Latin Grammar
for Second Year Students
Contents
Nouns
Adjectives
Comparison of Adj.
Pronouns
Verbals
Sequence of Tenses
Regular Verbs
Subjunctive
Verb Charts
Irregular Verbs
Questions/And
Grammar Terms
pages 2-3
pages 4-5
pages 6-7
pages 8-11
pages 12-13
page 14
pages 15-16
page 17
pages 18-21
pages 22-27
page 28
pages 29-31
Nouns
*Declension:_________________________________________________
*How do you identify the declension of a noun? __________________
_________________________________________________________
*How do you find the root of a noun? ___________________________
Cases and Uses of Nouns:
Case names
Uses
Nominative
1.
2.
3.
Genitive
1.
2.
3.
Dative
1.
2.
Accusative
1.
2.
Ablative
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Vocative
1.
Translations
2
Chart of Noun Declension Endings
Case
Transl
I
f/m
II
m
II
n
III
m/f
III
n
IV
m/f
IV
n
Exceptions in the 1st
declension:
3rd Declension I- stem rules:
2nd Declension Vocative Case:
2.
V
f/m
1.
3.
3rd
declension vis, vis
4.
3
Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns. Some nouns are masculine, others feminine,
and the rest neuter. Because of this adjectives must have all three
genders.
Adjectives belong to either the …
2-1-2 declension
or the
3rd declension
What is “termination?”
How do you find the root word of an adjective?
Where are adjectives located in relation to the nouns they describe?
Exceptions are:
In what 3 ways do nouns and adjectives agree?
1.
2.
3.
What are the 9 Special –ius genitive adjectives? What endings do they
use?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
4
Adjectives
2-1-2:
Cases
3rd Declension:
Cases
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
Special –ius Genitive Adjective Endings:
Cases
M
F
N
5
Comparison of Adjectives
There are three degrees in the comparison of adjectives: the positive,
the comparative, and the superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
longus, longa, longum
fortis, forte
felix, (gen. felicis)
sapiens, (gen. sapientis)
facilis, -e
liber, libera, liberum
pulcher, pulchra, -chrum
acer, acris, acre
bonus, bona, bonum
magnus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um
(prae, pro)
superus, -a, -um
6 “-lis > -llimus adjectives”
“-er>-rrimus adjectives”
*quam + comparative
*quam + superlative
6
Comparison of Adverbs
There are three degrees in the comparison of adverbs: the positive, the
comparative, and the superlative.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
longe
fortiter
feliciter
sapienter
facile
libere
pulchre
acriter
bene
magnopere
male
multum
parum
(prae, pro)
diu
*quam + Comparative
*quam + Superlative
7
Pronouns
Personal:
I
Reflexive:
You
We
You
all
I
You
We
You
all
He/
They
Possessive/Reflexive Possessive:
8
Endings commonly used with pronouns found in the upcoming
pages
Case
Endings
M
F
N
M
F
N
Intensive Pronoun: ipse, ipsa, ipsum
Case
Endings
M
F
N
M
F
N
9
Demonstrative Pronouns
Weak Demonstrative:
Cases
M
F
N
M
F
N
F
N
M
F
N
Idem, eadem, idem
Cases
M
10
Demonstrative Pronouns
ille, illa, illud
Cases
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
iste, ista, istud
Cases
hic, haec, hoc
Cases
11
More Pronouns
Relative:
Cases
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
M
F
N
Interrogative:
Cases
Relative Pronoun Notes:
12
Question Words
4 ways to say “and”
1.
2.
3.
4.
13
Verbals: Participles and the Gerundive
Participle Forms:
Uses:
14
Verbals: Infinitives
Infinitive forms:
Uses:
15
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
16
Verbs:
*Conjugation:________________________________________________
*Conjugate: ________________________________________________
*How do you identify the conjugation of a verb?
*What are principal parts?
*How do you find the root word of a verb?
