRAD BURBAUGH
IFAS
EXTENSION
EXTENSION AGENT I
EXTENSION AGENT I
SUWANNEE COUNTY
DUVAL COUNTY
TOPICS DISCUSSED
STARTING CHICKS
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
BROODING
BROILER PRODUCTION
FEEDING & WATERING
PASTURE OPERATIONS
LAYER MANAGEMENT
MEAT-TYPE BREEDS
SELLING EGGS
EGG-TYPE BREEDS
PROCESSING EGGS/BROILERS
ECONOMICS
WHAT AGENCY REGULATES THE PROCESSING OF
POULTRY IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA FOR SMALL
POULTRY PRODUCERS (20,000 BIRDS OR < PER YEAR) ?
…ANSWER…
THE FLORIDA DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE AND CONSUMER
SERVICES / DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
WHERE CAN I LEARN MORE ABOUT THE REGULATIONS
I MUST FOLLOW IN ORDER TO PROCESS POULTRY MEAT
AS WELL AS MORE ABOUT HOW TO RAISE PASTURED
POULTRY IN FLORIDA ?
…ANSWER…
UF/IFAS
(B.BURBAUGH & E. TORO)
“PASTURED POULTRY VIRTUAL FIELD DAY”
> HTTP: //VFD.IFAS.UFL.EDU/PASTURED_POULTRY/ <
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
…OR CONTACT…
FL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DIVISION OF FOOD SAFETY
INFORMATION BASE
“PASTURE POULTRY PRODUCTION”
1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
*** UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS ***
DR. ANNE FANATICO
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
2)
…RECENT 2010 PUBLICATION…
“PASTURE-RAISED POULTRY: GETTING STARTED”
B. BURBAUGH, E. TORO AND A. GERNAT
IFAS, FLORIDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
EDIS PUBLICATION “AN232”
> http: //edis.ifas.ufl.edu <
INFORMATION BASE
“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION”
1) ANY MAJOR UNIVERSITY WITH A POULTRY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS
(CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR POULTRY SCIENCE)
2)
…RECENT 2009 PUBLICATION…
“ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES: BROILERS”
BY
A.C. FANATICO, C.M. OWENS AND J.L. EMMERT
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH
(VOLUME 18: PAGES 355-366)
> HTTP: //JAPR.FASS.ORG/CGI/CONTENT/FULL/18/2/355 <
…ALSO...
NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION SERVICE
> WWW. ATTRA.NCAT.ORG <
WHERE CAN I FIND THE ORGANIC POULTRY
FARMING STANDARDS FOR FLORIDA ?
…CONTACT…
FLORIDA ORGANIC GROWERS
ASSOCIATION
> WWW. FOGINFO.ORG <
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR
ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
1) MEAT OR EGGS PROCESSED
ON THE FARM MUST COMPLY WITH
ORGANIC HANDLING STANDARDS
“NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM”
…FINAL RULE SECTIONS…
205.270 TO 205.272
…IF PROCESSED OFF-FARM…
THE PROCESSING PLANT MUST
BE CERTIFIED “ORGANIC”
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
WHAT IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CHALLENGES IN
ORGANIC POULTRY PROCESSING ?
FINDING THE FACILITIES THAT
WILL KILL AND PROCESS THE BIRDS
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
CAN PROCESSING PLANTS THAT ARE ALREADY
IN COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL AND STATE
REGULATIONS BE CERTIFIED AS “ORGANIC” ?
…YES…
…HOWEVER…
1)
PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN TO NOT CONTAMINATE
ORGANIC PRODUCTS WITH THE NON-ORGANIC PRODUCTS
2)
RECORD KEEPING FOR AUDITS IS ESSENTIAL
3)
ORGANIC PRODUCTS ARE PROCESSED “FIRST” OF THE DAY
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR
ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
2) “APPROVED ORGANICS”
THAT MUST BE USED
DETERGENTS
SANITIZERS
(PROCESSING FACILITIES & EQUIPMENT)
PEST CONTROL METHODS
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CONSIDERATIONS FOR
ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
3) APPROVED ORGANIC
FEED INGREDIENTS
MUST BE USED
THIS ELIMINATES POSSIBILITIES
FOR FORMULATING DIETS
TO MEET THE BIRD’S
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
IS THERE A SOURCE WHERE I CAN FIND A LIST
OF THE APPROVED MATERIALS THAT CAN BE
USED IN ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING ?
USDA
NATIONAL ORGANIC PROGRAM
(NOP)
“NATIONAL LIST”
> HTTP: //WWW.AMS.USDA.GOV/ NOP <
INFORMATION BASE
QUESTION
WHY IS THE DATE OF OCTOBER 10, 2010
SO VERY IMPORTANT FOR
ORGANIC POULTRY FARMING IN THE U.S. ?
