October 27th, 2011
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Present, Future, and Imperfect tenses all referred to
as the “Present System” because they are all formed
on the present stem (i.e. 1st Principal Part) – Note: 2nd
Principal Part = Infinitive.
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The Perfect System (i.e. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect) all modelled on 3rd Principal Part.
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i.e. Laudo, Laudare, Laudavi, Laudatus, a, um.
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3rd and 4th Principal parts are highly varied and must
be memorized with the vocabulary.
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Perfect (i.e. Present Perfect) = the simple past (i.e. Caesar
conquered Gaul); note the contrast with the Imperfect
which connotes ongoing action in the past (i.e. Caesar was
conquering Gaul).
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Pluperfect (i.e. Past Perfect) refers to an event that has
taken place prior to the action of another verb (i.e. When
Caesar became dictator he had already conquered Gaul).
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Future Perfect refers to an event that will have already
occurred relative to another action yet to happen (i.e.
When Caesar becomes dictator he will have conquered
Gaul).
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Laudavi – I praised
Laudaveram – I had praised
Laudavero – I shall have
praised
Laudavisti –You praised
Laudaveras –You had praised
Laudaveris –You will have
praised
Laudavit – He/She/It praised
Laudaverat = He/she/it had
praised
Laudaverit – He/she/it will
have praised
Laudavimus – We praised
Laudaveramus = We had
praised
Laudaverimus – We shall have
praised
Laudavistis –You praised
Laudaveratis = You had
praised
Laudaveritis – You will have
praised
Laudaverunt – They praised
Laudaverant = They had
praised
Laudaverint – They will have
praised
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Monui – I warned
Monueram – I had warned
Monuero – I shall have warned
Monuisti –You warned
Monueras –You had warned
Monueris –You will have
warned
Monuit – He/she/it warned
Monuerat – He/she/it/had
warned
Monuerit – He/she/it will have
warned
Monuimus – We warned
Monueramus – We had
warned
Monuerimus – We shall have
warned
Monuistis –You warned
Monueratis –You had warned
Monueritis –You will have
warned
Monuerunt – They warned
Monuerant – They had warned Monuerint – They will have
warned
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Egi – I drove
Egeram – I had driven
Egero – I shall have driven
Egisti –You drove
Egeras –You had driven
Egeris –You will have driven
Egit – He/she/it drove
Egerat – He/she/it had driven
Egerit – She/he/it will have
driven
Egimus – We drove
Egeramus – We had driven
Egerimus – We shall have
driven
Egistis –You drove
Egeratis –You had driven
Egeritis –You will have driven
Egerunt – The drove
Egerant – They had driven
Egerint – They will have driven
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Cepi – I seized
Ceperam – I had seized
Cepero – I shall have seized
Cepis –You seized
Ceperas –You had seized
Ceperis –You will have seized
Cepit – She/he/it seized
Ceperat – She/he/it had seized
Ceperit – She/he/it will have
seized
Cepimus – We seized
Ceperamus – We had seized
Ceperimus – We shall have
seized
Cepistis –You seized
Ceperatis –You had seized
Ceperitis –You will have
seized
Ceperunt – They seized
Ceperant – They had seized
Ceperint – They will have
seized
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Audivi – I heard
Audiveram – I had heard
Audivero – I shall have heard
Audivisti –You heard
Audiveras –You had heard
Audiveris –You will have
heard
Audivit – He/she/it heard
Audiverat – He/she/it had
heard
Audiverit – He/she/it will have
heard
Audivimus – We heard
Audiveramus – We had heard
Audiverimus – We shall have
heard
Audivistis –You heard
Audiveratis –You had heard
Audiveritis –You will have
heard
Audiverunt – They heard
Audiverant – They had heard
Audiverint – They will have
heard
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Fui – I was
Fueram – I had been
Fuero – I shall have been
Fuisti –You were
Fueras –You had been
Fueris –You will have been
Fuit – He/she/it was
Fuerat – He/she/it had been
Fuerit – She/he/it will have
been
Fuimus – We were
Fueramus – We had been
Fuerimus – We shall have
been
Fuistis –You were
Fueratis –You had been
Fueritis – You will have been
Fuerunt – They were
Fuerant – They had been
Fuerint –You will have been
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Potui – I was able
Potueram – I had been able
Potuero – I shall have been
able
Potuisti –You were able
Potueras –You had been able
Potueris –You will have been
able
Potuit – He/she/it was able
Potuerat – He/she/it had been
able
Potuerit – She/he/it will have
been able
Potuimus – We were able
Potueramus – We had been
able
Potuerimus – We shall have
been able
Potuistis –You were able
Potueratis –You had been able Potueritis –You will have been
able
Potuerunt – They were able
Potuerant – They had been
able
Potuerint – They will have
been able

Pronouns which refer back to the subject.
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i.e. Cicero praised him (“him” = regular pronoun) BUT
Cicero praised himself (“himself” = reflexive pronoun).
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Cannot serve as subjects of a finite verbs – therefore n0
nominative case; All first and second person reflexive
pronouns decline like regular personal pronouns.
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Context needed to discern what type of pronoun you are
dealing with.

Cf. Wheelock, p. 83.
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Nom -.
Gen – Sui (of himself, herself, itself)
Dat – Sibi (to/for himself, etc.).
Acc – Se (himself, etc.).
Abl – Se (by/with/from himself, etc.).
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Nom -.
Gen – Sui (of themselves).
Dat – Sibi (to/for themselves).
Acc – Se (themselves).
Abl – Se (By/with/from themselves).

Note – Declines identically to 2nd person singular reflexive
pronoun; Singular and plural are identical; use context.
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Possessive pronouns referring to the subject (i.e. Cicero praises his
own students).
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1st (meus, a, um – noster, nostra, nostrum) and 2nd (Tuus, a, um –
Vester, Vestra, Vestrum) person decline exactly like regular
possessive pronouns.
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3rd person possessive reflexive pronoun (suus, sua, suum) declines
like any 1st/2nd declension adjective (i.e. Like magnus, a, um); must
agree with the noun modified in gender, number, and case
regardless of the gender and number of the subject to which it
refers; Be careful to distinguish the use of 3rd person reflexive
possessive pronouns from the use of nonreflexive possessive
pronouns.
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Cf. Wheelock, p. 84.
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Added to a noun to emphasize its significance
in a sentence – Cf. Wheelock, p. 85.
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Declines just like Magnus, a, um, except for
the genitive and dative singular which follows
the regular demonstrative pronouns (hic, Ille
etc.) – Cf. Wheelock, p. 448.