*Subject – Verb Agreement:
*Verbs have 5 characteristics:
1.person
a.
b.
c.
2.number
a.
b.
3.tense
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
4.voice
a.
b.
5.mood
a.
b.
c.
*d.
FUTURE TENSE POEM:
In conjugations 1 and 2, in the
future __________________,
In conjugations 4 and 3,
In the future,
_______________.
17
Verbs:
*What is an infinitive?
*What is the Imperative?
*Poem for the irregular imperatives
*What are the three sets of verb endings?
*Indicative Tense Indicators
*Subjunctive Tense Indicators
Imperfect
Present
Future
Imperfect
Pluperfect
Perfect
Future Perfect
Pluperfect
18
The Subjunctive Mood:
*What is the Subjunctive?
*What are the Uses of the Subjunctive?
Use
Definition
Recognition
Translation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
19
VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE INDICATIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj.
2nd conj.
3rd conj.
3rd conj. –io
4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
FUTURE TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
20
VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE INDICATIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj.
2nd conj.
3rd conj.
3rd conj. –io
4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
FUTURE TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
21
VERB CHARTS (ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj.
2nd conj.
3rd conj.
3rd conj. –io
4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
22
VERB CHARTS (PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE)
PRESENT TENSE=
1st conj.
2nd conj.
3rd conj.
3rd conj. –io
4th conj.
RULES:
IMPERFECT TENSE=
RULES:
PERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
PLUPERFECT TENSE=
RULE:
23
Irregular Verbs: the Indicative Mood
[These do not have a passive voice.]
Present Tense of
sum, esse, fui, futurus
Present Tense of
possum, posse, potui
Imperfect Tense of
sum, esse, fui, futurus
Imperfect Tense of
possum, posse, potui
Future Tense of
sum, esse, fui, futurus
Future Tense of
possum, posse, potui
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses follow the Rules.
Sum and Predicate nouns/adj.:
Possum and the Complementary Infinitive:
24
Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood
[These do not have a passive voice.]
Present Tense of
sum, esse, fui
Present Tense of
possum, posse, potui
Imperfect Tense of
sum, esse, fui
Imperfect Tense
possum, posse, potui
Perfect Tense of
sum, esse, fui
Perfect Tense
possum, posse, potui
Pluperfect Tense of
sum, esse, fui
Pluperfect Tense
possum, posse, potui
25
More Irregular Verbs: Indicative
Present Tense of
volo, velle, volui
Present Tense of
nolo, nolle, nolui
Present Tense of
malo, malle, malui
Imperfect Tense
volo, velle, volui
Imperfect Tense
nolo, nolle, nolui
Imperfect Tense
malo, malle, malui
Future Tense
volo, velle, volui
Future Tense
nolo, nolle, nolui
Future Tense
malo, malle, malui
Perfect
Perfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
Pluperfect
Pluperfect
Future
Perfect
Future
Perfect
Future
Perfect
26
More Irregular Verbs: the Subjunctive Mood
[These do not have a passive voice.]
Present Tense of
volo, velle, volui
Present Tense of
nolo, nolle, nolui
Present Tense of
malo, malle, malui
Imperfect Tense of
volo, velle, volui
Imperfect Tense
nolo, nolle, nolui
Imperfect Tense
malo, malle, malui
Perfect Tense of
volo, velle, volui
Perfect Tense
nolo, nolle, nolui
Perfect Tense
malo, malle, malui
Pluperfect Tense of
volo, velle, volui
Pluperfect Tense
nolo, nolle, nolui
Pluperfect Tense
malo, malle, malui
27
The Indicative Mood of fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Active:
Passive:
Present Tense
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Imperfect Tense
Future Tense
Future Tense
Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
28
The SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD of fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Active:
Passive:
Present Tense
Present Tense
Imperfect Tense
Imperfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Perfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Tense
29
Grammar Terms:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
30
Grammar Terms:
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
31