THE “MAN MADE” AMINO ACID
METHIONINE
CANNOT BE USED IN “ORGANIC”
POULTRY PRODUCTION
…IMPORTANT CONCEPT…
METHIONINE IS AN
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID
QUESTION
ARE THERE ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
OF METHIONINE ?
FISH MEAL
QUESTION
WHY ARE THE FIRST 2-3 WEEKS OF LIFE
SO VERY IMPORTANT FOR CHICKS ?
QUESTION
ALL THE BIRD’S BODY
SYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING
TISSUE TYPES
SUPPLY TISSUES
LUNGS
LIVER
PANCREAS
DIGESTIVE TRACT
DEMAND TISSUES
MUSCLE
BONE
FEATHERS
BEAK
1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK
RESIDUAL YOLK
IMMATURE
DIGESTIVE TRACT
HATCH
1 WEEK
OF AGE
TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLD
GREATER THAN REST OF BODY
DURING EMBRYOGENESIS
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS
BEFORE THE BRAIN
COMMERCIAL SCALE
SMALL SCALE
BROODING UNITS
BOX
BATTERY
BROODING UNITS
BROODING RINGS
BROODING UNITS
LAMP-TYPE BROODER
BROODING
BROODING HEAT SOURCES
BROODING UNITS
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE
IF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE
IN THE BROODER ?
THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU
IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE
QUESTION
BROODING
THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE
BODY WEIGHT
TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDS
GROW VERY RAPIDLY
1000 HOURS
AGE
MOST CRITICAL PERIOD
42 DAYS
FEED INTAKE
IS
ESSENTIAL
….FACT….
WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINES
GUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE
IF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACED
IN THE BROODING AREA ?
QUESTION
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINE
IF THE CHICKS ARE EATING FEED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY ARE PLACED
IN THE BROODING AREA ?
QUESTION
GOAL
HOURS AFTER CROP FILL
PLACEMENT (% OF CHICKS)
2
75
12
85
24
95+
LET’S TALK A LITTLE BIT
ABOUT
IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT
IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT
NUTRITION
IS FIXED
NUTRITION
IS NOT FIXED
NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKING
WHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX
THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?
SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN
VITAMINS
MINERALS
WATER
VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF
NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
NOT
…..ENERGY IS
A NUTRIENT…..
IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN
VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF
POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
MOST POULTRY
EAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN
ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT
IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER
…TODAY…
FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY
75% OF THE TOTAL COST OF
PRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE
STARTER
GROWER
FINISHER
LAYER
“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION”
1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS MUST BE MET BY FEEDING
A “COMPLETE DIET” (BALANCED ENERGY & NUTRIENTS)
2) IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO FEED CRACKED CORN OR
SCRATCH FEED OR LIMESTONE OR OYSTERSHELLS
(REMEMBER: BLENDING WITH GRAINS DILUTES THE NUTRITION)
3) HOME-MIXED FEEDS MAY BE USED BUT INGREDIENTS
MAY BE DIFFICULT “AT TIMES” TO ACQUIRE
4) DO NOT LIMIT FEED CONSUMPTION BY RESTRICTING
FEED BECAUSE THIS WILL DECREASE PERFORMANCE
“ORGANIC PRODUCTION”
1) NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS DO NOT CHANGE
2) THE FEED MUST BE “ORGANIC” (INCLUDES PASTURES)
3) FEED IS MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE
4) DRUGS, ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS, ANTIBIOTICS AND “GMO”
PRODUCTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE FEED (NOP LIST)
5) SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND MINERALS ARE ALLOWED
BUT, SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS ARE NOT ALLOWED
“ORGANIC PRODUCTION”
6) FISHMEAL, ENZYMES AND OYSTER SHELL ARE ALLOWED
7) SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS ARE NOT ALLOWED IN DIETS
8) ALGAE, EARTHWORM AND INSECT MEALS ARE ALLOWED
9) PROBIOTICS ARE ALLOWED TO BE USED IN FEEDS
10) GRIT IS ALLOWED TO BE USED
WILL THE TYPE OF DIET THAT I FEED
HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GIZZARD ?
YES
QUESTION
GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS
(VENTRICULUS)
KOILIN LINING
KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD
GROOVES
WHAT ABOUT USING
OYSTER SHELL, LIMESTONE OR GRIT ?
OYSTER SHELL
QUESTION
LIMESTONE
GRANITE GRIT
GRIT
FED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE
NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE
GIZZARD
GRIT
KOILIN LAYER
QUESTION
HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
?
QUESTION
HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
?
…ANSWER…
IT DEPENDS
BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION
DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION
“BROILERS”
(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)
DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML
WHY DID THE CHICKEN CROSS THE ROAD ?
FINAL
QUESTION
TO PROVE TO THE OPOSSUM IT IS POSSIBLE